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The sea surface temperature (SST) in the Taiwan Strait (TS) during autumn and winter (October–March) is strongly influenced by the northeast monsoon, which drives the cold China Coastal Current to flow southward into the TS, where it encounters the warm Kuroshio Branch Current coming from the south to form a quasi-steady front. Using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data, this study investigated long-term SST warming phenomena in the TS during the northeast monsoon season in the years 1980–2012. The SST trend demonstrated significant temporal and spatial variations; the SST of the TS increased during the period 1980–2000 and warmed faster in winter and early spring (January–March) than in autumn. Warming of the spatial average SST of the TS in March during this period reached 3°C. The highest warming trend was noted in the SST frontal region, indicating a northwestward movement of the winter fronts; however, the SST of the TS exhibited a decreasing trend after 2000. The interannual and dec...

PubMed ID: 26460579, Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate whether patients with androgenetic alopecia were at risk in terms of urinary system stone disease. Patients and methods: Patients with no baldness (Hamilton-Norwood Scala [HNS] stage I) were categorized as Group I, those with hair loss in the frontal region (HNS stages II, III, IIIa, and IVa) as Group II, those with hair loss in the vertex region (HNS stage III-vertex, V) as Group III and those with hair loss in both vertex and frontal regions (HNS stages IV, Va, VI, and VII) as Group IV. Patients in all groups were compared in terms of presence of stone, and the presence of any association between alopecia and urolithiasis, with common etiological risk factors, was investigated. Results: Three hundred and two male patients were included in the study. The presence of urolithiasis was detected in 28.9% of patients in Group I; 26.5% of Group II; 36.9% of Group III; and 44.4% of Group IV (p = 0.085). Among patients aged under 60, urinary stone disease was detected in 30.8% of patients in Group I; 26.4% of Group II; 41.2% of Group III; and 53.8% of Group IV (p = 0.001). In patients aged over 60, urolithiasis was detected in 12.5% of patients in Group I; 26.9% of Group II; 32.2% of Group III; and 37.8% of Group IV (p = 0.371). Conclusions: We determined a significant correlation between vertex pattern and total alopecia with urolithiasis in patients younger than 60 years old. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.

Recent neuroimaging research has revealed stronger empathic neural responses to same-race compared to other-race individuals. Is the in-group favouritism in empathic neural responses specific to race identification or a more general effect of social identification-including those based on religious/irreligious beliefs? The present study investigated whether and how intergroup relationships based on religious/irreligious identifications modulate empathic neural responses to others' pain expressions. We recorded event-related brain potentials from Chinese Christian and atheist participants while they perceived pain or neutral expressions of Chinese faces that were marked as being Christians or atheists. We found that both Christian and atheist participants showed stronger neural activity to pain (versus neutral) expressions at 132-168 ms and 200-320 ms over the frontal region to those with the same (versus different) religious/irreligious beliefs. The in-group favouritism in empathic neural responses was also evident in a later time window (412-612 ms) over the central/parietal regions in Christian but not in atheist participants. Our results indicate that the intergroup relationship based on shared beliefs, either religious or irreligious, can lead to in-group favouritism in empathy for others' suffering.

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (AT/RT) are aggressive neoplasms of the central nervous system occurring mainly in the paediatric population. We reported a 32-year-old male patient who was admitted in emergency in unconscious state. The neoplasm was localised in the left frontal region and was totally excised. The histological and immunohistochemical report revealed AT/RT. This unusual presentation underlines the necessity of considering this devastating neoplasm in the differential diagnosis of malignant brain tumours of adults.

Supra-orbital neuralgia is an uncommon disorder specified by severe pain in the frontal region of the head and originates from the supra-orbital nerve. Supra-orbital neuralgia is defined as tenderness and pain above nerves that can be abolished easily by a local anesthetic blockade. Conventional radiofrequency (CRF) application has been used for trigeminal neuralgia for years and it is an ablative method but pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is not. Many clinical studies have shown that PRF is safer than conventional radiofrequency but as effective. Although there are many trials on the relief of pain due to gonarthrosis and lumbar facet hypertrophy showed that PRF application is not only safe but effective, few previous studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of PRF for supra-orbital nerve treatment. There is need for high-quality, controlled, clinical studies evaluating the long-term effects of this technique to supra-orbital neuralgia.

Freud attributed the primary instigator of dreaming to the “libidinal drive” in his theory. Research support for this classical psychoanalytic theory was provided in Solms’s clinico-anatomical studies. He found that damage to the ventromesial frontal pathway caused both global cessation of dreaming and a reduction in motivated behaviour. However, most of the patients in Solms’s clinical series were cases of tumor and diffuse injury. These conditions rendered the localization work difficult and imprecise. In view of this, the present study investigated the association between dream cessation and lesions to the ventromesial frontal region in patients who were diagnosed with infarctions. Solms’s findings were largely replicated. In addition, results from the present study indicated that compared to the other neural components in the ventromesial frontal pathway, the role of the caudate nucleus appeared to be particularly salient in the functional architecture of dreaming.

Cranial material from a new genus (Ramphastosula) of Sulidae is described. The material comes from the Early–Lower Pliocene of the Pisco Formation of the central-southern coast of Peru. The skulls are characterized by (1) remarkable convex curvature of the dorsal surface and straight ventral surface of the rostrum, only with a curvature on the third anterior part and the tip of the bill; (2) well developed occipital and temporal regions; (3) broad opisthotic process projecting to the level of postorbital processes; (4) broad temporal fossa, and (5) flat braincase and robust frontal region.

Suramin inhibits tumour growth and neoangiogenesis by blocking several growth factor receptors. In this study the toxicity and efficacy of intralesional delivery of suramin incorporated in a controlled-release polymer were assessed in a rat 9L tumour model. Initially, the toxicity of the compound was evaluated in adult Fisher 344 rats. The animals were intracerebrally implanted with an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. These experiments showed early toxicity in the rats implanted with a 50% load-polymer and 100% mortality within 48 h, whereas in rats implanted with a 33% load-polymer only transient behavioural changes were observed. In a second experiment the rats were stereotactically implanted with 9L cells in the frontal region. Two days after inoculation of cells, the animals were divided into two groups: one group received a 33% suramin load-biopolymer at the tumour implantation site, while the control group received polymer implants only. The interstitial release of suramin in the brain did not produce any improvement in survival of 9L tumour-bearing rats, with a mean survival of 14.2 +/- 1 days for the suramin-treated group versus 13.8 +/- 2 for the control group (p = 0.82). We conclude that intralesional polymer-mediated chemotherapy with suramin does not prolong survival in rats with intracerebral 9L tumours.

The variation patterns of phytoplankton standing crop and productivity in the North Adriatic frontal region and the relative importance of pico-, nano-, micro-phytoplankton are shown. Data of standing crop (chlorophyll a - Chl a ) and productivity ( 14 C assimilation) and PAR radiation ( w Em m 2 r s m 1 ) were collected during the four oceanographic cruises of the PRISMA II project. Average standing crop and productivity in the study area were 1.41 - 0.42 r mg r m m 3 Chl a and 1.23 - 0.37 r mg r C r m m 3 r h m 1 ; average assimilation number (P/B) was 0.872 - 0.589 r mg r C (mg-Chl a ) m 1 h m 1 and average photosynthetic efficiency (PE) was 0.020 - 0.054 (mg r C(mg-Chl a ) m 1 r h m 1 ) [ w Em m 2 r s m 1 ] m 1 . Phytoplankton biomass and productivity showed significant patterns of variation with the distance from the coast, with increasing depth and decreasing light intensity. The same patterns were shown by the three phytoplankton size classes. The spatio-temporal variations were significantly large...

This is the second in a series of three articles considering Freudian dream theory in the light of recent neuroscientific findings (see Yu, 2001, for the first article). This second article focuses on the controversy surrounding the role of the ventromesial frontal region in dreaming. Specifically, it aims to identify the precise structures within this region that appear to instigate the dream process.

Satellite infrared images and coastal meteorological and oceanographic data are used to investigate the influence of weather and offshore conditions on spring thermal environment around the Sendai ...

The isolated heads of a Friesian bull and three large, Large White pigs were shot from various aspects with a 12-gauge shotgun using both a single 28 g solid lead projectile and buckshot, the latter consisting of nine individual lead pellets with a combined mass of 28 g. The sites of impact to the skull included the conventional frontal region, an occipital site and immediately behind the ear. A live mature Large White sow was shot with buckshot in the depression just caudal to the right ear, resulting in immediate insensibility and death. The damage caused to the isolated heads indicated that similar effects could be expected if the heads had been part of intact living animals. It is suggested that buckshot (nine lead pellets with a combined mass of 28 g) fired from a 12-gauge shotgun may be suitable for the emergency slaughter or euthanasia of a wide variety of domestic livestock and other snecies of animal.

Cooling of the scalp has been found to prevent hair loss following cytostatic treatment, but in order to obtain the hair preserving effect the subcutaneous temperature has to be reduced below 22 degrees C. In order to establish the relationship between epicutaneous and subcutaneous temperatures during cooling and rewarming and to measure the effect of scalp cooling on subcutaneous scalp blood flow, subcutaneous blood flow and epi- and subcutaneous temperatures were measured in the frontal region at the hairline border before and during cooling with a cooling helmet, during spontaneous rewarming of the cooling helmet and after removal of the rewarmed helmet in 10 normal subjects. Subcutaneous blood flow was reduced to about 25% of the postcooling control level during cooling. The flow was constantly reduced until the subcutaneous temperature exceeded 30-32 degrees C. A linear relationship between epicutaneous and subcutaneous temperatures could be demonstrated with the regression equation: s = 0.9 c + 4.9 (r = 0.99). In eight of the 10 subjects the subcutaneous temperature could be reduced below 22 degrees C with the applied technique. It is concluded that the hair preserving effect of scalp cooling during cytostatic treatment is mainly due to the metabolic effect of cooling, and only to a minor extent due to the flow reducing effect.

Pseudourostyla nova sp. nov. is described on the basis of living and protargolstained specimens. The general form of the cell resembles that of Pseudourostyla cristata (Jerka-Dziadosz, 1968). The AZM extends to the right side of the cell. Both paroral membranelles are relatively short. There is a dense coat of extrusomes all over the cell surface. The species has two rows of marginal cirri on each side and seven dorsal kineties. There are no hypertrophied frontal cirri. The organization of the frontal region is very unusual in this species. The left row of midventral cirri extends to the anterior end of the cell while the right row ends close to the right end of the AZM. Such a pattern of frontal cirri has not hitherto been described. A detailed description of morphogenetic events which result in this characteristic pattern of ciliature is presented.

A few years ago, one of the authors (A. R. Luriya, 1947, 1948, 1962, 1963) described a special form of speech disorder, which occurs as a result of local injury to the posterior frontal region of the left cerebral hemisphere, that he called dynamic aphasia.

SummaryAnatomo-clinical study of a case of reticulosarcomatosis originating in the skin of the frontal region. Gradual extension to most of the face, to several lymph-glands, the mammary gland. Death by thrombosis of both renal veins resulting from the extensive metastatic involvement of both kidneys.Discussion of the mode of metastasis in similar cases, and the possibility of extracellular transmission of a specific infective agent.