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Aim . The aim of this review is a comprehensive analysis of current literature data on coronaviruses identified in bats. Discussion . Coronaviruses ( Coronaviridae ) constitute the most extensive family of viruses of the order Nidovirales. Coronaviruses have a wide range of hosts, including mammals ( Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus ) and birds ( Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus ), amphibians ( Alphaletovirus ) and are pathogens of respiratory, intestinal, cardiovascular. Until the beginning of this century, only etiological agents of mild and moderate respiratory diseases were known among pathogenic coronaviruses for humans. In the 21st century, new highly pathogenic coronaviruses were discovered that caused outbreaks of severe pneumonia with high mortality: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Severe acute respiratory syndrome ‐ related coronavirus, SARS ‐ CoV; 2002 ‐ 2003, southern provinces of China), the Middle East respiratory coronavirus Syndrome (Middle East respiratory syndrome ‐ related coronavirus, MERS ‐ CoV; 2012, western part of Saudi Arabia) and type 2 acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Severe acute respiratory syndrome ‐ related coronavirus 2, SARS ‐ CoV ‐ 2; 2019 ‐ ..., the eastern part of central China). The natural reservoirs of SARS ‐ CoV, SARS ‐ CoV ‐ 2 and MERS ‐ CoV are bats ( Chiroptera ). Coronaviruses circulating in bat populations are not only phylogenetically close to the currently known especially dangerous human viruses but probably have epidemic potential that can be realized in the future. Conclusion . This review presents current data on coronaviruses of bats: taxonomic status, spectrum of potential hosts, distribution. The ecological features of coronaviruses of bats are considered in the context of their epidemiological significance. The origin of pathogenic human coronaviruses is discussed.

Aim. Marine mammals play the role of "sentries", standing guard over the health and functioning of marine ecosystems. The analysis of data reported in literature was carried out to understand and to evaluate a circulation of representatives of the Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae, dangerous pathogens capable to cause morbidity and mortality in marine warm-blooded animals. Discussion. In the population of marine animals, in the available literature, no more than twenty infectious diseases were described. At the same time, according to preliminary estimates, about 15% of marine mammals die from indicated diseases. Previous studies conducted by various groups of scientists have already shown the circulation of various viral pathogens, which cause different infections in these animals. The present fact indicates the important role of marine mammals in the ecology and spreading of a number of viruses. In accordance with a literature data, representatives of Orthomixoviruses and Paramyxoviruses are among the most dangerous pathogens, which may infect this type of animals. Thus, it was suggested that seals may be infected with a wide range of influenza viruses without prior adaptation. It was emphasized that pinnipeds are one of the reservoir of a human influenza B virus in nature. Infections caused by morbilliviruses, can be the reason of epizootics in a population of seals and among the other species of marine mammals. Signs of a disease are similar to the clinic of carnivore plague. Main conclusions. The data presented in literature is extremely not enough for fully understanding a role of marine mammals as hosts or carriers of potential zoonotic pathogens, such as avian influenza virus (AIV), morbilliviruses and others. Thus, this issue requires further more detailed study.

The aim of this work consists in the analysis of modern scientific conceptions about infectious salmon anemia (ISA) etiologically linked with ISAV (infectious salmon anemia virus) (Orthomyxoviridae, Isavirus). ISA is deadly disease of Salmonidae fishes. Discussion. ISA began to extend actively among salmon breeding farms since the extremity of the XX century and poses nowadays serious threat of fishing industry as there are no not only anti-ISAV chemopreparates and effective vaccines, but also scientifically based ideas of ISAV ecology. In the offered review data on the discovery history, taxonomical status, virion morphology and genome structure as well as ecology of ISAV, clinical features, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnostics, actions in the epizootic foci for the prevention of further distribution and prophylaxis of ISA, arrangement for protection against salmon louses and utilized approaches to anti-ISAV vaccines development are discussed. There is very important that ISAV is capable to be transferred by salmon louses – pelagic crustaceans (Copepoda: Caligidae) that allows to classify ISAV as arbovirus ecological group which are transferred due to biological transmission by arthropods (copepods) to vertebrate animals (salmons). It is the only example known so far when representatives of Crustacea act as a vector for arboviruses. Conclusion. Investigation of ISAV ecology turns into one of "touchstones" allowing to judge technological readiness of mankind to master resources of the World Ocean.

Aim. To investigate the mechanisms of variability of the influenza virus.Discussion. Influenza is one of the most significant problems facing the health care system. Human influenza causes a number of social and economic problems: mortality in high-risk groups, increasing in the load on personnel agencies health and reduced manpower. Features of the influenza virus genome enable the pathogen to cause seasonal epidemics each year, despite the preventive measures (vaccination) and using of specific antiviral drugs.Conclusion. Variability of the influenza virus genome is provided by antigenic drift, antigenic shift and recombination. This mechanisms of the variability of influenza virus that allow to remain a highly contagious infectious agent able to infect a large number of host species and cause significant problems as a result of epidemics and pandemics.