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The article considers the study of the liquid respiration technology for diving/surfacing of biological objects in the Black Sea to the depth of 500, 1,000, and 1,500 meters. The authors focus on safe diving/surfacing modes and depths. The authors developed and tried an autonomous capsule attached to a winch with a cable that can be used for the diving and surfacing of the immersed bioobject. The authors provide the key diving/surfacing speeds, as well as maximum diving depths for a dog under spontaneous breathing. The authors present the results of medical research of the bioobject before, during, and after diving involving electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, as well ultrasound, x-ray, and instrumental tests.

The article discusses the effect of microwave radiation on the seeds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Ultra-high-frequency radiation (UHF) radiation, allowing one to increase the standard planting material yield and reduce its cultivation time. The specificity of enzyme systems for stressing effects is revealed, the dynamics of their change in the period after irradiation is ambiguous and depends on the time of irradiation. The stimulating and lethal doses of radiation are determined. The results show seed treatment with stimulating doses causes reversible changes in the structure and function of enzymes. The regularities and model of the impact of UHF radiation as a stimulating factor on seed viability are established. When exposed to stress factors (radiation), an increase in the activity of enzymes is observed, leading to the excitation or inhibition of growth processes at the first stages of development. As a result, a stimulating effect arises – the germination of seeds increases, the growth of seedlings in height increases, or depressing – the germination decreases and the growth of seedlings slows down.

The issues of external influence on biological objects have interested mankind since ancient times. It can significantly affect vital activity of yeast cells. Their use for bioindication and quantitative determination of the rate of gas emission depending on composition of culture liquid makes it possible to use this process for bioindication of environment. In the article, on the basis of a developed machine for measuring the rate of carbon dioxide emission by yeast fungi, which makes it possible to use it in laboratory and field conditions, the values of the effect of mercury on the process of fermentation of culture medium by yeast are given. A method for express bioindication by yeast fungi of environmental pollution with mercury has been worked out. It serves as the basis for development of guidelines for identifying and controlling sources of chemical hazards during emergency response. The experiments have shown that the maximum effect on bioactivity of yeast is exerted by the HgCl2 salt with different concentrations, which leads to a decrease in the rate of CO2 emission and deterioration of yeast vital functions.

An original experimental stand is presented, aimed at studying the impact of high-energy protons, produced by the laser-plasma interaction at a petawatt power level, on biological objects. In the course of pilot experiments with the energy of laser-accelerated protons up to 25 MeV, the possibility is demonstrated of transferring doses up to 10 Gy to the object of study in a single shot with the magnetic separation of protons from parasitic X-ray radiation and fast electrons. The technique of irradiating the cell culture HeLa Kyoto and measuring the fraction of survived cells is developed. The ways of optimising the parameters of proton beams and the suitable methods of their separation with respect to energy and transporting to the studied living objects are discussed. The construction of the stand is intended for the improvement of laser technologies for hadron therapy of malignant neoplasms.

Crop monitoring with air monitoring tools on the basis different types of unmanned aerial vehicles with a payload allows to identify problem areas in the field and make timely management decisions. Such complexes suggest a simple and cheap method to method of collecting information about agricultural biological objects. Every season, due to the lack of timely and accurate information about the condition of farmland, agricultural producers lose profits. The use of UAV platforms in agriculture ultimately allows to predict yields and reduce losses. Consequently, the integration of multispectral cameras on UAVs becomes an actual and important task. The main goal of this work is to develop a gimbal for installing the Parrot Sequoia multispectral camera on the DJI Phantom 4 Pro UAV and connecting it to the standard power plant. During the development, a gimbal was made that takes into account all sensors and has dampers for the camera, a method for powering a multispectral camera from the UAV’s onboard power supply, flight tests were conducted that showed stable work of the UAV with additional attachments.

Currently existing bioimplants need to be periodically removed from a body to replace a source of energy supply and then reinstall them in a body. It is to a certain degree a threat to the health of the patient and degrades the quality of his life. Developed by the authors contactless charger for transcutaneous energy supply of implantable modules automatically adjusts the power of the electromagnetic field. When implementing the methodology for assessing the impact of the energy fields of experimental prototype of implant power supplies' contactless charging on biological objects, it was decided to link the transmitting and receiving modules to negative feedback loop, which allows stabilizing the power supplied to the transmitting circuit by the D class amplifier. This solution minimizes the heating of the receiving module, both in the area of the receiving circuit, and in the area of the stabilizer of the charging current of the battery. Thus, in addition to smaller dimensions, the new solution allows optimizing the energy characteristics of the device as a whole.

The possibility of non-invasive detection of magnetic particles in biological objects using magnetic field sensors of various types is investigated. Estimates of the threshold sensitivity of the sensors and the maximum distance at which the sensor can detect magnetic particles are made. It is shown that magnetite particles with a concentration of ∼ 10-9 vol.%, superparamagnetic particles and catalytic particles of the composition “iron in carbon nanotubes” can be fixed by SQUID or combined magnetic field sensors with operating temperatures ∼ 4 K at a distance of ≤ 0.1 m. It is noted that magnetic field sensors with ultra-low threshold sensitivity values (≤ 10-10 T) may be promising for non-invasive control of organs, implants, prostheses and other elements of biological systems.

The issues of detecting the inhomogeneities are studied aimed at mapping the distribution of absorption and scattering in soft tissues. A modification of the method of diffuse optical tomography is proposed for detecting directly and determining the region of spatial localisation of such absorbing and scattering inhomogeneities as a cyst, a hematoma, a tumour, as well as for measuring the degree of oxygenation or deoxygenation of blood, in which the late arriving photons that diffuse through the scattering object are used.

We report on the application of an optical imaging technique, the biospeckle laser, as a potential tool to assess biological and medicinal plant leaves. The biospeckle laser technique is a non-invasive and non-destructive optical technique used to investigate biological objects. Just after their removal from plants, the torn leaves were used for biospeckle laser imaging. Quantitative evaluation of the biospeckle data using the inertia moment (IM) of the time history speckle pattern, showed that the IM can be utilized to provide a biospeckle signature to the plant leaves. It showed that leaves from different plants can have their own characteristic IM values. We further investigated the infected regions of the leaves that display a relatively lower biospeckle activity than the healthy tissue. It was easy to discriminate between the infected and healthy regions of the leaf tissue. The biospeckle technique can successfully be implemented as a potential tool for the taxonomy of quality leaves. Furthermore, the technique can help boost the quality of ayurvedic medicines.

In this paper we present an approach to the on-the-fly Cryo-EM data acquisition and analysis using High Performance Data Analysis concept. An analysis of bottlenecks in the currently used data processing is presented, and the new iterative scheme for near real time implementation of the Cryo-EM data processing is discussed. The on-the-fly approach is proposed that will considerably reduce the time required for the protein (or other biological objects, e.g. viruses) 3D structure determination and allow eliminating manual interventions in the data processing.

Photonic-crystal fibres with submicrometre waveguiding channels enhance nonlinear-optical processes, leading to unique regimes of nanoscale nonlinear-optical interactions. Here we provide an overview of the basic physical mechanisms behind the remarkable nonlinear-optical performance of micro- and nanochannel waveguides and discuss physically different scenarios of nonlinear-optical spectral and temporal transformations of ultrashort pulses in silica and multicomponent-glass photonic-crystal fibres, as well as in natural submicrometre waveguides encountered in biological objects. Small-size waveguides in photonic-crystal fibres with carefully optimized dispersion are used for the frequency shifting and shaping of ultrashort laser pulses, offering much promise for the creation of novel compact and convenient light sources for nonlinear spectroscopy.

The modification of biological objects (polysaccharides and cells) by CO2-laser radiation in water added drop by drop into the interaction region is studied theoretically and experimentally. Calculations are performed by using the models describing gas-dynamic and heterogeneous processes caused by absorption of laser radiation by water drops. It is found experimentally that the laser modification of polysaccharides leads to the formation of low-molecular derivatives with immunostimulating properties. A dose of the product of laser activation of the yeast culture Saccharamyces cerevisiae prevented the development of a toxic emphysema in mice and protected them against lethal grippe and also prevented a decrease of survival rate, increased the average life, and prevented the development of metabolic and immune disorders in mice exposed to sublethal gamma-radiation doses.

Results of experimental research of low-temperature multicomponent mixed-refrigerant throttling refrigerator are given. Appliance of refrigerator in new domestic-made ultralow-temperature freezer for cryoconservation and long-term storage of medical and biological objects at temperature minus 150°C is described. Within experimental research, test bench with development prototype of ultralow-temperature medical freezer is made. Experimental and theoretical studies are compared. Availability and amount of local composition shift is defined. Ways to improve simulation model and increase energy efficiency of cryostatting systems are determined.

The use of micro- and nanofluidic systems in modern analytical instruments allow you to implement a number of unique opportunities and achieve ultra-high measurement sensitivity. The possibility of manipulation of the individual biological objects (cells, bacteria, viruses, proteins, nucleic acids) in a liquid medium caused the development of devices on microchip platform for methods: chromatographic and electrophoretic analyzes; polymerase chain reaction; sequencing of nucleic acids; immunoassay; cytometric studies. Development of micro and nano fabrication technologies, materials science, surface chemistry, analytical chemistry, cell engineering have led to the creation of a unique systems such as "lab-on-a-chip", "human-on-a-chip" and other. This article discusses common in microfluidics materials and methods of making functional structures. Examples of integration of nanoscale structures in microfluidic devices for the implementation of new features and improve the technical characteristics of devices and systems are shown.

The paper considers the problem of swarm aggregation of autonomous robots with the use of three methods based on the analogy of the behavior of biological objects. The algorithms substantiating the requirements for hardware realization of sensor, computer and network resources and propulsion devices are presented. Techniques for efficiency estimation of swarm aggregation via space-time characteristics are described. The developed model of the robot swarm reconfiguration into a predetermined three-dimensional shape is presented.

An experimental setup for the in-depth optoacoustic tomography of biological tissues in vitro was constructed on the basis of quasi-resonant ultrasonic detectors with a near-maximal sensitivity. The possibility of probing the boundaries of layers differing by 0.1 cm-1 in respect of the absorption coefficients was demonstrated for optical depths corresponding to the attenuation of the probe radiation by 35 dB when the energy of the latter is 30 mJ. Two-dimensional optoacoustic tomograms were obtained for muscle tissue containing absorbing inhomogeneities of size of the order of 1 mm and located at a depth of several centimetres.

Visualization of the structure of biological objects plays a key role in medicine, biotechnology, nanotechnology and IT-technology. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a promising method of studying of objects' morphology and structure. In this work, AFM was used to determine the size and shape of the bacterial strains of Escherichia coli M-17 and visualization its interaction with the nanoparticles of zinc oxide. The suspension of E.coli bacteria was applied to natural mica and studied by contact mode using the FemtoScan multifunctional scanning probe microscope.

Imaging of increasingly complex cartilage in vertebrate embryos is one of the key tasks of developmental biology. This is especially important to study shape-organizing processes during initial skeletal formation and growth. Advanced imaging techniques that are reflecting biological needs give a powerful impulse to push the boundaries of biological visualization. Recently, techniques for contrasting tissues and organs have improved considerably, extending traditional 2D imaging approaches to 3D . X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT), which allows 3D imaging of biological objects including their internal structures with a resolution in the micrometer range, in combination with contrasting techniques seems to be the most suitable approach for non-destructive imaging of embryonic developing cartilage. Despite there are many software-based ways for visualization of 3D data sets, having a real solid model of the studied object might give novel opportunities to fully understand the shape-organizing processes in the developing body. In this feasibility study we demonstrated the full procedure of creating a real 3D object of mouse embryo nasal capsule, i.e. the staining, the μCT scanning combined by the advanced data processing and the 3D printing.

The most common type of radiation used for diagnostic purposes are X-rays. However, X-rays methods have limitations related to the radiation dose for the biological objects. It is known that the use of the pulsed emitting source synchronized with the detection equipment for internal density visualization of objects significant reduces the radiation dose to the object. In the article the analysis of the suitability of the different dosimetric equipment for the radiation dose estimation of the pulsed emitting sources is carried out. The approbation results on the pulsed X-ray generator RAP-160-5 of the dosimetry systems workability with the pulse radiation and its operation range are presented. The results of the dose field investigation of the portable betatron OB-4 are demonstrated. The depth dose distribution in the air, lead and water of the pulsed bremsstrahlung generated by betatron are shown.

The 3rd International Youth Conference "Interdisciplinary Problems of Nanotechnology, Biomedicine and Nanotoxicology" (Nanobiotech2015) was held on 21–22 May 2015 in Tambov, Russia, and was jointly organized by Tambov Derzhavin State University (Russia), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Norway), the National University of Science and Technology MISiS (Russia), Tomsk Polytechnic University (Russia) and Tomsk State University. The conference gathered experienced and young researchers, post-docs and students, working in the fieldof nanotechnologies, nanomedicine, nano(eco)toxicology and risk assessment of nanomaterials, in order to facilitate the aggregation and sharing of interests and results for better collaboration and visibility of activity. The goal of Nanobiotech2015 was to bring researchers and practitioners together to share the latest knowledge on nanotechnology-specific risks to occupational and environmental health and assessing how to reduce these potential risks. The main objective of the conference is to identify, systematize and solve current scientific problems inthe sphere of nanobiotechnologies, nanomedicine and nanotoxicology, in order to join forces todetermine prospective areas and compose working groups of interested co-workers for carrying out interdisciplinary research projects. The topics of Nanobiotech2015 were: (1) Nanotechnologies in pharmaceutics and medicine; (2) Sources and mechanisms of nanoparticle release into the environment; (3) Ecological and biological effects of nanoparticles; (4) (Eco)toxicology of nanomaterials; (5) Methods for detection of nanoparticles in the environment and in biological objects; and (6) Physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles in the environment. We want to thank the Organizing Committee, the universities and sponsors supporting the conference,and everyone who contributed to the organization of this meeting, for their contribution towards the conference and for their contributions to these proceedings.

The combination of two methods: diffractometry and polarimetry was considered. The optical processor device was realized on base of these methods. Biological objects and their phantoms investigations were carried out.

Early diagnostics of meningitis is a very topical problem as it is a fulminant disease with a high level of mortality. The progress of this disease is, as a rule, accompanied by the appearance of bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition. The examination of the CSF is well known to be the only reliable approach to the identification of meningitis. However, the traditional biochemical analyses are time consuming and not always reliable, simple, and inexpensive, whereas the optical methods are poorly developed. This work is devoted to the study of Raman spectra of several bacterial cultures which are mainly present during meningitis. Raman microscopy is a prompt and noninvasive technique capable of providing reliable information about molecular-level alterations of biological objects at their minimal quantity and size. It was shown that there are characteristic lines in Raman spectra which can be the reliable markers for determination of bacterial form of meningitis at a level of a single bacterium.

The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the manipulation of biological objects, including proteins, genes, cellular organelles, bacteria, cells, and organs, are reviewed. MNPs are popular candidates for controlling and probing biological objects with a magnetic force. In the past decade, progress in the synthesis and surface engineering of MNPs has further enhanced this popularity.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a powerful tool for imaging biological structures (from single molecules to living cells) and carrying out measurements of their mechanical properties. AFM provides three-dimensional high-resolution images of the studied biological objects in physiological environment. However there are only few AFM investigations of fresh tissue explants and virtually no such research on a whole organism, since most researchers work with cell cultures. In the current work AFM was used to observe the surface of living and fixed embryos and to measure mechanical properties of naive embryos and embryos with overexpression of guanine nucleotide-binding protein G-alpha-13.

Deviations of the impedance spectrum of human body segments from that predicted by the Cole model are explained by the properties of biological objects and measurement errors. Our analysis of the measurement's equivalent scheme shows an importance of contact impedances and allows for explaining positive reactance of low-resistance body segments. Representation of the measured impedance as a connection of the Cole model impedance and capacity in parallel gives better fitting of measured impedance spectrum. The results of analysis show that said capacity is determined mainly by the properties of body tissues rather than stray capacitance between the body and surrounding objects.

The coupled waves method is used to analyze the diffraction of light by randomly modulated volume transparencies (for example, biological objects). A system of coupled equations is solved by reducing them to integrodifferential equations for the amplitudes of the incident and diffracted waves, which are easily solved in the case of randomly modulated transparencies. It is shown that diffraction attenuates the incident wave exponentially and that the wave vectors of the diffracted waves are concentrated near an Ewald sphere. It is also shown that the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a volume transparency is a weighted sum of the diffraction patterns of all cross sections of the transparency.

The physical principles of Rayleigh spectroscopy are presented and methods of investigating dynamic characteristics of a wide range of biological microobjects based on recording Rayleigh scattering of laser radiation are described. Monodyne and heterodyne spectrometers and a Doppler anenometer are described and some features of their application in biology and biophysics are given. Some of the most interesting work in this field is reviewed. An experiment carried out by the authors to study intracellular mobility is described.

Pulsed photothermal radiometry of biological objects is described. The absorption coefficients of YAG:Er3+ and CO2 laser radiation and thermal diffusivities in various biological tissues were determined experimentally.