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Viruses are recognised as the most abundant biological entities on the planet. In addition to their role in disease, they are crucial components of co-evolutionary processes, are instrumental in gl...

The cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi forms frequent massive blooms and thus is important for global climate and the carbon cycle. Lytic viral infection of this alga leads to termination of blooms and therefore influences global climate. To understand the host-virus interaction of E. huxleyi an expressed sequence tag (EST) approach was used to determine changes in gene expression during viral infection. Three cDNA libraries, generated 6, 12 and 24 h after viral infection, were compared to a library from an uninfected culture by sequencing, clustering and manual annotation of 1100–1500 ESTs per library. To verify the gene expression results of the ESTs we used two-colour oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 4480 ESTs were assembled into 1871 clusters, of which, 223 are of viral origin. Microarray expression analysis indicated that 231 out of 565 oligonucleotides of E. huxleyi changed their expression level for at least at one time point in response to viral infection. Results suggest that v...

The ‘Aha Pūnana Leo began 25 years ago with the call, “E ola ka ‘ōlelo Hawai‘i!” “Let the Hawaiian language live!” (Wilson & Kamanā, 2001). This volume's descriptions of language shift based on con...

Angiogenesis, development of new blood vessels, is essential for wound healing and tumor growth. A potentially important side effect of anti-angiogenic therapy can be delayed wound healing. In this study we address this issue by using a novel in vivo method utilizing fibrin containing dual porous plexiglass chambers (Fibrin Z-Chambers; F-ZC) to investigate wound healing in rats administered with SU5416 (inhibitor of Flk-1 and Flt-1, at 20 mg/kg i.p.). SU5416 treated F-ZCs developed 45% less granulation tissue (p = 0.0076) and showed a 10% reduction in microvessel density (p = 0.0009) than controls treated with drug carrier alone. The granulation tissue showed distinctly decreased collagen deposition (p = 0.0006) in SU5416 treated animals that was associated with 90% reduction in active TGF-beta 1 level. We found that tissue transglutaminase (TG), a cross-linking enzyme involved in TGF-beta 1 activation and matrix stabilization, was inhibited by SU5416. These results suggest that SU5416 delays wound healing by reducing matrix synthesis and stabilization through inhibition of TGF-beta 1 activation. This study was made feasible via the development of a unique method to study anti-angiogenic compounds that provides highly reproducible and quantitative results. Further studies are needed to evaluate in vivo whether anti-angiogenic agents alter wound healing.

The Hawaiian language revitalisation effort is the most developed of any indigenous language revitalisation in the United States. The language has a unique status as the single indigenous language of the state and a history as an administrative language spoken by all ethnic groups during the time of the independent Kingdom of Hawai'i. During the past fifteen years, Hawaiian language revitalisation has centred around establishing indigenous medium/immersion education and implementing the official status of the language in the State of Hawai'i. The current revitalisation has its roots in a broad cultural movement of the 1970s called the Hawaiian Renaissance and has benefited politically from the unification of various ethnic groups in Hawai'i under a 'local' consciousness that has a strong indigenous base. In spite of higher level political support, the revitalisation movement has required strong grassroots activism in its efforts to seek accommodation within the Hawai'i public school system.

Recent studies of factors affecting the P100 latency of the pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) have questioned the earlier assumption that gender has a statistically significant effect. Guthkelch et al. (1987) reported that head size is an important variable. The question still remained as to what measurement of head size correlates with variation in P100 latency and how this variable should be used in clinical studies. The present study of 22 normal volunteers demonstrates that the transverse (preauricular notch to preauricular notch) head measurement is a major determinant of P100 latency. Gender and other head measurements were not found to make a statistical difference. Use of head-size-normalized data for clinical studies should improve both the sensitivity and specificity of the PVEP.

Denver's neoclassical City and County Building opened in 1932 only after major municipal battles involving the aesthetic, political and legal dimensions of city planning in the United States. The building now resting serenely on the tapis vert of the Denver Civic Centre, and closing its western vista, gives no hint of the struggles over neoclassicism versus modernism, electoral and professional politics, and legal interpretation once swirling about it. Mayor Robert W. Speer (1904–12, 1916–8) created the political atmosphere making the Civic Centre possible. For aesthetic advice over the years he relied on the sculptor Frederick MacMonnies, his own Art Commission, Edward H. Bennett, the successful architect‐planner, and others. By 1921 the original Civic Centre was complete except for the building planned to house the offices of the merged City and County of Denver. The Centre followed the baroque pattern, with its axis stretching east‐to‐west, its cross axis running north‐to‐south. Beginning on the east a...