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This article aims to investigate empirically the influences of concentration, exports, and exchange rate on industry profitability in a small open economy, in Taiwan. Developing a simple theoretical framework and utilizing panel data of four-digit manufacturing industries over the period 1986–96 to test our findings indicate that concentration has a positive impact on profit margin, while the impacts of export intensity and external exposure are significantly negative. This result indicates that export-intensive industries tend to have a lower profitability in Taiwan, because export firms act as price takers in international markets. Moreover, the exchange rate is found to have a relatively strong and significant effect on industry profitability, whereby the devaluation of the New Taiwan Dollar hurts more those industries with a higher share of imported inputs during the sample period.