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We study the emergence of gradient flows in Wasserstein distance as high friction limits of an abstract Euler flow generated by an energy functional. We develop a relative energy calculation that connects the Euler flow to the gradient flow in the diffusive limit regime. We apply this approach to prove convergence from the Euler-Poisson system with friction to the Keller-Segel system in the regime that the latter has smooth solutions. The same methodology is used to establish convergence from the Euler-Korteweg theory with monotone pressure laws to the Cahn-Hilliard equation., Updated to Authors' Accepted Manuscript version

This study presents the result of a series of experiments conducted to study the impact of channel slopes, along with channel bed roughness, on characteristics of a hydraulic jump. For this study, three slopes of a flume, viz. 0.000463, 0.00986 and 0.01552, and five bed roughness heights, i.e. 0.002, 0.00398, 0.0056, 0.007 and 0.011 m have been used. The analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant impact of bed roughness heights on characteristics of a hydraulic jump in sloping channels. However, the channel slope significantly affected its characteristics. The existing relationship to estimate the sequent depth ratio in sloping channels was considered for its applicability and it was found unsatisfactory. Therefore, a new relationship is proposed for the same. The comparison between the observed values for the sequent depth ratio, length of a roller and relative energy loss showed an agreement with the calculated values obtained from the proposed relationships.

Birds that counter-sing for communication and territorial maintenance need to localise the source of sound in order to promote an appropriate intraspecific response. Here, we investigate the role of harmonics in the chatter call of the North Island Saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater). We test whether the relative amplitude of harmonics serves as a distance cue, and whether a change of the harmonic composition of the chatter call has an effect on bird’s response and its likely ability to estimate the distance of the signalling individual. North Island Saddlebacks exhibited stronger responses to playback songs with more relative energy within higher harmonics, suggesting that these are perceived as coming from a nearby individual. North Island Saddlebacks took longer to respond and counter-sang less to chatter calls with more relative energy in lower harmonics, suggesting that they were perceived as coming from a distant bird. We also found that North Island Saddlebacks responded differently to songs from which different harmonic frequencies were removed (muted). This study reveals the ability of the North Island Saddleback to differentiate between calls with different harmonic composition and proposes that harmonics are important as distance cues.

Energy consumption growth has recently been higher than economic growth in Taiwan, worsening energy efficiency. This article utilizes the momentum-threshold autoregressive cointegration method to examine the long-run equilibrium relationship between economic growth and energy consumption growth, particularly focusing on the most energy-consuming sectors in Taiwan. Allowing for a threshold effect sheds new light on the explanation of the non-linear characteristics of the energy-growth link. The results indicate that economic growth is non-linearly cointegrated with energy consumption when the asymmetric adjusting behavior is confirmed. Specifically, we find that the deviations adjust persistently toward equilibrium in a relative energy efficiency regime for the aggregate-level, while for the sector level in a relative energy inefficiency regime. The government authority should conduct effective energy demand-side management to improve energy efficiency.

The CCSD(T) methodology coupled with Dunning's correlation-consistent basis sets was employed to study the relative energies of the axial and equatorial pyrrolidine. The enthalpies of formation of both isomers were computed including corrections for relativistic and core-valence effects as well as anharmonic effects. The accurate determination of the lowest energy isomer is a very complex task because of the very small energy gap. At the CCSD(T)/CBS level, equatorial pyrrolidine is 0.10 kcal/mol lower in energy than axial pyrrolidine. When core-valence, scalar relativistic and spin-orbit effects are included, the relative energy is similar, 0.11 kcal/mol. However, when zero-point energies are taken into account, some difficulties are observed. Anharmonic effects on ZPEs were not possible to be accurately estimated as problems were detected in the lowest vibrational modes. Thus, the question of which is the lowest energy isomer of pyrrolidine remains open until accurate ZPEs can be determined for both isom...

The complexes of PbII(S2COR)2 [R = Me, Et, Ph] having three possible coordination patterns S,S/S,S or S,O/S,S or S,O/S,O are studied. The formation energy and relative energy of these isomers reveal that the order of stability is S,S/S,S > S,O/S,S > S,O/S,O. Complexation energy of the isomers decreases substantially from gas phase to water. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis has been performed to explore the metal–ligand coordination. Similar types of metal–ligand coordinations are observed for methyl and ethyl substituent. In S/S,S/S coordination, lead mainly uses its 6p sub-shells along with 6d and 7s orbitals to coordinate with 3p sub-shells of the surrounding sulfur atoms. Significant mixing of 6p and 6d orbitals of lead is also observed. In contrast, for phenyl substituent, lead uses only its 6p sub-shells to coordinate with sulfur atoms. In S,O/S,O or S,O/S,S coordination, oxygen uses its 2s and 2p sub-shells while sulfur uses its 3p sub-shells to coordinate with 7s and 6p sub-shells of lead. T...

Correct mechanical function of tendons is essential to human physiology and therefore the mechanical properties of tendon have been a subject of research for many decades now. However, one of the most fundamental questions remains unanswered: How is load transmitted through the tendon? It has been suggested that the proteoglycan-associated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found on the surface of the collagen fibrils may be an important transmitter of load, but existing results are ambiguous and have not investigated human tendons. We have used a small-scale mechanical testing system to measure the mechanical properties of fascicles from human patellar tendon at two different deformation rates before and after removal of GAGs by treatment with chondroitinase ABC. Efficiency of enzyme treatment was quantified using dimethylmethylene blue assay. Removal of at least 79% of the GAGs did not significantly change the tendon modulus, relative energy dissipation, peak stress, or peak strain. The effect of deformation rate was not modulated by the treatment either, indicating no effect on viscosity. These results suggest that GAGs cannot be considered mediators of tensile force transmission in the human patellar tendon, and as such, force transmission must either take place through other matrix components or the fibrils must be mechanically continuous at least to the tested length of 7 mm.

Bubbles packed in a cylindrical tube exhibit a variety of ordered arrangements. In revisiting them, we have found an unusual structure that includes internal bubbles that are not in contact with one another. We have examined the relative energy of this structure and rival structures which have a central chain of either Kelvin cells or pentagonal dodecahedra.

As a wide range of values has been reported for the relative energetics of 400-m and 800-m track running events, this study aimed to quantify the respective aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions to these events during track running. Sixteen trained 400-m (11 males, 5 females) and 11 trained 800-m (9 males, 2 females) athletes participated in this study. The participants performed (on separate days) a laboratory graded exercsie test and multiple race time-trials. The relative energy system contribution was calculated by multiple methods based upon measures of race VO2, accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), blood lactate and estimated phosphocreatine degradation (lactate/PCr). The aerobic/anaerobic energy system contribution (AOD method) to the 400-m event was calculated as 41/59% (male) and 45/55% (female). For the 800-m event, an increased aerobic involvement was noted with a 60/40% (male) and 70/30% (female) respective contribution. Significant (P0.05) negative correlations were noted between race performance and anaerobic energy system involvement (lactate/PCr) for the male 800-m and female 400-m events (r = - 0.77 and - 0.87 respectively). These track running data compare well with previous estimates of the relative energy system contributions to the 400-m and 800-m events. Additionally, the relative importance and speed of interaction of the respective metabolic pathways has implications to training for these events.

Cross-sections for Ba(6p 1P1 → 6p 3P j ) excitation transfer and intramultiplet transitions among the Ba(6p 3P j ) states induced by collisions with He(1S) have been calculated by a close-coupling treatment based on the BaHe SCF-CI/pseudopotential potential curves. The cross-sections are calculated from the translational energy in the range 0–2 eV. In order to facilitate comparison of theory with experiment the calculated cross-sections have been averaged over relative energy with a Maxwell–B1oltzmann 3distribution. Excellent agreement with experime-n 16 t wa 2s found for the Ba(6p 1P1 →6p 3P2) cross-section at T = 693 K: σth = 1·8 ×10-16cm2, whereas σexp = 2·0 ± 0·6 × 10-16cm2 as determined by Breckenridge, W. H., and Merrow, C. N., 1988, J. chem. Phys., 88, 2329. The calculated cross-sections for collisional intramultiplet mixing in Ba(6p 3P j ) at T = 1100 K are as follows: σth = 2·9 × 10-19cm2 for the j = 2 → j' = 1 transition and σth = 1·1 × 10-19cm2 for the j = 1 → j' = 0 transition. The correspondi...

We generated phi- psi conformational energy contour maps for the N-acetyl alanine N'-methyl amide using the molecular mechanics forcefields AMBER, AMBER3, BIO85, CFF91, CVFF, MM2, MM3, MM+, AND SYBYL. With MM2, MM3, and MM+ we used a dielectric constant of epsilon = 1.5, the default effective value for these forcefields. With the other forcefields we used epsilon = 1 and 4, except with SYBYL, which, in Spartan 3.1, has no electrostatic term. All forcefields yielded the C7eq conformation as a low-energy minimum or the global minimum. Most of the forcefields also yielded a minimum-energy conformation in the C5, alpha R, and alpha L regions of the phi-psi contour map. Fewer of the forcefields yielded a minimum in the C7ax region; however, adiabatic relaxation frequently lowered the relative energy of this region. Based on the appearance of the phi-psi maps, the following pairs of forcefields were broadly similar (but not identical) to each other but dissimilar to the other pairs: AMBER3 and AMBER, BIO85 and CHARMM, MM+ and MM2, SYBYL and ECEPP, and CFF91 and MM3. We used the data from the phi-psi contour maps to compute the characteristic ratio of poly-L-alanine. Most of the computed values deviated significantly from the experimental value. Only the computed characteristic ratio of CFF91 without adiabatic relaxation at epsilon = 4 and MM3 without adiabatic relaxation at epsilon = 1.5 agreed with the experimental value.

The fracture of α iron and C–Mn submerged arc weld metal at temperatures below the brittle–ductile transition temperature is examined. The probability of intergranular fracture occurring in a regime where cleavage fracture is observed is considered with respect to simple theoretical arguments that take into account the geometry of grains and the relative energy of the two fracture processes. The experimental observations are examined in relation to the predictions of these arguments. Simple geometrical arguments demonstrate that a small proportion of intergranular fracture is expected to accompany cleavage fracture in most specimens of polycrystalline α iron and ferritic steels fractured at temperatures below the brittle–ductile transition temperature.MST/1943

Many volcanoes produce volcanic tremor with consistent sharp peaks, which suggests that one or more resonators have been excited by a volcanic process. Such “harmonic” tremor can be classified as single‐resonator or multiple‐resonator. Multiple‐resonator tremor has a number of peaks, not harmonically related, and the relative energy in the peaks varies rapidly with time. Single‐resonator tremor, as observed on Ruapehu, has a few sharp peaks in the spectrum, and the tremor signal shows some coherence. The main tremor observed on Ruapehu has a dominant frequency of c. 1.8–2.3 Hz, with very little second harmonic energy. Recordings within 1 km of Ruapehu Crater Lake sometimes show a strong third harmonic, but this is rapidly attenuated at greater distances. “Gliding” frequency changes are rarely seen. Tremor of c. 3 Hz also occurs, and this appears to come from another source, the intensity of which is independent of the main source. “2 Hz” Ruapehu tremor recorded near the source shows a complex par...

The influence of oral and intramuscular ferridextrane intervention on the calves' absolute and relative consumption of skim milk, rearing feed for calves and lucerne hay in the 1st, 4th and 8th week of their stay in the weaning range of the rearing farm was investigated. The effect of iron substitution was dependent on the duration of keeping and of the experiment and, under conditions of the drinking regime given, manifested itself both in the development of the absolute and in the development of the relative skim milk intake, but not in that of dry feed consumption. The causes and consequences of the time dependence of the influence of iron intervention on feed consumption are discussed. In the 8th week of keeping the nutrient intake of the orally substituted group was between 8.0 and 9.0% higher than that of the control animals. With the drinking regime used, which led to a relatively quick development of dry feed consumption, differences between the test groups with regard to the consumption of concentrated feed and hay as well as the relative energy and protein quota from the fluid feed in relation to the complete energy and protein intake of the 8th week of keeping could not be proved. Based on these criteria, iron intervention was without influence on the stage of development of the ruminal digestion of the rearing calves reached at the end of the 56-day experiment. With a drinking regime which results in a relatively slow development of dry feed consumption, such an effect is certainly probable.

Synopsis The effects of up to 12.9% added dietary fat (ADF) and a 10% variation in the relative energy to protein ratio (E : P) on performance to 24 weeks and the carcass composition of male turkeys at 4‐weekly intervals were determined. Poults given a low level of ADF required a narrower E : P to 4 weeks and were more sensitive to E : P imbalance than those given higher levels of ADF. The E : P requirement was less critical after 4 weeks. Energy conversion was more efficient with lower ADF to 4 weeks but became more efficient with higher ADF as the birds approached maturity. Energy utilisation was more, and protein utilisation less, efficient with narrower than with wider E : P's. Increased deposition of tissue fat at high ADF levels may explain the increased energy tolerance of poults fed on fat‐rich diets. Carcass finish and tissue fat deposition were influenced more strongly by the level of ADF than by varying the E : P. The pronounced influence of ADF on the skin and tissue fat of immature turkeys in...

Six fit male subjects (25 years, 180 cm, 72 kg, maximal [Vdot]O2 = 2 63 mmol kg-1 min-1 (590 ml kg-1 min-1)) and six sedentary male subjects (24 years, 175 cm, 73 kg, maximal [Vdot]O2=2 01 mmol kg-1 min-1 (45- 1ml kg-1min-1)) performed self-paced hard physical exercise while walking over a 17-07km course consisting of four different terrains (blacktop road, 4-02km; dirt road, 4-65 km; light brush, 4-35 km and heavy brush, 4-05 km). All subjects walked the entire course as fast as possible carrying no external load, 10 and 20 kg. Time on each terrain for individual subjects was used to determine walking velocity and predicted energy expenditure. Heart rate (HR) was recorded as each subject completed each terrain. Walking velocity and absolute predicted energy expenditure were not different between the two groups (p>0-05), and did not decline with time as the subjects traversed the course for any of the load carriage conditions. Relative energy expenditure, however, was significantly different (p

SummaryAfricanized and European honeybees (Apis mellifera) responded differently to daily fluctuations in nectar resources. In side-by-side comparisons, the relative energy content of the nectar loads collected by the two geographical types varied with day. Daily variation was found in the volume of nectar collected but not in its concentration. Africanized bees collected more highly concentrated nectar. The success rates of foragers of the two types differed considerably. European bees generally were more successful in securing a load of nectar but their percentage of successful foragers tended to be either high or low. Africanized bees returned more often to their nest without a nectar load but had intermediate as well as high and low percentages of successful foragers. Finally, European colonies had greater numbers of foragers under the nectar-resource conditions of the study.

The relative energy dependence of the 235U fission cross section has been measured with respect to the (n, p) scattering reaction for neutron energies from 0.8 to 4 MeV. The Lawrence Livermore Labo...

Elastic moduli of an amorphous cellulose chain in helix form are calculated starting from energy maps describing the values of the relative energy of different conformations caused by the rotation of the intra- and inter-cellulose-monomer β-glucosidic linkages. Indications are evident that the amorphous cellulose chain is in a “prestretched” conformation in its native form and environments.

A regional model of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry is presented; given initial capacities, operating and capacity expansion costs, and final demands, the model chooses the minimum cost regional mix of fibers, pulps and energy required to meet the demands. The relationship between energy use and the introduction of new energy conservation technologies, specifically, increased cogeneration, closed-cycle kraft pulping, hydropyrolysis, and vapor recompression is presented. The energy impacts of producing lower quality writing paper and of increased use of thermomechanical pulping are also evaluated. The effects of changing relative energy prices between regions as well as among fuels on energy use and technology mix are also discussed. The implications of these findings for conservation technology R&D funding are given.

We develop a simple model for the calculation of the splitting between molecular states of the heteronuclear rare gas ions. Making use of available experimental data we determine the potential curves themselves. The accuracy is estimated to be sufficient to aid the interpretation of collision experiments. Further, our results suggest a new assignment of the already observed charge exchange transitions. The relative energy positions of the potentials should be reliable enough to predict the transition energies of the so far unobserved bands within a few meV.

The reaction CO+ + NO → CO2 + + N has been studied over the relative energy range 2·5 eV to 13 eV. The reaction proceeds via a direct mechanism at all energies. As the initial energy is raised there is evidence for the formation of an electronically excited product.

The mechanical anistropy of the α -relaxation process in oriented high-density polyethylene and of the β -relaxation process in oriented low-density polyethylene is analyzed in terms of an inter-lamellar shear relaxation mechanism. On the basis of a few general assumptions regarding the nature of the shearing deformation of the disordered regions between the lamellar planes, quantitative expressions are obtained for the anisotropy which agree well with the experimental results. These expressions relate the changes in compliance, and relative energy losses (tan δ) in certain directions in the plane of the oriented sheet samples, to the angular distribution of lamellar plane orientation.