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Multiple test tasks are available for assessing L2 collocation knowledge. However, few studies have investigated the characteristics of a variety of recognition and recall tasks of collocation simu...

Authenticity is a vital component of language test quality because it allows testers to make more valid score interpretations about the test takers’ communicative competence outside of the testing ...

The aim was to evaluate the characteristic clinical features of posterior microphthalmos.Medical records of four patients (eight eyes) between the ages of three and 31 years with posterior microphthalmos were reviewed retrospectively. Thorough ocular examinations were performed, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, ocular alignment, axial length, cycloplegic refraction, slitlamp biomicroscopy of the anterior segment and fundus and spectral-domain optical coherent tomography (SD-OCT).All subjects had presented with high hyperopia (+11.0 to +15.75 D) and retinal papillomacular folds in both eyes. They also had reduced bilateral axial length (15.55-18.61 mm), with foreshortening of the posterior segment and a relatively normal anterior segment. Papillomacular retinal folds involving the inner retinal layers and sparing the outer retinal layers, along with the absence of foveal depression, were confirmed by macular SD-OCT. In three patients, we found esodeviations associated with posterior microphthalmos and one of these required strabismic surgery. Concomitant optic nerve hypoplasia and a newly-developed neurosensory retinal detachment were found in one patient.Posterior microphthalmos is a developmental arrest of ocular growth. In addition to high hyperopia and retinal papillomacular folds, various types of esotropia, optic disc hypoplasia and neurosensory retinal detachment may accompany posterior microphthalmos. In particular, children with posterior microphthalmos require early appropriate management of the high refractive error and resultant esotropia.

To evaluate the usefulness of an anti-transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) agent, pirfenidone (PFD) on postoperative inflammation and fibrosis following strabismus surgery in rabbits.Both eyes of 16 New Zealand white rabbits underwent reinsertion of the superior rectus muscle (SRM). After reinsertion of the SRM, PFD-loaded liposomes (0.5 mg/ml) were injected into the right eye (PFD group) and normal saline-loaded liposomes was injected into the left eye (control group), subconjunctivally (0.4 ml). To assess the postoperative inflammatory changes and fibrosis of the SRM, immunofluorescence staining with anti-CD11b antibody was performed at 3 days postoperatively, and Masson's trichrome staining was performed at 4 weeks postoperatively. To evaluate the toxicity of PFD on muscle fibers, the integrity of the muscle fibers was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at 3 days and 4 weeks postoperatively.CD11b protein expression was significantly reduced in the PFD group compared with the control group at 3 days postoperatively (p = 0.012). Masson trichrome staining, which stains collagen, was diminished in the PFD group at 4 weeks postoperatively. TEM revealed disorganized muscle fibers and vacuoles in both groups, but this was less prominent in the PFD group.Intraoperative injection of PFD may be effective as an adjunctive treatment to decrease inflammation and fibrosis resulting from strabismus surgery.

Objective: The overall influence of race on ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown. Methods: This study reviewed ocular manifestations in Korean MS patients from 1996 to 2004. Results: Of the 121 patients, 62 (51%) showed ocular manifestations that comprised optic neuritis (ON) in 52 (42.9%), ocular motor deficits in 11 (9.1%), and visual field defects in 2 (1.7%). Of the 27 patients (45 eyes) with ON whose medical records were available for results of the ophthalmologic tests, 19 patients (70%) experienced painless visual loss and 8 eyes (17.8%) showed severe disc edema. Twenty-nine of 37 patients (78.4%) with isolated ON as an initial manifestation showed normal brain MRI and twenty-seven (73%) negative oligoclonal band (OCB). Of the ocular motor findings, unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (6 patients) was the most common. Conclusions: Korean MS patients showed lower frequencies of ON and ocular motor deficits than Caucasian and Japanese patients. The known risk factors associ...