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In order to extend research on children’s Theory of Mind (ToM) within moral development, researchers have proposed a novel area of research, Morally Relevant ToM. It has been argued to better accou...

Schoolwork is a significant source of adolescent–parent conflicts in Chinese families. Framed in Smetana’s model of social domain theory and with support from self-determination theory by Deci and Ryan, we used the qualitative methods of grounded theory approach to explore the patterns of adolescent–parent conflicts over schoolwork in Chinese families, as well as the role of parental psychological control and youths’ autonomy development in schoolwork conflicts. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews with 28 parents and 35 adolescents in Yinchuan city of Ningxia. Intricate patterns of conflict reasoning and resolution are revealed in (a) parents’ conventional reasoning about schoolwork conflicts as driven by education system in China; (b) parents’ use of explicit and subtle coercive conflict resolution strategies; (c) adolescents’ conventional reasoning about conflicts on academic performance, multifaceted reasoning about conflicts on daily studies, and personal reasoning about conflicts on non-academic activities and (d) the process- and relationship-orientations of adolescents’ conflict resolution strategies. Reactive nature of Chinese teenagers’ conflict reasoning and resolution, as well as the intricate process involving parents’ psychological control and adolescents’ controlled motivation over schoolwork are indicated. Findings are discussed in the cultural context of contemporary China.

Emotional imagery procedures can be used as beneficial means for study of a variety of issues (e.g., emotion, episodic memory, imagination, consciousness, attitudes, social domain, and so on) from ...

Background Breast cancer affects the overall quality of life (QOL) among its survivors. Limited evidence is available about the QOL among cases. Therefore, this study was intended to assess the quality of life of breast cancer patients attending the cancer treatment center at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among breast cancer patients attending cancer treatment at the Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital between April and June, 2019. All breast cancer patients attending treatment the center were included in the study by universal sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire containing demographic data, patient clinical factors and Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL)-BREF version 3.0. The collected data were entered into EpiData software version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were presented in tables. Results A total of 259 respondents with a mean age of (SD) 44.89 (12.56) participated in study. The mean score of overall global health scale was 75.3 (SD±17.1) with the mean health satisfaction was 12.43 (SD±3.98). The highest mean score was observed in environmental domain, 93.31 (SD±19.76), despite social domain being very low, 36.69 (SD±7.62). Most of the participants were highly satisfied with the health care service that was provided, with a mean score of 16.1 (SD±3.1). In contrast, the majority of study participants were disappointed with the need for any medical treatment, body appearance, luxurious activities, and sexual life, with mean scores of 8.93 (SD±3.68), 8.74 (SD±4.26), 9.1 (SD±4.22), and 8.1 (SD±4.14), respectively. Conclusion Breast cancer patients in southern Ethiopia suffered from poor social and psychological support that, in turn, highly affected their life value. Therefore, due attention should be given to enhance social and psychological support for breast cancer patients as a whole.

In most studies on awe, the stimuli used to elicit the emotion involves nature, music, space, or grand theories – but awe elicited by the actions of other people has generally not been studied in d...

Purpose: Elderly patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have a high risk of mortality, which is particularly high in the first 30 days. Quality of life (QoL) and risk-benefit assessments are of pivotal importance in the elderly. The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between frailty syndrome (FS) and QoL in patients following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Patients and Methods: The study involved 100 patients (61 men, 39 women, the average age: M ± SD =66.12±10.92 years). The study used standardized research tools: a questionnaire to assess QoL (World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief version), and a questionnaire to assess FS (Tilburg Frailty Indicator). Results: FS occurred in 80% of patients after ACS. FS has a negative impact on the QoL of patients with ACS. The most important domain of FS in the studied group was the psychological: M ± SD=2.2±0.75 points. The greater FS in the physical domain, the lower the QoL in all areas. The greater FS in the social domain, the lower the QoL in psychological and social fields. Self-evaluation of patient QoL was M ± SD=3.68±0.71 points. Self-assessment of health was M ± SD=2.59±0.98 points. Conclusion: Patients with a coexisting FS have a poorer QoL in the physical, psychological, social, and environmental fields. For a multidisciplinary team, these findings can help make the therapeutic decision for frail patients who have poor QoL. Frailty among elderly patients with ACS can be considered as a determinant of high risk of adverse outcomes.

The article connects the fields of work/non- work research with the research on social integration of migrants. It is based on in- depth interviews with foreign physicians in the south of Sweden which explored their work/non- work experiences and their subjective perceptions of managing work, family, social and private domains of life. Based on individual reflections of social life as experienced in the workplace, in the locations of everyday life and transnationally, the analysis does not pursue the existence and composition of social networks but focuses on non-instrumental aspects of social life and explores their significance for high-skilled migrants’ own sense of integration. The findings suggest that migrants who are privileged in terms of education and employment still face extensive challenges in the social domain of life, especially with regard to close friendships. The findings furthermore suggest that social integration is a process that is influenced by place, time and individual life trajectories and therefore cannot be truthfully accounted for by looking at the numbers and ethnic composition of a migrant’s social relations. It is the quality of relations – notably friendships – that matters most.

The paper examines the history of relations between the Roman Inquisition and the societies of the Venetian Ionian Islands. Specifically, it studies cases of arrest or accusation to the Inquisition of subjects of the Republic of Venice residing permanently or displaying in the Ionian region delinquent behaviour on issues relating to faith during the period οf the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. Besides the definition of the divergent ideas embraced or propagated by the accused as well as their deviant behaviours and practices, principal issues investigated are on the one hand the role and the policies of the State authorities regarding religious dissent and its repression, and on the other the perception of the Roman Inquisition by the local societies and the reflections of its function in the social domain.

Beata Jankowska-Polańska,1 Krzysztof Dudek,2 Anna Szymanska-Chabowska,3 Izabella Uchmanowicz1 1Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 2Department of Logistic and Transport Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, 3Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland Background: Hypertension affects about 80% of people older than 80 years; however, diagnosis and treatment are difficult because about 55% of them do not adhere to treatment recommendations due to low socioeconomic status, comorbidities, age, physical limitations, and frailty syndrome.Aims: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the influence of frailty on medication adherence among elderly hypertensive patients and to assess whether other factors influence adherence in this group of patients.Methods and results: The study included 296 patients (mean age 68.8±8.0) divided into frail (n=198) and non-frail (n=98) groups. The Polish versions of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) for frailty assessment and 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale for adherence assessment were used. The frail patients had lower medication adherence in comparison to the non-frail subjects (6.60±1.89 vs 7.11±1.42; P=0.028). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients showed that significant determinants with negative influence on the level of adherence were physical (rho =-0.117), psychological (rho =-0.183), and social domain (rho =-0.163) of TFI as well as the total score of the questionnaire (rho =-0.183). However, multiple regression analysis revealed that only knowledge about complications of untreated hypertension (β=0.395) and satisfaction with the home environment (β=0.897) were found to be independent stimulants of adherence level.Conclusion: Frailty is highly prevalent among elderly hypertensive patients. Higher level of frailty among elderly patients can be considered as a determinant of lower adherence. However, social support and knowledge about complications of untreated hypertension are the most important independent determinants of adherence to pharmacological treatment. Keywords: frailty syndrome, ageing, hypertension, medication adherence, geriatric syndrome

Social phobia (SoP) in youth may manifest differently across development as parent involvement in their social lives changes and social and academic expectations increase. This cross-sectional study investigated whether self-reported and parent-reported functioning in youth with SoP changes with age in social, academic, and home/family domains. Baseline anxiety impairment data from 488 treatment-seeking anxiety-disordered youth (ages 7-17, N=400 with a SoP diagnosis) and their parents were gathered using the Child Anxiety Impact Scale and were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. According to youth with SoP and their parents, overall difficulties, social difficulties, and academic difficulties increased with age, even when controlling for SoP severity. These effects significantly differed for youth with anxiety disorders other than SoP. Adolescents may avoid social situations as parental involvement in their social lives decreases, and their withdrawn behavior may result in increasing difficulty in the social domain. Their avoidance of class participation and oral presentations may increasingly impact their academic performance as school becomes more demanding. Implications are discussed for the early detection and intervention of SoP to prevent increased impairment over the course of development.

The present study was stimulated by previous findings showing that people preferentially remember person descriptions that violate appearance-based first impressions. Given that until now all studies used faces as stimuli, these findings can be explained by referring to a content-specific module for social information processing that facilitates social orientation within groups via stereotyping and counter-stereotyping. The present study tests whether the same results can be obtained with fitness-relevant stimuli from another domain--pictures of disgusting-looking or tasty-looking food, paired with tasty and disgusting descriptions. A multinomial model was used to disentangle item memory, guessing and source memory. There was an old-new recognition advantage for disgusting-looking food. People had a strong tendency towards guessing that disgusting-looking food had been previously associated with a disgusting description. Source memory was enhanced for descriptions that disconfirmed these negative, appearance-based impressions. These findings parallel the results from the social domain. Heuristic processing of stimuli based on visual appearance may be complemented by intensified processing of incongruent information that invalidates these first impressions.

The Belief Acceptance Scale (BAS) is a nine question scale that was developed to evaluate how open and accepting an individual is to other people’s beliefs across interdependent life domains. The purposes of this article are to demonstrate the internal consistency of the BAS and examine the instrument’s substructure and to correlate the BAS with validated measures of religiosity and demographic data gathered from a web-based Survey of Spiritual Experiences. The BAS focuses on cultural beliefs instead of religious motivations and was designed to be administered to religious and non-religious individuals. Three domains of belief acceptance were tested: the internal or subjective openness to other beliefs (Psychological Domain), willingness to participate in other ideologies and rituals (Reciprocal Domain), and the willingness to date or marry outside one’s belief system or cultural background (Social Domain). Responses from 350 individuals were correlated and analysed to estimate the scale’s internal consis...

This study evaluated the quality of life (QoL) and associated factors for 160 HIV/AIDS patients in Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. The patients were assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Version. Frequency distribution, percentages, and means were employed for the statistical analysis of the results. The mean age of the HIV/AIDS patients was 38.0 years; 70% were females, 55% were literates, more than three quarters were married, and one third were businessmen/women. The overall mean scores for health-related QoL were 72 for the physical domain, 67 for the psychological domain, 65 for the environment domain, and 47 for the social domain. Significant differences were observed in all domains among patients who had received 12 months of antiretroviral therapy compared with those who had just begun therapy. Marital status, fewer pills, and longer duration of therapy appeared to predict better QoL in this study. The improved QoL in the physical, psychological, and environmental domains is suggestive of the interventions offered to the patients by the pharmacists in this setting.

This article describes the development of Benjamin's ideas and discusses them critically on a theoretical level by comparing them with Lacan's ideas. I argue that Benjamin's and Lacan's theoretical formulations start from the same tradition of continental philosophy but develop in different directions. I follow the track of such concepts as intersubjectivity, domination, thirdness, and others and take the notion of thirdness from the clinical to the social domain. I then describe in some detail a series of workshops for Palestinians and Israelis—the Mutual Acknowledgment Project—that try to promote reconciliation by processing the deepest injuries that trouble the two communities. Analysis of the project gives rise to some insights regarding the third in its social action.

Some 15 years ago, the 10 people who had been brought together—assembled as much for their distinctly different views as for their broadly shared pedagogical and political outlook—set to discussing at least two distinct concerns embedded in the project and in the term multiliteracies. One such concern focused on theoretical frames and the other focused on domains of application. One frame was that of an apt pedagogy for the times: in my case, a frame with a central focus on sign making rather than sign use; on design rather than on critique; and on the multiplicity of resources for representation. The multi- of multiliteracies lay in differing aspects: the multiplicity of modes; of socially distinct (uses and forms of) language; or in the multiplicities of factors that constitute the social domain itself—culturally, linguistically, in terms of class, of gender, of age as generation. Since then, the members of the group have taken those aspects in different and yet connected directions. For me, the focus h...

The concept of exchange has been on the anthropological agenda since Marcel Mauss published his book Essai sur le Don in 1925. The nature of gift-giving and exchange practices has since in different ways been developed and criticised (e.g. Bloch and Perry 1989; Bourdieu 1977; Derrida 1992; Dumont 1986; Levi-Strauss 1950; Sahlins 1974). However, exchanges are social practices that continue to puzzle and arouse curiosity within anthropology and related fields. The present article focuses on the vivid exchange practices that form part of social life in Sarijati village in Central Java.2 I will argue that exchanges here make up a social domain that articulates gender ideology and the reasoning of local morality. Sarijati is a pseudonym. this article is based on a research project sponsored by the danish research council for the humanities. fieldwork was carried out in central java in 1996–97 and in 1998.

People regularly use conditional statements to communicate promises and threats, advices and warnings, permissions and obligations to other people. Given that all conditionals are formally equivalent--"if P, then Q"--the question is: When confronted with a conditional statement, how do people know whether they are facing a promise, a threat, or something else? In other words, what is the cognitive algorithm for mapping a particular conditional statement onto its corresponding social domain? This paper introduces the pragmatic cues algorithm and the syntactic cue algorithm as partial answers to this question. Two experiments were carried out to test how well these simple satisficing algorithms approximate the performance of the actual cognitive algorithm people use to classify conditional statements into social domains. Conditional statements for promises, threats, advices, warnings, permissions, and obligations were collected from people, and given to both other people and the algorithms for their classif...

Health related quality of life is an important outcome measure. With aging, patients may experience changes in physical, socioeconomic and psychological functioning. This pilot study examined whether age influences the level of importance that patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma assign to questions addressing aspects of traditional quality of life domains. A questionnaire assessing six domains (physical, appearance, toxicity, social, financial, psychological) with 29 items was given to 76 outpatients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Each question asked how important the content of the item was to the individual. Mean item scores were compared between patients aged65 and65 years. Reliability ranged from 0.57 (social domain) to 0.83 (physical domain). Test-retest reliability for the entire questionnaire was 0.63. Although there was a suggestion that older patients scored the items relating to faith, appearance to others, intimacy and toxicity trade-offs differently than younger patients, when accounting for multiple comparisons in this study, no apparent differences were seen in any of the items between age groups. It appears that in this group of patients with lymphoma, age does not obviously influence the preferences of patients for items contained in quality of life assessment.

This survey investigated the expectations of Greek parents with regard to the potential impact of children's computer use on the fields of education, interpersonal relationships, and professional and social life. A questionnaire was used, which was answered by 1,028 parents of children aged 10-11 and 14-15, from schools in Thessaloniki, Greece. The factors that were studied were: the socio-cultural environment of the parents, the sex and age of the children, and whether or not the parents had any knowledge of computers, kept informed about computers, used computers at work, or had a home computer. The results show that parents have positive expectations of their children's use of computers in the professional and social domain and to an extent in education, while many parents express technophobic feelings with regard to their children's interpersonal relationships. Negative expectations are limited to the educational and professional/social sphere, and are particularly strong with regard to the domain of ...

Vigorously promoting socialized eldercare and transitioning from family eldercare to social eldercare is an inevitable trend in the development of China's eldercare models. The difference between family eldercare and social eldercare lies in their different responsibilities for eldercare. Social eldercare has the function of social redistribution, and thereby brings about equity in the social domain. Although scholars have different opinions about the matter, today's eldercare models all fall within the following categories: complete family, social, and self-supporting eldercare; incomplete family, social, and autonomous eldercare; and at-home eldercare (jujia yanglao). In our country, the eldercare model based mostly on family eldercare will continue to exist for a very long time, but will ultimately be replaced by social eldercare. In-depth research on China's eldercare work is needed today.

International audience; Within the framework of achievement motivation, the authors assessed gender and ethnic differences for preferential choices of social situations of achievement (e.g., academic, sport, art) and motivational goals pursued. A contents analysis of the essays of 202 pupils (boys and girls of Maghrebian and European origin) from a suburb of Paris was used. The subjects of Maghrebian origin tended to choose the school for social situations of achievement, while those of European origin appreciated the possibility for sport and art. Gender differences were more specifically pronounced for the Maghrebian girls. Concerning motivational goals, boys showed a less-marked orientation towards mastery goals than girls, whatever the social situation of achievement. Finally, the data analysis revealed that the nature of the social domain of achievement influences whether adolescents become intrinsically or extrinsically motivated.

This paper addresses the problem of social autopoiesis. We argue that to date no adequate solution to the problem of social autopoiesis exists and put this down to the lack of an adequate conception of a social autopoietic unity. We present such a solution based on our reconstruction of autopoiesis theory in a synthesis of Aristotelian/Maturanian metaphysics. From this we derive what we call the Enterprise model and test it against the six-point key of Varela et al. (1974). In light of our solution we then move to a consideration of further problems that may still cast doubt on the legitimacy of the notion of autopoiesis in the social domain. We conclude by arguing that such considerations are in fact groundless and do not materially affect our claims as to the autopoiesis of social systems.

Outgroups are often judged to be less differentiated, more homogeneous, and more polarized than ingroups. Theoretical accounts of this outgroup homogeneity effect (OHE) emphasize impoverished knowledge of outgroups, qualitatively different memory representations, or the motivational impact of group membership. A parsimonious explanation for all these findings is proposed, based on the assumption that most operational variants of the OHE can be understood as a result of differential aggregation from unequal stimulus samples. Given that (a) ingroup–related samples are typically larger and richer than outgroup–related samples, and (b) perception in the social domain rests on multiple probabilistic cues, latent information can be extracted more efficiently for ingroups than outgroups. The processes through which differential aggregation in a noisy environment produces different measures of the OHE, the so-called outgroup co-variation effect, outgroup polarization, and other paradigmatic findings, are explicat...

This paper compares the views of staff and parents in pre‐school centres. It presents information on perceptions of choice of centre, of what parents want of the staff and of how satisfied they are with their experience. It also examines the extent to which parents feel that their aims are the same as those of the staff, and how far they wish to be involved with, or influence, their children's experiences in the centres. Perceptions were derived from group and individual interviews in four pre‐school centres in an urban area. It is a relatively small study involving 40 parents, but findings suggest that parents’ priorities for their children lie in the emotional and social domain, and what they want is a warm and home‐like experience. The sample of parents was largely drawn from a professional and student group, and it is arguable that this gives even more weight to the findings. The question then arises whether staff in early education, who traditionally have a similar view of the primacy of emotional an...

We are currently living in what Seitanidi calls the ‘‘partnership society’’. In this society, new relationships between governments, businesses and nongovernmental organisations are introduced as a new way to govern; partnerships have become the agents of social change. Based on an extensive literature study of partnerships, she particularly analyses partnerships between nonprofit organisations (NPOs) and businesses (BUSs), conceptualised as micro-associational domains in which new roles and responsibilities are negotiated through the participating organisations. The research examines the extent to which the positive outcomes delivered by a partnership relationship extend to the social domain and if indeed they are the result of combined efforts between the partners.

To examine effects of age on play in which children coordinate their attention to objects and peers, 36 low‐socioeconomic (SES) black children, ages 3 and 5 years, were observed in a laboratory playroom. The children were observed playing under two conditions: (a) with a familiar playmate of the same age and gender; and (b) without a playmate. During the with‐peer condition, four playstates were defined according to whether the child was interacting with peers or with objects. Results of transitional analyses of these four playstates support Bakeman and Brownlee's (1980) one‐step model wherein probable transitions involve a change in only one domain, social or cognitive. However, results from this study do not support Bakeman and Brownlee's findings that probable one‐step transitions most often occur in the cognitive domain. In this study, all of the probable transitions took place in the social domain. Although the children exhibited some one‐step social transitions, they did not use peer interaction as ...