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2. 2023 Astrophotonics Roadmap: pathways to realizing multi-functional integrated astrophotonic instruments

Author

Jovanovic, Nemanja, primary, Gatkine, Pradip, additional, Anugu, Narsireddy, additional, Amezcua-Correa, Rodrigo, additional, Basu Thakur, Ritoban, additional, Beichman, Charles, additional, Bender, Chad F., additional, Berger, Jean-Philippe, additional, Bigioli, Azzurra, additional, Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, additional, Bourdarot, Guillaume, additional, Bradford, Charles M, additional, Broeke, Ronald, additional, Bryant, Julia, additional, Bundy, Kevin, additional, Cheriton, Ross, additional, Cvetojevic, Nick, additional, Diab, Momen, additional, Diddams, Scott A, additional, Dinkelaker, Aline N, additional, Duis, Jeroen, additional, Eikenberry, Stephen, additional, Ellis, Simon, additional, Endo, Akira, additional, Figer, Donald F, additional, Fitzgerald, Michael P., additional, Gris-Sanchez, Itandehui, additional, Gross, Simon, additional, Grossard, Ludovic, additional, Guyon, Olivier, additional, Haffert, Sebastiaan Y, additional, Halverson, Samuel, additional, Harris, Robert J, additional, He, Jinping, additional, Herr, Tobias, additional, Hottinger, Philipp, additional, Huby, Elsa, additional, Ireland, Michael, additional, Jenson-Clem, Rebecca, additional, Jewell, Jeffrey, additional, Jocou, Laurent, additional, Kraus, Stefan, additional, Labadie, Lucas, additional, Lacour, Sylvestre, additional, Laugier, Romain, additional, Ławniczuk, Katarzyna, additional, Lin, Jonathan, additional, Leifer, Stephanie, additional, Leon-Saval, Sergio, additional, Martin, Guillermo, additional, Martinache, Frantz, additional, Martinod, Marc-Antoine, additional, Mazin, Benjamin A, additional, Minardi, Stefano, additional, Monnier, John D, additional, Moreira, Reinan, additional, Mourard, Denis, additional, Nayak, Abani Shankar, additional, Norris, Barnaby, additional, Obrzud, Ewelina, additional, Perraut, Karine, additional, Reynaud, François, additional, Sallum, Steph, additional, Schiminovich, David, additional, Schwab, Christian, additional, Serbayn, Eugene, additional, Soliman, Sherif, additional, Stoll, Andreas, additional, Tang, Liang, additional, Tuthill, Peter, additional, Vahala, Kerry, additional, Vasisht, Gautam, additional, Veilleux, Sylvain, additional, Walter, Alexander B, additional, Wollack, Edward J, additional, Xin, Yinzi, additional, Yang, Zongyin, additional, Yerolatsitis, Stephanos, additional, Zhang, Yang, additional, and Zou, Chang-Ling, additional

Published
2023
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3. 2023 Astrophotonics Roadmap: pathways to realizing multi-functional integrated astrophotonic instruments

Author

Jovanovic, Nemanja, Gatkine, Pradip, Bourdarot, Guillaume, Bradford, Charles M., Broeke, Ronald, Bryant, Julia, Bundy, Kevin, Cheriton, Ross, Cvetojevic, Nick, Diab, Momen, Diddams, Scott A., Dinkelaker, Aline N., Anugu, Narsireddy, Duis, Jeroen, Eikenberry, Stephen, Ellis, Simon, Endo, Akira, Figer, Donald F., Fitzgerald, Michael, Gris-Sanchez, Itandehui, Gross, Simon, Grossard, Ludovic, Guyon, Olivier, Amezcua-Correa, Rodrigo, Haffert, Sebastiaan Y., Halverson, Samuel, Harris, Robert J., He, Jinping, Herr, Tobias, Hottinger, Philipp, Huby, Elsa, Ireland, Michael, Jenson-Clem, Rebecca, Jewell, Jeffrey, Basu Thakur, Ritoban, Jocou, Laurent, Kraus, Stefan, Labadie, Lucas, Lacour, Sylvestre, Laugier, Romain, Ławniczuk, Katarzyna, Lin, Jonathan, Leifer, Stephanie, Leon-Saval, Sergio, Martin, Guillermo, Beichman, Charles, Martinache, Frantz, Martinod, Marc-Antoine, Mazin, Ben, Minardi, Stefano, Monnier, John D, Moreira, Reinan, Mourard, Denis, Nayak, Abani Shankar Shankar, Norris, Barnaby, Obrzud, Ewelina, Bender, Chad, Perraut, Karine, Reynaud, François, Sallum, Steph, Schiminovich, David, Schwab, Christian, Serbayn, Eugene, Soliman, Sherif, Stoll, Andreas, Tang, Liang, Tuthill, Peter, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Vahala, Kerry, Vasisht, Gautam, Veilleux, Sylvain, Walter, Alexander B., Wollack, Edward J, Xin, Yinzi, Yang, Zongyin, Yerolatsitis, Stephanos, Zhang, Yang, Zou, Chang-Ling, Bigioli, Azzurra, and Bland-Hawthorn, Joss

Subjects
ddc:530
Abstract

Photonic technologies offer numerous functionalities that can be used to realize astrophotonic instruments. The most spectacular example to date is the ESO Gravity instrument at the Very Large Telescope in Chile that combines the light-gathering power of four 8-m telescopes through a complex photonic interferometer. Fully integrated astrophotonic devices offer critical advantages for instrument development, including extreme miniaturization when operating at the diffraction-limit, plus integration, superior thermal and mechanical stabilization owing to the small footprint, and high replicability offering significant cost savings. Numerous astrophotonic technologies have been developed to address shortcomings of conventional instruments to date, including the development of photonic lanterns to convert from multimode inputs to single mode outputs, complex aperiodic fiber Bragg gratings to filter OH emission from the atmosphere, beam combiners enabling long baseline interferometry with for example, ESO Gravity, and laser frequency combs for high precision spectral calibration of spectrometers. Despite these successes, the facility implementation of photonic solutions in astronomical instrumentation is currently limited because of 1) low throughputs from coupling to fibers, coupling fibers to chips, propagation and bend losses, device losses, etc., 2) difficulties with scaling to large channel count devices needed for large bandwidths and high resolutions, and 3) efficient integration of photonics with detectors. In this roadmap, we identify 23 key areas that need further development. We outline the challenges and advances needed across those areas covering design tools, simulation capabilities, fabrication processes, the need for entirely new components, integration and hybridization and the characterization of devices. To realize these advances the astrophotonics community will have to work cooperatively with industrial partners who have more advanced manufacturing capabilities. With the advances described herein, multi-functional integrated instruments will be realized leading to novel observing capabilities for both ground and space based platforms, enabling new scientific studies and discoveries.

Published
2023

12. Diurnal Variability and Detectability of Vegetation Red Edge of Earth-like Exoplanets.

Author

Wang, Fei and He, Jinping

Subjects
*CHEMICAL fingerprinting, *CLOUDINESS, *EDGES (Geometry), *UNIDENTIFIED flying objects, *EXTRATERRESTRIAL beings, *GEOMETRY, *EXTRASOLAR planets
Abstract

The vegetation red edge (VRE) is a unique spectral fingerprint of light-harvesting vegetation on Earth and provides a robust remote detectable surface biosignature of exoplanets. To improve the detectability and sensitivity, we have studied the diurnal variability of VRE in the disk-integrated spectra of Earth and also Earth analogs in the case of different observing geometry conditions. Simulation results show that the VRE index varies from <−0.4 to >0.6 at a diurnal timescale for both present and also Late Triassic Earth, and the maximum variation of VRE in 1 day changes by >3 times with different observing geometry conditions. This means that the extraterrestrial light-harvesting vegetation (even if it really exists) will not be efficiently detectable without proper observing geometry conditions and time, especially in the case of the exoplanets covered with thick clouds. The VRE temporal variation curve can also be used to retrieve the cloud cover fraction and continent distribution of exoplanets with relatively high precision. Several observational strategies are proposed to detect the light-harvesting vegetation and retrieve the planetary information from the planet's VRE variation signals, and a mock observation is also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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13. Beating the Rayleigh limit via aperture modulation.

Author

Xu, Biao, Wang, Zhiqiang, and He, Jinping

Subjects
OPTICAL apertures, IMAGING systems, HIGH resolution imaging, SIGNAL-to-noise ratio, HEART beat
Abstract

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a method to break the Rayleigh limit of an imaging system by modulating only the aperture of the imaging optics. By fully utilizing the useful information extracted from an image sequence, a superresolution image with high-frequency components beyond the cutoff frequency of the imaging system is reconstructed. Resolution enhancement of 2 times is achieved experimentally. Simulation results show that the method can still work with the signal-to-noise ratio of ~ 10 for the acquired images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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