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Background:Several hand conditions have an overlap in term of management by surgeons from different departments. They usually rely on referrals from general health providers. Suitable referral depends on the knowledge and understanding of the referring physicians to the problem and the best available treatment. Recently the number of referrals and operations of elective hand surgeries increased by more than 30%. Physician from different specialties can sometimes disagree on their perception on what is the best treatment option for the patient. Aim: to study physicians perception on common hand condition, and their referral pattern. Material and Method: The research was conducted using a survey with a sample size of 102 focusing on health care providers from King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital and they were collected by convenience sampling. The raw data was collected in an excel sheet. We used SPSS statistics 21st for quantitative data analysis. Results: The results gave us a general idea that there is a lot of difference of understanding to the hand conditions and which should be referred to where, with orthopedic being the most referred to Speciality. Conclusion: Referral for different hand and wrist conditions remains unclear to many practicing physicians at our institute. Establishment of a separate hand and wrist unit/clinic that includes all individual specializations may help improve patient care and wait timing.

Among most Medical staff the orthopaedic complaint is very common and, in this research, we focused on the overall Prevalence of orthopaedic disorders among Medical workers, orthopaedic conditions differences between genders and educational levels. Then we overviewed the rates of orthopaedic diseases in different age groups in the general population. This study participants were Medical workers from Saudi Arabia and the results may not be applied to different sittings due to differences in facilities and work conditions.

Statement of problem: Prosthodontics has received significant attention both in research and practice. However, limited research examines its prevalence and how effective it is. Purpose: The purpose of this clinical study is to examine the prevalence of prosthodontics and its associated complications Material and methods: A sample of 1005 individuals derived from the general Saudi Arabia was used in this study. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. Results: There is a generally low prevalence of prosthodontics in Saudi Arabia. The common type of prosthodontics used is the fixed prosthodontics. Majority of those who have done prosthodontics didnt suffer any associated complications. However, for those who depicted complications, the common one was caries. Other complications include root fracture and porcelain veneer fracture. Conclusion: Prosthodontics is not widely used. On the other hand, it is not 100% effective in treating oral health problems. Clinical implications: There is need to develop better ways of dealing with poor oral health and patients need to be examined well to determine the underlying risk factors before prosthodontics is carried out.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally to more than 62 million persons with overwhelming impact to the healthcare systems and chronic ill patients worldwide. In this study, our aim was to assess the satisfaction of surgical patients regarding their routine clinic visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using a structured interview with questionnaire in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with a sample size of 518. Descriptive analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS version 17 (Chicago: SPSS Inc.). The results showed thatmost of the participants did not visit their scheduled surgical clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic and most of the ones who visited were very dissatisfied with the services they received. Accordingly, approaches to implement precautionary measures against COVID-19 and long-distance communication such as telemedicine, when properly instituted, can have a wider impact during this pandemic and in the future ones.

Objectives:Chronic rhinosinusitis is an extremely common health complaint which decreases productivity and quality of life. The objective of this study was to identify associations between specific food categories and aggravation of symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis Methods:This was a prospective, cross-sectional questionnaire study. Patients provided details about the categories of food that they consumed, as well as symptoms related to sinusitis. The data was extracted onto a spreadsheet and analysed using chi-square testing. Results:A small percentage of patients (4%) associated food categories with exacerbations of sinus symptoms. Chocolate was the most common trigger, followed by white flour foods. Several patients (33%) were not aware of the association between food and sinus symptoms. Conclusion:Some food categories can exacerbate sinusitis in a specific population subset. Patients should be encouraged to maintain a food diary so that they can identify relevant triggers and these can be avoided in the futureThis was a prospective, cross-sectional questionnaire study. Patients provided details about the categories of food that they consumed, as well as symptoms related to sinusitis. The data was extracted onto a spreadsheet and analysed using chi-square testing. &nbsp

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disorder in childhood. Early identification and appropriate antibiotic use are essential to avoid long-term sequels. The trial objective is to identify the prevalence of URI in children, and the risk factors. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in the Saudi Arabia, from April 4th. 2020 till July 30th. 2020. The sample was randomly selected from children who presented to the ministry of health tertiary hospitals. People answered a survey of 10 questionnaires. Results:1083 people participated in the current trial. The prevalence of UTI was 25.8%. The mean age was 4.5 - 5 years. UTI was commoner in females than males. Urethritis was the main presenting complaint. Western region was the commonest identified area. Those with multivitamin deficiency had the highest prevalence. Conclusion: UTI is not a very common problem for children in Saudi Arabia. Western region had the highest prevalence and the peak age ranged from 4.5 to 5 years. Additionally, nearly a sixth of children could develop severe/complicated UTI.

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among postpartum women. The main reason for the condition is dietary Iron deficiency and the most common type of anemia found in women during pregnancy is iron deficiency anemia. Among many complications, postpartum hemorrhage is a problem linked with anemia during pregnancy. In Saudi Arabia, pregnancy and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is not common but still cases are reported. The present study aimed to determine its prevalence in population and to see its relationship with anemia during pregnancy. Methods: It was an analytical cross sectional study in which the data was collected from women using properly designed questionnaires. The study population was women who got pregnant and delivered in main hospitals of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data of respondents for demographical and clinical variables was collected andanalyzed using SPSS using appropriate statistical tests. Results: 600 participants responded to the questionnaire. The mean age was 26.32 years. The prevalence of PPH among studied population was 11.9%. Anemia during pregnancy was found to be positively associated with PPH with the p value of0.0039. Smoking history was also correlated with PPH. There was no strong association between age and increase risk of PPH. Conclusion: The study concluded thatPPH is not common in Saudi Arabia. There is a moderate association of anemia during pregnancy and PPH. Smoking is also a positive predictor for PPH.Thereare some limitations in the study so there is a need of large scale study to confirm the findings in the population.

Background:Vitiligo is acquired condition of skin and hair depigmentation that characterized by the appearance of pale macules or hypochromic pigment. Vitiligo is not a life-threatening situation however it affects patients health-related quality of life and psychological well-being. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to prevalence of vitiligo in Saudi population besides, Most common place of first spot of vitiligo, and the relationship between some medical conditions and vitiligo. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (General population and vitiligo patient) from 04/08/2020 till 22/11/2020. The study was depending on using of online questionnaire assessing demographic factors including age and nationality besides disease-related information: Heart disease, Smoker patient, related risk factors of disease and DM patient. Results: We had received 875 responses of our questionnaire, where the prevalence of vitiligo was 3.5 % where 51.6 % of them were male. Moreover, 51.6 % of them were below 25 years old, 19.4 % were between 25 – 30 years old and 12.9 % were between 31 – 35 years old. Furthermore, most of them were Saudi Arabian (93.5 %).Moreover, most of patients indicated that they were patients with vitiligo for more than 5 years (61.3 %) while the first spot of vitiligo was above eyes (22.6 %), hands (19.4 %), Armpits (12.9 %) and knee (12.9 %) Conclusion:We had found that the prevalence of vitiligo in Saudi Arabia was high than reported by other studies where male are slightly more affected by the diseases and those of younger age. Face and hand are the most common spots of vitiligo. Moreover, smoking, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders may have effect in increased incidence of vitiligo.

Objective:We attempted toassess the prevalence of malocclusion, in terms of age and gender in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We also attempted to identify the predominant risk factors for malocclusion and consequences of the same. Methods:A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. Patients were questioned on heredity, childhood adverse oral habits and feeding habits. Questions pertaining to dental history and current oral health were also asked. Recorded data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Results:Malocclusion was more prevalent in males and below 20 years of age. Tongue thrusting increased the risk of malocclusion by 59%, bottle feeding by 18%, while heredity increased malocclusion risk by 98%. Malocclusion increased the chances of developing dental caries or periodontal disease by 26%, while the risk of dental or facial trauma was increased by 86%. Conclusion: Heredity and tongue thrust habit are the most significant risk factors for malocclusion. Patients with malocclusion are at high risk of developing dental or facial trauma, and are at slight risk of developing caries or periodontal problems.

Background: Hypoesthesia occurs as a result of injuries resulting in injury to the nerve fibres. The causes of injury include direct harm from the needle injections, around the nerve fibres, mechanical injuries resulting in an indirect pressure into the mandibular canal, during the dental surgical procures, as well as the toxicity of the local anaesthetic agents. Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted by recruiting N=79 adult individuals (>18 years), who had visited the district hospital for acquiring clinical assistance and treatment of facial muscles or nerve-related complications in August 2020. Data collection for this research was carried out by using a specially designed questionnaire, which facilitated in acquiring data related to aetiology of trauma, identification of the hypoesthesia area, as well as the clinical complications experienced by the respondents. The clinical reports of the patients were also collected for analysing the hypoesthesia area. SPSS was utilised for data analysis, and statistical tests were conducted for assessing the risk factors for hypoesthesia after repair of facial fractures. Results: The statistical tests revealed that only a small percentage of the sample population, i.e., (N=9) or 11.8% experienced the facial bone fracture, male respondents had more exposure to the facial bone fractures, as compared to the females (Mean=1.81, SD= 0.397), and the individuals below 25 years of age had high exposure of facial bone fracture (Mean=1.78, SD= 0.428). A significant majority of hypoesthesia cases were at mandible, and orbit region. Conclusion: The dental treatment resulting in nerve manipulation results in nerve elongation, nerve compression, contributing to transient hypoesthesia. Hypoesthesia might also lead to other clinical complications.

Purpose: The study examines the prevalence of Bulimia nervosa in students at King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia.Bulimia nervosaisan eating disorder characterized by consumption of large amounts of food by an individual followed by an attempt such as self-induced vomiting, long periods of exercising, and diuretics to avoid gaining weight. Patients and Method: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey among King Abdulaziz University students in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 499 comprising 357 females and 142 males was randomly selectedparticipants—the age of the sample population aged between 20 to over 55 years. The participants filled questionnaires about eating behavior, smoking, body image, and psychiatrist disorders. The height and weight of the sample population were taken, and their BMI was established. Results: Based on our statistics, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa among the male was 0.3%, and that of the female was 1.4%. Extra observation revealed that those with mild or severe disorders were equally susceptible to depression and mood swing problems. The prevalence of Bulimia nervosa based on ages showed 80/50000 at 10 -30 years and 145/50000 at 31 – 80 years. The clinically prescribed healing period was idealized to be one year. Conclusion:The results show a comparatively high rate of BN among young people aged between 20 and 25, as reflected among King Abdulaziz University students in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, there is a need to increase public awareness about BN and other eating disorders in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: The apical periodontitis possesses an association with the increased inflammatory markers levels, which contribute to the systematic immune response, leading towards systematic inflammation. The endodontic infections were reported to contribute to the CVD via the metastatic pathways however, there is a requirement to analyse the impact of endodontic infections on the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Aim:This research aims to assess the impact of endodontic infections on the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Material andMethod:This research was conducted using a cross-sectional research design by recruiting N=120 inpatients and outpatients visiting the healthcare organisation located in Saudi Arabia. Results:The endodontic infections are likely to increase the overall inflammatory burden, which might increase the risk of CVD among the individuals. Due to the multifactorial aetiology of CVD, the oral diseases are perceived to possess associated with the CVD. Thestatistical analysis revealed that there is no association between the presence of the lesion of endodontic origin and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion:There is no association between the presence of the lesion of endodontic origin and cardiovascular diseases.

Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a relatively common and severe complication of SCI and an independent risk factor for mortality. Sickle cell disease is considered one of the most common diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. When a healthy disease related to cardiovascular health is highlighted, sickle cell anemia may be the most common and related disease in high pulmonary pressure. In this study, we aimed in this study to determine prevalence of PHTN in SCA patient, and associated risk factors with it. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (General population, SCA patient and CVD patient), from 29/7/2020 till 15/11/2020. The study was depending on online self-reported questionnaire that included assessing the demographic factors as gender, nationality besides, disease-related information: SCA patient , CVD patient and DM patient. Results: we received 794 responses to our questionnaire where 93.5 % of them were Saudi Arabian. The prevalence of sickle cell anemia is 8.8 %. Male represented 29.8 % of patients while female represented 52.2 % of patients. In SCA patients, the prevalence of PHTN was 31.8 %. Moreover, it was found that having cardiac disease is considered a risk factor for developing PHTN where 37.7 % of patients having cardiac disease had PHTN compared with 6.2 % of health patients (OD: 9.16, 95 % CI: 5.5479 to 15.13, P=0.000) while diabetes mellitus increase risk for developing PHTN by more than seven fold (OD: 7.6, 95 % CI 4.7175 to 12.4, P=0.000) and disorder of nervous system by 12 folds (OD: 12.7 95 % CI: 7.6658 to 21.09, P=0.000). Conclusion: we had found that the prevalence if SCA among Saudi Arabia is 8.8 % with a higher prevalence in female than male. Moreover, the prevalence of PHTN in SCA patients was high about 31.8 % which is much higher than its prevalence in normal individuals. Moreover, it was found that having cardiac disease is considered a risk factor for developing PHTN besides, having diabetic condition and disorder of nervous system which increased risk for developing PHTN in SCA by nine, seven and 12-fold respectively.

Background:Over last few decades, obesity has become a serious point of concern. The prevalence rate is continuously rising both in the developed and developing countries. Obesity not only has phycological effect on the individuals but is also associated with an increased risk of developing range of metabolic, cardiovascular, and liver disorders. Objective:The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity in children and the type of diseases associated with it. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between July to September, 2020. The target audience was the parents of children who were overweight.The questionnaire was designed to primarily gather information related to socio-demographic characteristics and correlation of obesity with the diseases. The questionnaire comprised of total number of 14 questions. The responses were recorded and evaluated through the application of scientific algorithms. Results and Discussions:It was established, that out of the total sample size of 346, around 38% of children were obese and were suffering rom associated comorbid diseases, ranging from anxiety, depression, eating disorder, social isolation, lower education attainment, asthma, constipation, flat feet, backpain, Type 1 and 2 diabetes and precocious puberty. Conclusion:The study presented a worrisome situation of escalating trends of obesity prevalence in children, along with the associated non- communicable diseases. There is need to introduce awareness campaigns along with the measures to promote people to adopt the healthy lifestyles.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence and awareness of dental problems during pregnancy, and to ascertain the risk factors that lead to dental problems in pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. Patients who were currently pregnant or had been pregnant were selected, and questioned on the frequency and type of dental problems during pregnancy, treatment availed and systemic problems. Recorded data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Results: A total of 64.5% of patients experienced dental problems during pregnancy. Dental caries was the most frequent problem (50.7%), followed by gingivitis (48.4%). Only 14% of patients availed dental treatment. Presence of systemic diseases and low oral hygiene scores were associated with significantly higher incidence of dental problems. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that several pregnant women experience dental problems during pregnancy, however, many perceive that they have normal to good oral hygiene. Low oral hygiene status and systemic problems were more significantly associated with dental problems during pregnancy.

Osteoporosis is a common public health challenge globally but the relative contribution of variousrisk factors for osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia is not well established. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of risk factors for osteoporosis among females aged 35 years and above in Saudi Arabia. We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of 2070 and determined the prevalence of risk factors as percentages of the total sample size. We foundthat vitamin D deficiency is the major modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia followed by cigarette smoking. Autoimmune and endocrine diseases were also not uncommon. Our results therefore suggest for the strengthening of measures to prevent vitamin D deficiency, reduce corticosteroid-related osteoporosis and curb cigarette smoking.