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This paper presents an results overview from experiments about supplemental nutrition pheasant hunting grounds, during reproduction period. Previous studies have generally followed the effects of using a grain cereals (wheat and barley) for the purpose of supplemental nutrition hens to reproductive parameters. Due to the fact that the grain carbohydrate nutrient is deficient to protein and calcium, results are lacking, or were minimal in some parameters. Therefore, the proposed use feed properly balanced all the necessary nutrients, with the maximum feeder dispersion (one feeder per territory males), in order to reduce predation and direct losses of birds and eggs. U radu je izložen pregled rezultata istraživanja o dopunskoj ishrani fazana u lovištima za vreme reprodukcije. Dosadašnja istraživanja su uglavnom pratila efekte korišćenja zrna nekog žita (pšenice ili ječma) u cilju dopunske ishrane fazanki. Zbog činjenice da su žita ugljenohidratna hraniva, deficitarna u proteinima i kalcijumu, rezultati su izostali. Zbog toga se predlaže korišćenje adekvatno balansirane hrane na sve potrebne hranljive sastojke, uz maksimalnu disperziju hranilica (jedna hranilica po jednoj teritoriji mužjaka) u cilju smanjenja predatorstva i direktnih gubitaka ptica i jaja.

The paper presents the needs of pheasant flock and the possibility of designing a mixture with substitutions feed of animal origin or products of soybean processing. Basis of concrete examples, three types of concentrate mixtures, it can be seen that the preparation of concentrate mixtures for pheasants hens possible without the use of animal feedstuffs, while reducing the share of products of soybean processing, using synthetic amino acids. Thanks to this, a lower price and concentrate mixtures. At the same time, it is possible to fulfill the requirements in accordance with the standards and restrictions for certain nutrients because of the presence of some toxic matters. U radu su izložene potrebe matičnog jata fazana i mogućnost balansiranja smeša uz supstituciju hraniva animalnog porekla ili proizvoda prerade soje. Na osnovu konkretnih primera, odnosno tri vrste smeša koncentrata, vidi se da je pripremanje smeša koncentrata za fazanke nosilje moguće bez upotrebe hraniva animalnog porekla, uz smanjenje udela proizvoda prerade soje, korišćenjem sintetičkih aminokiselina. Zahvaljujući tome, postiže se i niža cena smeša koncentrata. Istovremeno, na taj način moguće je ispuniti zahteve u skladu sa normativima, kao i ograničenja za pojedina hraniva zbog prisustva nekih antinutritivnih materija.

The paper gives review about effects of local climate and forestation to the leveret’s percentage, of brown hare population research in hunting grounds of Serbia. Performed research rely to measurement of dry eye lens (Lens crystaline), basis of which it can perform precise classification by age category of hunted hares. Practically, for planning degree of use brown hare, the most important are age category: up to one year, and over one year. The statistical analysis of data collected during several years and in various hunting grounds of Serbia, has not found significant influence factors of climate (temperature and precipitation) and the degree of forestation (as an indicator of the benefits of environment and natural resources, food). Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that the size and age structure of the population of brown hare have a big impact, in addition to examined, and anthropogenic factors. U radu je dat pregled domaćih istraživanja uticaja klime i šumovitosti na procenat mladih u populaciji zeca u lovištima Srbije. Obavljena ispitivanja se baziraju na merenju osušenog očnog sočiva (Lens crystalina), na osnovu čega se može izvršiti precizno razvrstavanje ulovljenih životinja u starosne kategorije. Za praksu planiranja stepena korišćenja zeca najznačajnije su starosne kategorije do jedne i preko jedne godine. Pri statističkoj analizi podataka prikupljenih iz više godina i iz različitih lovišta Srbije nije utvrđen signifikantan uticaj faktora klime (temperature i padavina) i stepena pošumljenosti (kao pokazatelja pogodnosti životne sredine i prirodnih resursa hrane). To ukazuje da je uticaj dugih faktora i njihovo interakcijsko delovanje mnogo veće. Na osnovu pregleda literature može se zaključiti da na brojnost i starosnu strukturu populacije zeca veliki uticaj imaju, pored ispitivanih, pre svega antropogeni faktori.

This paper presents a literature review of nutrition pheasant parent flocks in aviaries. Nutrition affects to the number, size, and biological quality of the eggs directly from the necessary nutrients that provide by diet, or indirectly through the body’s reserves, which are provided in the past. Comparing the recommendations of the various standards (AEC, INRA, NRC) and the value for the content of nutrients that are used in the experiments and the pheasant, the differences can be observed, especially in the protein content. Norms recent (NRC) calls on the similarity between the needs of pheasants and turkeys and recommend optimal balance of protein and energy (Mcal ME for each maximum 5.6% protein). By the way, in recent experiments, more attention is paid to micronutrients (trace elements, vitamins), physical form of concentrated feed and the etc. Because of these problems and shortcomings it is necessary to continue research, to the current recommendations for nutrient content corrected in order to reduce feeding costs and achieve better results of parent flocks. U radu je dat pregled literaturnih podataka iz ishrane matičnog jata fazana u volijerama. Ishrana utiče na broj, veličinu i biološki kvalitet jaja direktno preko neophodnih hranljivih materija koje se obezbeđuju obrokom, ili indirektno preko telesnih rezervi koje su obezbeđene u ranijem periodu. Poređenjem preporuka iz različitih normativa (AEC, INRA, NRC) i vrednosti za sadržaj hranljivih materija koje se koriste u eksperimentima i na fazanerijama, mogu se uočiti razlike, pre svega u sadržaju proteina. Normativi novijeg datuma (NRC) pozivaju se na sličnost potreba fazana i ćuraka i preporučuju optimalan odnos energije i proteina (za svaku Mcal ME maksimalno 5,6% proteina). Osim toga, u eksperimentima novijeg datuma više pažnje se poklanja mikro-hranivima (mikroelementima, vitaminima), fizičkoj formi koncentrovane hrane i sl. Zbog navedenih problema i nedostataka neophodno je nastaviti istraživanja, kako bi se dosadašnje preporuke za sadržaj hranljivih materija korigovale, u cilju smanjenja troškova ishrane i postizanja boljih proizvodnih rezultata matičnog jata.

In this review paper has been shown how the specific nutrition of brown hare and pheasant, forms and procedures of supplement, and their impact on reproductive performance and weight of the hunted species. Pheasant use of nutrients in the diet of vegetable and animal origin. Food of animal origin (mainly insects) participate in the meal to 80% of offspring, and in serving adults with 20-30%. Nutrition brown hare as expressive herbivore is based on wild plant species and crop cultures. Previous studies indicate that in rural areas about 50% rabbit diet consists only 2-3 plant species, where winter wheat is dominated by green. Supplementary feeding wildlife involves not only planning and food intake in open hunting areas during the winter, but the use of crops throughout the year. The quality of food (natural and supplemental) affects the reproductive results of a hares across the energy value of milk (14.5 kJg-1 in Spring and 11.03 kJg-1 in autumn), and the mass of hunting hares (higher in rural areas). Supplementary feeding of pheasants in the spring contributes to improving the reproduction of some results, and improving the percentage of body weight and survival of young pheasants who have settled in the hunting area. U radu su na revijalan način prikazane nutritivne specifičnosti zeca i fazana, oblici i postupci dodatne ishrane, i njihov uticaj na reproduktivne rezultate i odstrelnu masu ovih vrsta divljači. Fazan koristi u ishrani hraniva biljnog i životinjskog porekla. Hrana životinjskog porekla (prvenstveno insekti) učestvuju u obroku podmlatka do 80%, a u obroku odraslih sa 20-30%. Ishrana zeca kao ortodoksnog herbivore se zasniva na divljim biljnim vrstama i ratarskim kulturama. Ranija istraživanja ukazuju da u poljoprivrednim područjima oko 50% ishrane zeca čine samo 2-3 biljne vrste, pri čemu zimi dominira zelena pšenica. Dopunska ishrana divljači podrazumeva ne samo plansko unošenje hrane u otvorena lovišta tokom zime, već i korišćenje namenski gajenih ratarskih kultura u toku cele godine. Kvalitet ishrane (prirodne i dopunske) utiče na reproduktivne rezultate zeca preko energetske vrednosti mleka (14,5 kJg-1 u proleće i 11,03 kJg-1 u jesen), kao i na odstrelnu masu zečeva (veća u poljoprivrednim područjima). Dopunska ishrana fazana u proleće doprinosi popravljanju nekih reproduktivnih rezultata, kao i popravljanju procenta preživljavanja i telesne mase mladih fazana koji su naseljeni u lovišta.

In this review paper has been shown how the specific feeding brown hares and pheasant, the structure of arable land in the hunting grounds of Serbia and its importance as a nutrient base for the number of populations of these species. The spatial distribution and abundance of brown hares and pheasants primarily affect natural factors (climate, disease and predators) and to some extent, extent and anthropogenic factors (agricultural work, transportation, hunting ...). Hunting grounds in Serbia occupy a total area of 8,828,528.29 hectares, of which the fields and fields 3,787,836.13 hectares or 42.9%. This structure in the hunting area (the area under cereals in particular) have a major impact on the number of brown hares and pheasants, which in recent years has the trend. In contrast, the recorded increase in the percentage of killing relative to base stock of game, which the hardest in 2008. amounted to 18.02% and 45.78% for the pheasants. Based on the literature review it is evident that the intensification of agriculture and reducing the natural diversity of food are of great importance for the number of hares and pheasant populations. A partial solution to this problem is in the preservation of 'green oasis' and found a 'green corridor' between large areas of monoculture, organic vegetable production, control the number of predators and offspring production in the rabbit and pheasant farm. . U radu su na revijalan način prikazane specifičnosti ishrane fazana i zeca, struktura obradivih površina u lovištima Srbije i njihov značaj kao hranidbene baze za brojnost populacija ovih vrsta divljači. Na prostornu distribuciju i brojnost fazana i zeca utiču prvenstveno prirodni faktori (klima, bolesti i predatori) a u značajnoj meri i antropogeni faktori (poljoprivredni radovi, saobraćaj, lov...). Lovišta u Srbiji zauzimaju ukupnu površinu od 8.828.528,29 ha, od čega je pod njivama i oranicama 3.787.836,13 ha, odnosno 42,9%. Ovakva struktura površina u lovištima (naročito površina pod cerealijama) ima veliki uticaj na brojnost populacija zeca i fazana, koja zadnjih godina ima trend smanjenja. Nasuprot tome, beleži se povećanje procenta odstrela u odnosu na matični fond divljači, koji za zeca u 2008. godini iznosi 18,02% a za fazana 45,78%. Na osnovu pregleda literature evidentno je da intenzifikacija poljoprivrede i smanjenje raznovrsnosti prirodne ishrane imaju veliki značaj za brojnost populacija zeca i fazana. Delimično rešenje ovog problema je u: očuvanju 'zelenih oaza' i zasnivanje 'zelenih koridora' između velikih površina sa monokultura, organskoj biljnoj proizvodnji, kontroli brojnosti predatora i proizvodnji podmlatka zeca i fazana u odgajivalištima. . PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31009.

The overview of the results of pheasant chicks feeding in pens is given in this paper. Rearing of pheasant chicks in the controlled environment is important because they are not produced in sufficient numbers in the nature. Body mass of pheasant chicks in the moment when they are released in the hunting ground is very important for their survival rate during the period when they are adapting to the natural conditions. It can be concluded from the published data that intensive rearing of pheasant chicks requires high protein levels, which in the first 30 days is between 28 and 32%, while later, in the period prior to the release they need 24 to 26% crude protein in the diet. Investigations in our country, where concentrate mixture with 30% protein was given until 28 days of age, and 24% protein from 28 to 42 day, the obtained body mass was 457.07g. Higher protein level than this is not rational, and may be harmful because it may cause pathological changes in liver and kidneys. After the first rearing phase pheasant chicks should be given grains and forage mass in order to prepare them for the feeding in the nature. The rearing is finished at the age of about 60 days, when they are released with body mass about 400-440 g. U radu je dat pregled rezultata ishrane podmladka fazana u volijerama. Odgoj fazančića u kontrolisanim uslovima je neophodan zbog nedovoljne prirodne produkcije fazana. Telesna masa fazančića u momentu puštanja u lovište je jako važna za stepen preživljavanja u periodu prilagođavanja na prirodne uslove. Na osnovu literaturnih podataka može se zaključiti da intenzivan odgoj fazančića u kontrolisanim uslovima zahteva visok nivo proteina, koji u prvom periodu (do 30 dana) iznosi 28-32%, a kasnije, do ispuštanja u lovišta, 24-26%. U istraživanjima kod nas, pri korišćenju smeše sa 30% proteina do 28. dana starosti i sa 24% proteina od 28. do 42. dana starosti, ostvarena je telesna masa od 457,07 g. Veći nivo proteina od navedenog je neracionalan, a može biti i štetan jer dovodi do patoloških promena na jetri i bubrezima. Nakon prvog perioda odgoja, fazančićima se daje zrnasta hrana i zelena masa u cilju prilagođavanja na ishranu u prirodi. Odgoj fazančića se završava sa oko 60 dana starosti, kada se puštaju u lovište sa telesnom masom od 400 - 440 g.

The devastation from roe deer and wild boar populations in agriculture and forestry usually occur due to the deficits, low quality or inaccurate feed distribution in the hunting grounds, game disturbance and their habits. With the adequate management measures those harmful effects may be reduced or prevented. One of more important measures is the increase of feed production in the hunting ground or additional feeding with feeds from other sources during the periods when devastations occur. That way the harmful effects in agriculture and forestry may be reduced up to 50%. With those measures, at the same time, the number of animals is preserved, the losses are reduced and the quality of trophies is increased - in other words the harms on game animals is reduced. Also, it is possible to do a number of mechanic or chemical measures to protect crops, orchards and vineyards, forests, domestic animals and bees. It is also possible to fence the hunting ground and keep game animals in controlled environment. Štete od srna i divljih svinja u poljoprivredi i šumarstvu najčešće nastaju zbog nedostataka, lošeg kvaliteta i neodgovarajuće distribucije hrane u lovištu, uznemiravanja divljači, kao i zbog navika divljači. Odgovarajućim gazdinskim merama u lovištu ove štete se mogu smanjiti ili sprečiti. Jedna od važnijih mera je svakako povećanje proizvodnje hrane u samom lovištu ili prihranjivanje divljači hranom iz drugih izvora u periodu kada nastaju štete. Na ovaj način se štete od divljači u šumarstvu i poljoprivredi mogu smanjiti i do 50%. Navedenim postupcima se, istovremeno, održava odgovarajuća brojnost divljači, kontrolišu gubici i povećava kvalitet trofeja, odnosno, smanjuju se štete na samoj divljači. Pored toga, moguće je preduzeti i niz mehaničkih ili hemijskih mera zaštite ratarskih i povrtarskih useva, voćnjaka i vinograda, šuma, domaćih životinja i pčela, ili ograditi lovište i gajiti divljač u kontrolisanim uslovima.

The basic task of this paper is that on base of statistics information's about number and killing plan, in the round of river Tisa, for long period realize number and degree of benefit for broen hare. All results are presented in tables, for round of river Tisa, and for each hunting organization. To realize this paper we use basic elements of rabbit population: number of rabbit, thickness, degree of benefit, age structure. Research are for five years from 2002-2007. Osnovni zadatak ovog rada je da se na bazi podataka o brojnosti i odstrelu u lovištima Potiskog dela Bačke, za jedan duži period sagleda brojno stanje i stepen korišćenja zečije divljači. Dobijeni rezultati su predstavljeni tabelama za Potisko područje i pojedinačno po lovačkim udruženjima. U cilju ostvarivanja osnovnog zadatka ovog rada ispitani su osnovni elementi jedne zečije populacije: brojnost, gustina, stepen korišćenja i starosna struktura. Istraživanja obuhvataju period od 2002-2007 godine.

The basic methods for determination of the feed intake in wild ruminants were presented in the paper. Those methods are: field observation, esophageal fistula, microscoping and chemical analysis of the rumen contents and feces. Compared to other methods, the procedure of sensory, microscopic and chemical analysis is the most straightforward and provides valid evaluation of the feed ingestion in wild ruminants. The negative aspect of the method is in the necessity to sacrifice the animal. U radu su prikazani osnovni postupci utvrđivanja sastava ishrane divljih preživara, kao što su metod opservacije na terenu, metod jednjačke fistule, mikroskopiranje ili hemijska analiza buražnog sadržaja i mikroskopiranje ili hemijska analiza fecesa. U odnosu na ove metode, postupci organoleptičkog, mikroskopskog ili hemijskog ispitivanja sastava buraga vrši se najjednostavnije i daje najrealniju ocenu ishrane divljih preživara. Glavni nedostatak metode je potreba za žrtvovanjem životinja.

An overview of physiological role of certain minerals and vitamins is given in the paper, and also the ways of their additional supply in our hunting fields. The size of roe deer’s requirements in minerals and vitamins varies throughout the year and depends on their age, sex, physiological state and other factors. The needs in minerals, first of all in calcium and phosphorus, are largest in lactating animals, than in the last third of pregnancy and in males when their antlers grow. Those needs are fulfilled form the natural feeds. However, for the maximal growth of antlers and obtaining of quality trophies the natural feeds may not be sufficient, which may happen in some years and in certain terrains. The requirements in micro elements and fat soluble vitamins are most successfully fulfilled when the mineral - vitamin premixes are included in concentrate mixtures, and with the use of salt blocks. . U radu je dat pregled fiziološke uloge pojedinih mineralnih materija i vitamina, potrebe srna u mineralima i vitaminima, kao i postupci njihovog dopunskog snabdevanja u uslovima naših lovišta. Veličina potreba u mineralnim materijama i vitaminima varira u toku godine i zavisi od starosti grla, pola, fiziološkog stanja i drugih faktora. Potrebe u mineralnim elementima, pre svega kalcijumu i fosforu, najveće su u dojnih jedinki, zatim u zadnjoj trećini bremenitosti, kao i u mužjaka u periodu rasta rogova. Ove potrebe se zadovoljavaju iz prirodne hrane. Međutim, za maksimalan porast parogova i dobijanje kvalitetnih trofeja, prirodna hrana može biti nedovoljna, što dolazi do izražaja u nekim godinama i na nekim terenima. Potrebe u mikroelementima i liposolubilnim vitaminima najefikasnije se zadovoljavaju upotrebom mineralno-vitaminskih premiksa uključenih u smeše koncentrata, kao i upotrebom blokova soli za lizanje. .

With the appropriate agro technical measures, above all with melioration of flood areas and wetlands, also with cultivating, fertilizing and cutting, it is possible to achieve changes in floristic composition in parts of hunting areas, and in that way to increase quality and quantity of natural food. It is also possible to produce plants with the purpose to obtain better feeding for game. The seeded areas should be formed in several separated and distant places in the hunting area, which allows for the natural distribution of animals searching for food. The seeding of crops should be organized in the system of "green conveyer" in order to obtain continual appearance of fresh green feeds during the vegetation period. Seeded fields should have a fence if possible, and animals should be allowed to enter them only when plants reach the optimal phase for utilization. If animals are kept in gutters or pens the additional feeding with freshly cut green mass is possible. Odgovarajućim agrotehničkim merama, pre svega hidromelioracijom vodoplavnih i vlažnih zemljišta, zatim drljanjem, đubrenjem i košenjem može se postići promena botaničkog sastava u područjima lovišta, i time povećati kvalitet i kvantitet prirodne hrane. Pored toga, u lovištima se mogu planski gajiti kultivisane biljne kulture u cilju proizvodnje kvalitetnije hrane za divljač. Zasejane površine treba formirati na više međusobno udaljenih mesta u lovištu, kako bi se time izvršila i prirodna disperzija životinja u potrazi za hranom. Setva kultura treba da bude organizovana po modelu zelenog konvejera, da bi se omogućilo kontinuirano pristizanje zelene hrane u toku vegetacije. Polja sa zasejanim kulturama treba po mogućstvu ograditi, a divljači dopustiti ulazak tek kada biljke stignu u optimalnu fazu za korišćenje. Ukoliko se životinje drže u gaterima i oborima, moguća je i dodatna ishrana u vidu nakošene zelene mase.

In this paper an overview was given of feeding roe deer and red deer in different conditions. As herbivores and ruminants, these animals eat a large number of feeds, like pasture or browse, and feed selection depends mostly on season. Being selective grazers they obtain relatively high level of protein and low level of fiber in their diets. Additional feeding is required if high gain is wanted and better quality of trophy, which depends on the quality and quantity of available natural feeds and the season. Additional feeds can be hay, roots and tubers, silage, sugar beet pulp and brewers grains, and among concentrates cereal and legume grains including the feed mixes produced by feed mills. Farm production of red deer requires very intensive additional feeding because it is necessary to meet the nutritive requirements of animals. U radu je dat pregled domaće i strane literature, koja se odnosi na ishranu srna i jelena u različitim uslovima. Kao herbivori i preživari, ove životinje u ishrani koriste veliki broj biljnih vrsta, u vidu paše ili brsta, a izbor hraniva zavisi od sezone. Selektivnim konzumiranjem postiže se veći nivo proteina i manji celuloze u obrocima. U cilju postizanja većih prirasta i boljeg kvaliteta trofeja neophodna je dopunska ishrana, koja u kvantitativnom i kvalitativnom smislu zavisi od raspoložive prirodne hrane i sezone. Za dopunsku ishranu koriste se seno, korenasto-krtolasta hraniva, silaža, repini rezanci i pivski treber, a od koncentrata zrnevlje žita i leguminoza, kao i industrijski proizvedene smeše koncentrata. Farmski uslovi gajenja jelena zahtevaju veoma intenzivnu dopunsku ishranu, uz poštovanje određenih preporuka.