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The increase of neutron flux in pulsed spallation neutron facilities imposes demands on the neutron detector for beam monitoring, including excellent neutron/gamma discrimination, wide dynamic neutron-flux measurement range, wavelength resolution, and long-term stability. In this paper, we developed a ceramic GEM-based (gas electron multiplier) neutron detector with an active area of 100 mm × 100 mm. It adopted a thinner conversion material and the stopping layer to lower the detection efficiency so as to extend the dynamic measurement range of the detector. The detection efficiency of this detector was investigated by the Monte Carlo (MC) tool FLUKA, showing that the low efficiency around 0.01% for 1 Åneutrons was reached by using a 0.1 μm natB4C converter appended with an aluminum film of 2 μm thickness. Its validation of the wavelength spectra measurement was verified by comparisons with that made with an LND monitor, and it could work at the condition of 7.1 × 109 n/s for 2.5 Åneutrons. In addition, it was demonstrated that this detector was able to measure the beam profile with a position resolution of better than 2.1 ± 0.1 mm. The results of simulations and experiments show that this ceramic-GEM neutron detector can meet the requirements of the direct measurement of high-flux beam, and it will be a new neutron detector for the beam monitoring at the China spallation neutron source (CSNS).

Imaging of magnetic nanoparticles with ultrasound utilizes ultrasound excitation and electromagnetic receiving. At present, the size of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the imaging method is required to be no less than 100 nm, which limits its application in human bodies. To overcome the limitation of particle size, imaging of MNPs with ultrasound based on saturation magnetization is proposed. The relationship between the concentration of superparamagnetic pear-shaped MNPs and the induced voltage under saturation magnetization is derived based on the classical Langevin theory of paramagnetism. A 3D simulation model is constructed and numerical research is carried out under the saturated magnetic field provided by the Helmholtz coil. The concentration image is reconstructed by point-by-point scanning. Numerical studies show that the induced voltage is rich in the concentration information of superparamagnetic pear-shaped MNPs, proving the feasibility of the method. The maximum induced voltage, which enhances the imaging effect, occurs under the minimum radius of the detection coil containing the region of interest. MNPs under 20 nm still meet the imaging requirements in the proposed method. This research pushes the imaging of MNPs with ultrasound based on saturation magnetization a further step forward to practical applications in the biomedical field.

The diffusion and the activation of phosphorus in phosphorus and fluorine co-implanted Ge after being annealed by excimer laser are investigated. The results prove that the fluorine element plays an important role in suppressing phosphorus diffusion and enhancing phosphorus activation. Moreover, the rapid thermal annealing process is utilized to evaluate and verify the role of fluorine element. During the initial annealing of co-implanted Ge, it is easier to form high bonding energy F n V m clusters which can stabilize the excess vacancies, resulting in the reduced vacancy-assisted diffusion of phosphorus. The maximum activation concentration of about 4.4 × 1020 cm−3 with a reduced diffusion length and dopant loss is achieved in co-implanted Ge that is annealed at a tailored laser fluence of 175 mJ/cm2. The combination of excimer laser annealing and co-implantation technique provides a reference and guideline for high level n-type doping in Ge and is beneficial to its applications in the scaled Ge MOSFET technology and other devices.

We propose an extended BCS–Hubbard model and investigate its ground state phase diagram in an external magnetic field. By mapping the model onto a model of spinless fermions coupled with conserving Z 2 variables which are mimicked by pseudospins, the model is shown to be exactly solvable along the symmetric lines for an arbitrary on-site Hubbard interaction on the bipartite lattice. In the zero field limit, the ground states exhibit an antiferromagnetic order of pseudospins. In the large field limit, on the other hand, the pseudospins are fully polarized ordered. With the increase of the applied field, a first-order phase transition occurs between these kinds of phases when the on-site Coulomb interaction is less than a critical value U c. Above this critical U c, a novel intermediate phase emerges between the fully polarized and antiferromagnetic phases. The ground states in this phase are macroscopically degenerate, like in a spin ice, and the corresponding entropy scales linearly with the lattice size at zero temperature.

Ammonia (NH3) is an essential resource in human production and living activities, and its demand has been rising in recent years. The catalytic synthesis of NH3 from N2 under mild conditions, inspired by biological nitrogen fixation, has piqued the interest of researchers. In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the catalytic activity, mechanism, and selectivity of the TM embedded nitrogen-doped phosphorene as high-performance nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) electrocatalysts in depth. The results show that Nb- and Mo-doped catalysts present excellent catalytic performance, with low limiting potentials of −0.41 and −0.18 V, respectively. The Mo–N3–BP catalyst, for example, not only has an extremely low overpotential (−0.02 V), but also presents superior selectivity to effectively inhibit the HER competition reaction. A deeper look into the catalytic mechanism reveals a volcano relationship between the d-band center and the catalytic activity (Mo and Nb are located near the peak of the volcano-type curve). The d-band center and charge of the metal center can be regarded as effective descriptors for NRR activity on TM embedded nitrogen-doped phosphorene electrocatalysts, which hope to serve as a guiding principle for the design of high performance NRR single-atom catalyst in the future.

Soft actuators have recently gained a lot of interests as an emerging topic, although complete methodologies for modeling soft actuators are still missing. Identifying and forecasting the behaviour of soft actuators is difficult due to the nonlinear behaviour of the materials used, the complicated geometries they form, and the wide range of motions they produce. In this paper, we demonstrated how to use neural network technology to describe the motion and produced force that the pneumatic network bending soft actuator can create at various input pressures. To confirm the results, three separate neural network models for three different modeling modes were constructed and evaluated with different input data sets. First, the dimension model, which deals with changes in the form and geometry of the soft actuator and their influence on its response at various pressure inputs. Second, the free force model, which simulates the motion of a soft actuator in free space without any external disturbances. Finally, the blocked force model, which may simulate a real-world soft actuator that is subjected to an external force. The input data sets were created with ABAQUS/CAE software, which replicates the behavior of the soft actuator and uses this data to train the neural network models.

Owing to good self-lubricating performance, tin bronze is widely used in industrial fields. As tin bronze parts manufactured by powder metallurgy, their tribological performances are influenced by raw powder. In this work, four types of self-lubricating copper alloy composites (CuSn10 (D), CuSn10, CuSn10Pb10 (D) and CuSn10Pb10) were prepared by sintering completely alloyed powder and diffusion alloyed copper tin powder. The morphology, element distribution and microstructure of raw powder and their sintered Cu alloy composites were observed. The tribological properties of Cu alloys were investigated by block-ring friction test under different working conditions and their worn surface and wear debris were analyzed. The results show that the diffusion alloyed powder has an irregular dendritic morphology and its sintered Cu alloy is more likely to produce twin structure which enhances the hardness and the bearing capacity of the material. Compared with completely alloyed powder sintered CuSn10 sample, the wear rate of CuSn10 (D) sintered from diffusion alloyed powder was reduced by 83.96%, 74.39%, and 67.63% under three typical working conditions. Under dry friction conditions, the wear rate of CuSn10 (D) is reduced by 63.64% than CuSn10, and CuSn10Pb10 (D) is 25% lower than CuSn10Pb10. The investigation on the wear tracks and wear debris of Cu alloy composites showed that the diffusion alloyed powder sintered samples are inclined to form a more consecutive and integral third-body layer on wear tracks and which contributes to the better wear resistance.

The Street Museum is the first nationwide initiative in Wuhan to apply new museology to the protection planning of historical streets. The Lihuangpi Road Street Museum is the first street museum in Wuhan. It has played an active role in protecting historical relics, showing the unique architectural style and spatial texture of Lihuangpi Road, reflecting urban diversity, improving the living environment, and promoting the development of cultural and leisure industries effect. However, problems such as irrationality in planning and design, low follow-up investment, lack of management and supervision, and inactive participation of community residents have affected its effectiveness. Through in-depth investigations and interviews, this article summarizes the practical results and problems of the Lihuangpi Road Street Museum since its establishment, and proposes targeted opinions, with a view to providing further reference for the protection and planning of historical blocks in other cities.

Experiments and numerical simulations were used to study the two-layer paddle stirring system. Glass bead particles and aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution were used as the solid-liquid phases, and the variation of the critical suspension speed of impeller Njs under different parameters was analyzed by testing the parameters of liquid phase viscosity, solid phase particle size, and solid-phase mass fraction. The results showed that the main resistance (surface viscous resistance) increased with the increase of liquid-phase viscosity at particle size d=0.3 and d=0.5 mm, and this factor inhibited the solid-phase diffusion, resulting in an increasing trend of Njs with the increase of liquid-phase viscosity. At particle size d=0.8 and d=1mm, the main resistance (gravity) is not related to the liquid phase viscosity, and the intensity of turbulent pulsation in the kettle is enhanced with the increase of liquid phase viscosity, which is favorable to the solid phase diffusion, and Njs decreases with the increase of liquid phase viscosity. The increase in solid-phase volume fraction increases Njs.

The bookstore is an integral part of campus public service, and it is an essential place for reading, learning and spending for teachers and students. Provided the current management and development problems faced by old campus bookstores, this article takes the old campus bookstore in the Huangjiahu campus of Wuhan University of Science and Technology as a research case while uses space syntax theory, Depthmap software, and axis models to analyzes and evaluate accessibility, and then optimize campus old location and layout of bookstores. Simultaneously, by using the analytic hierarchy process, the simulated bookstore sites of selection in the campus are tested at the target level, decision level and plan level. This article aims to propose optimization methods for the management and development of old campus bookstores from the perspective of spatial location selection through qualitative quantification and provide constructive references for similar research.

In this research, the potential application of borophene as gas sensor device is explored. The first-principles theory is employed to investigate the sensing performance of pristine and Li-doped borophene for SO2 and five main atmospheric gases (including CH4, CO2, N2, CO and H2). All gases are found to be adsorbed weakly on pristine borophene, which shows weak physical interaction between the pristine borophene and gases. The gas adsorption performance of borophene is improved by the doping of Li atom. The results of adsorption energy suggest that Li-borophene exhibits high selectivity to SO2 molecule. Moreover, analyses of the charge transfer, density of states and work function also confirm the introduction of Li adatom on borophene significantly enhances the selectivity and sensitivity to SO2. In addition, desorption time of gas from pristine and Li doped borophene indicates the Li-borophene has good desorption characteristics for SO2 molecule at high temperatures. This research would be helpful for understanding the influence of Li doping on borophene and presents the potential application of Li-borophene as a SO2 gas sensor or scavenger.

The integrated algorithm is a highly flexible data analysis and prediction algorithm. In many big data competitions at home and abroad, the winning teams basically adopt the idea of integrated algorithms such as random forest, GBDT, XGBoost and other algorithms. This shows that accuracy of ensemble algorithms is still very advantageous in terms of predictive classification. The main task of this article is to predict the loss of telecom customers. Under the current situation of saturation of the telecom market, how to retain the original customers is the main task of each telecom operator. This article mainly compares the four prediction models on the telecom data set. Predictive performance, the final performance evaluation index also shows that the random forest model and XGBoost model of integrated thought have better predictive models.

According to incomplete statistics, the mine heat damage accidents since the 1970s have threatened the safety of mining and the safety and health of underground workers all the time. At present, many mine workers have physical discomfort in high-temperature mines, and then affect the safe mining of mines. As China’s shallow coal seam has been basically mined out and gradually mined to deep mines, the underground heat damage is becoming more and more serious. The overall and local cooling of the mine has become a difficult problem in the underground work, which also restricts the production of the mine. The development of individual cooling equipment can effectively alleviate the heat stress of mine workers. Therefore, it is necessary to select non-toxic environmental protection and low-cost cooling materials as the cooling medium of cooling clothing. It is necessary to consider that the cooling medium is harmless to human body and can keep the human body working in a more comfortable micro environment without affecting the working efficiency.

The concept of cultural ecology is not only the basic requirement of self-innovation and self-protection of traditional culture, but also the effective response of traditional culture under the background of cultural crisis. From the perspective of cultural ecology, this study takes Ruijin Chuanfang ancient residence as an example to analyse the mutual adaptation between spatial elements such as spatial combination, functional distribution and construction structure of traditional folk dwellings in southern Hubei province and local unique cultural elements such as natural environment, economic environment and social environment.

Traditional villages, as an important bearer of traditional culture, are the foundation for the survival and reproduction of traditional culture, but with the impact of rapid urbanization and the rapid development of information, the cultural protection and inheritance of traditional villages are facing a huge impact. This paper takes Dayu Bay as the research object, from the point of perspective of cultural genes, systematically sorts out the cultural elements of Dayu Bay, constructs a genealogy of Dayu Bay's cultural genes, classifies and analyzes its material and immaterial cultural genes, analyzes the problems exposed in its protection and inheritance by sorting out the cultural genes, builds a system of traditional village cultural genes protection and inheritance, and explores feasible protection and inheritance paths.

With the rapid development and expansion of the city and the gradual aging of the population, there are many problems in the management of the urban historic conservation areas, and their protection and renewal are beginning to attract the public’s attention. This paper takes Tan Hualin urban historic conservation areas in Wuhan as an example, through the preliminary investigation and data collection of Tan Hualin, based on its architectural and cultural characteristics, historical context and residents’ needs, to build a community activity center in the urban historic conservation areas.

As an important method for preparing aluminum foam, space holders have the advantages of simple preparation process, controllable porosity, high operation safety, easy to realize the large-scale production and so on. In this paper, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) is selected as the new raw material for spacer to replace the traditional spacer (such as urea and salt), which is prepared by melting, injecting into the mold and solidifying. Three kinds of spherical spacer with different diameters were modified, and aluminum foams with three porosity (65%, 70% and 75%) and three pore sizes (Ø2mm, Ø3mm and Ø4mm) were prepared by compaction, dissolution and sintering. The results of metallographic analysis of aluminum foam sintered sample show that the aluminum powder particles bond closely above 600 °C. The quasi-static compression results show that the interaction between aluminum matrix materials and pore structure affects the mechanical properties of foamed aluminum, and the interaction between porosity and pore size affects the mechanical properties of foamed aluminum.

On HL-2A, two different injections (supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) and pellet injection (PI)) are used to mitigate edge localized mode (ELM)-filament convective transport. The changes of their characteristics are studied in this paper. A high spatiotemporal resolution probe shows there are many similar phenomena, and the filament density amplitude and radial velocity are both suppressed. Our statistical results indicate that: the velocity suppression comes from the decrease of filament density and temperature; the transient particle and heat fluxes drop strongly; and long-range correlation along a magnetic flux surface also decreases, when the electron-ion collisionality increases significantly, which may have a role on the filament parallel current during ELM mitigation.

Steel-aluminum composite material combine the excellent mechanical properties of steel such as high strength and good wear resistance with the advantages of lightweight aluminum for widely using in automobile engine block, gearbox and other car body structures. In this paper, a new process is used to cast the alloy steel sleeve into Al-Si alloy matrix for preparing aluminum engine block with steel cylinder liner. The process consists of three parts: the surface pre-treatment of steel, the hot-dipping melt and solid-liquid casting of steel with aluminum. Generally, the hot dipping melt should have lower melting point than the melting point of aluminum alloy, good temperature oxidation resistance and amount of solid solubility both with steel and aluminum. Giving consideration of such condition and cost, Zn´ Al and its alloys are used in present paper for learning the effect of hot dip coating melts on the interface properties of steel/aluminum at different times. After hot dipping, a coating formed on the surface of the steel bushing, which improves its wettability in the aluminum melt and the metallurgical bonding effect of the steel-aluminum interface. The microstructure, phase composition, growth kinetics and hardness distribution of the interface were analyzed by metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDS. The results show that the metallurgical bonding interface of steel/aluminum bimetal casting can be obtained by hot dipping. Hard-brittle diffusion layer produced by dipping pure Al is thicker than that produced by ZL101. Dipping pure zinc produces a dense intermetallic layer of 3-5 um and a large amount of dispersed phase of Al3FeZnx, and the bonding performance of such interface is better than the other two. The interface hardness of steel-aluminum bimetal casting obtained by hot dipping pure Al melt, ZL101 melt and pure Zn melt can reach 563.5HV, 528.3HV and 632.3HV, respectively.

Ultrasonic consolidation technology is a new method for preparing high-performance laminate composite materials. This rapid consolidation additive manufacturing technology provides a new idea for the integration of complementary functional laminated composite structures. It has great potential for preparation of new generation of complex laminated composite parts, broadening the application field of laminated composite material, and means an advanced 3D additive manufacturing technology for materials and structures. In this paper, it is aimed at Al/carbon steel and Al/Fe laminated composites systems with low cost and multilayer structures, Al/carbon steel and Al/Fe laminated composite samples were consolidated by ultrasonic consolidation process. And the Al/carbon steel and Al/Fe interfacial bonding were studied by SEM and EDS. The hardness and tensile properties of laminated composites were tested by mechanical properties together with the fracture morphology of each interface was studied.

Al-Ti-C-SiC master alloys were prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method with the aluminum powder, titanium powder, graphite powder and nano-SiC powder. The reaction productions and morphology of Al-Ti-C-SiC master alloy were systematically investigated. The results show that with the addition of SiC nano-particles, the reaction sequence of self-propagation synthesis of Al-Ti-C alloy was changed. During the reaction, the SiC nano-particles reacts with the titanium powder, which leads to an increase amounts of the TiC particles, In the self-propagation products of Al-Ti-C-SiC system, the size of TiC particles decreases first and then increases with the increase of SiC nano-particles mass fraction. When the mass fraction of SiC nano-particles is 10%, the size of TiC particles becomes nanometre, which size reach 100nm-200nm. When the mass fraction of SiC nano-particles is more than 10%, SiC nano-particles can be found in the master alloy product.

This article study on the 45#steel/high-lead tin bronze bimetal that were prepared by solid-liquid casting. Effect of interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties by active protective agents were investigated including Na2B4O7, H3BO3, AlPO3 and NaF. The results show that the effect of the single component active protective agent on the binding interface is Na2B4O7>H3BO3>AlPO3>NaF. The multiple components optimal ratio of the active protective agent is Na2B4O7:H3BO3:AlPO3:NaF=60:25:10:5(wt.%)after mixing, which make the interfacial bonding strength reach 168.4 MPa and diffusion distance of the Fe/Cu interface attain 12.4μm. When the thickness of Na2B4O7 is lower than 60%, FeP transition layer is precipitated at the interface, which depress the interface shear strength.

The photoelectric devices developing towards the high integration and miniaturization in semiconductor industry can be pushed forward by the thriving research of two-dimensional layered metal dichalcogenides (2D-LMDs). SnS2 nanosheets have evident photoresponse to both ultraviolet and partial visible light, but only with a fair photoelectric performance limited by its atomic-layer thickness. Here we report a convenient and simple method to make a dramatic enhancement of the electrical and photoelectric performance of the SnS2 flake. By integrating SnS2 with Au plasmonic nanostructures, the photocurrent (Iph) increased by over 20 times. And the corresponding responsivity (R), light gain (G), and detectivity (D*) have been improved by ~2200%, 2200%, and 600%, respectively. The responsivity and detectivity of the Au NPs-SnS2 FET at 532 nm are 1125.9 A/W and 2.12×1011 Jones. Though being atomically thin, the hybrid SnS2 photodetector benefiting from local surface plasmonic resonance achieves an excellent photoelectric performance not normally possible with the pristine SnS2-only device.

High-temperature corrosion is a major threat to the safe operation of thermal power plants. The reducing atmosphere induced by boiler lean oxygen combustion has close relation with the water walls corrosion. In this paper, the reducing atmosphere such as CO, H2S concentration distribution was simulated targeted on a boiler. Under the full load, the atmosphere and the temperature distribution in low nitrogen combustion mode were further studied on different excess air ratios and the rates and position of the SOFA air conditions. With the SOFA rate increasing, the flame centre moved up, the boiler temperature is more uniform, and the temperature at the furnace outlet increased. the concentration of CO and H2S in the main combustion zone is obviously increased. In the burnout zone, there is almost no CO and H2S due to the supplement of SOFA.

In order to monitor the reliability of the CEMS operation data of a thermal power plant in Hangzhou, the data of its operation process were collected. The components of uncertainty influencing on the particles concentration measurement, including zero drift, range drift, relative accuracy and measuring repeatability, were analyzed in the system. The confidence interval (2.80%) and the allowable interval (8.94%) were introduced to ensure the reliability of the system data. The result of evalution shows that the related expanded uncertainty of particles concentration measurement is 9.26% when coverage factor is k=2 and level of confidence is 95%. Measuring repeatability is the main factor affecting the uncertainty.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is generally accepted as the best method to evaluate the function of the human autonomic nervous system. This paper compares the differences between the Polar V800 and the Healink R211B in the application of HRV analysis. Twenty-nine healthy college students participated in the study. The data were recorded simultaneously by both devices from all the subjects in a resting state. After being processed, the RR interval (RRI) data for 26 of the cases from the two devices were imported into the Kubios HRV software and were approximately consistent in regards to the HRV parameters. There was no significant difference (r > 0.99, p > 0.05) between the two devices except for the α1 parameter (p = 0.021). For the other 3 cases, the Polar V800 RRI could not be corrected due to partially missing data. Therefore, the HRV analysis and comparison were not conducted. The results indicate that the Polar V800 and the Healink R211B combined with Kubios HRV software can be used for HRV analysis in the time domain, frequency domain and for partial nonlinear parameter analysis, except in cases where data were missed by the Polar V800. However, it should be noted that approximately 10% of the samples from the Polar V800 have more RRI values missing so the entire sample data could not be used for HRV analysis.

Multifunctional nanomedicines featuring high drug loading capacity, controllable drug release and real-time self-monitoring are attracting increasing attention due to their potential to improve cancer therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a new kind of Fe3O4@C-based nanoparticles modified with isoreticular metal organic frameworks (IRMOF-3), folic acid (FA) and detachable polyethylene glycol (PEG) under tumor microenvironment was developed. The core-shell structured Fe3O4@C was synthesized via the one-pot solvothermal reaction and the IRMOF-3 layers were coated on the outer shell of Fe3O4@C through layer-by-layer coating method. The FA and PEG were conjugated on the surface of nanoparticles by reacting with the amine groups provided by IRMOF-3. The as-synthesized nanoparticles showed stable photothermal effect, superparamagnetic properties and blue fluorescence characteristic under 360 nm irradiation. The in vitro experiments showed that the drug loaded nanoparticles exhibit pH-dependent drug release property, and PEGylation was proved effective in suppressing burst drug release (only 8.0% of drugs were released within 95 h). The confocal laser scanning microscopy study revealed that the as-synthesized nanoparticles could serve as a cell imaging agent and the cell internalization can be significantly enhanced after FA modified. The IRMOF-3 modified nanoparticles showed negligible cytotoxicity and the drug loaded nanoparticles showed pH/photothermal-stimuli enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro. It is believed that the present smart drug delivery platforms will hold great potential in imaging guided drug delivery and cancer therapy.

Aluminum alloy is widely used in aerospace and shipbuilding fields, but it is microstructural and mechanical properties of weld bead are not satisfactory. In this paper, GMAW experiments under the magnetic field were carried out. The effect of magnetic field frequency on GMAW process was analyzed through taking the arc images by high-speed camera, detecting spatter rate, observing metallographic microstructural, testing tensile property and observing fracture SEM appearance. The arc shape and arc movement changed with the variation of external magnetic field frequency, which had a crucial influence on arc temperature gradient and undercooling degree and finally took effect on weld appearance and mechanical properties. The experimental results shown that the arc shape was expanded, arc temperature gradient and undercooling degree decrease, weld bead grain becomes coarse, weld appearance and mechanical properties gets worse below the magnetic field frequency of 60 Hz. The arc shape compressed, arc temperature gradient and undercooling degree increase, weld bead grain becomes refined, weld appearance and mechanical properties gets better over 60 Hz compared with conventional GMAW, the spatter rate reduced by 1.8%, the microstructural grain refined obviously and the tensile strength increased by 31.5 MPa.

High-temperature corrosion is one of the main problems that plague the safe operation of thermal power plants. Especially for units burning high-sulfur coal, the probability of high-temperature corrosion is much greater than that of units burning low-sulfur coal. In this paper, the 12Cr1MoV steel used in power plants is selected as the research object, the experiment studied the corrosion behavior of H2S, SO2 and air in the temperature range of 400-500°C. We found that 12Cr1MoV has the highest corrosion rate in the H2S atmosphere, the second in the air, and the slowest in the SO2 atmosphere.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is the most stable allotrope of carbon nitride with a conjugated, two-dimensional polymer of s-triazine, which is considered as a promising photocatalyst in sustainable chemistry. The low surface area and quantum efficiency and fast electron-hole recombination of g-C3N4 restrict its practical application. The formation of two-dimensional mesoporous structure and the construction of proper semiconductor composites are two approaches to promote the effective separation of photogenerated exciton and reduce the charge transfer resistance, which is beneficial to restrain the recombination of exciton and improve photocatalytic hydrogen performance. In this work, two-dimensional mesoporous g-C3N4 nanosheets (MCNS) coupled with nonstoichiometric Zn-Cu-In-S (ZCIS) nanocrystals were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The constructed ZCIS/MCNS composites possessed highly photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance under visible light irradiation without any noble metal cocatalysts. The EIS spectra and transient photocurrent responses corroborated ZCIS/MCNS had higher separation and transportation efficiency of photogenerated electron and hole. The incorporation of ZCIS into MCNS reduced the charge transfer resistance and enhanced the charge transfer efficiency. As the result, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of ZCIS/MCNS was higher than those of pure ZCIS and MCNS. 10-0.2ZCIS/MCNS showed a highest H2 production rate of 12.3 μmol h−1 over 100 mg photocatalyst without cocatalysts. This work supplied a feasible strategy to construct ZCIS/MCNS composites for the exploitation of solar energy.

The microfluidic technology for function microsphere synthesis has high control precision. However, the throughput is too low for industrial scale-up applications. Current scale-up design focuses on a multi-channel in 2D, in which the distribution uniformity parameter δ increases linearly, resulting in the deterioration of the flow distribution performance. The 3D modular scale-up strategy could greatly alleviate this problem, but no design principles have been developed yet. For the first time, this paper establishes the microfluidic 3D scale-up design criteria. Based on the modular design concept, the design method of 2D and 3D throughput scale-up parameters N and M, distribution uniformity parameters δ and β, and microchannel design parameter KRwere proposed. The equivalent resistance coefficient was defined, and the influence of different parameters on a 2D array and 3D stack was analyzed. Furthermore, the error correction method was studied. It was found that the two-stage scale-up process contradicted each other. A good scale-up performance of one stage led to the limitation of another stage. Increasing the resistance of each channel Rucould both increase the two-stage scale-up performance, which was an important factor. A single-module scale-up system with 8 channels in a single array and 10 arrays in a vertical stack, which had 80 channels in total, was designed and fabricated based on the proposed design criteria for generating Chitosan/TiO2composite microspheres. The average particle size was 539.65 μm and CV value was about 3.59%. The throughput was 480 ml h-1, which effectively increased the throughput scale and the product quality.