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Main text The key comparison CCQM-K157 for the thickness measurement of HfO2 films was performed by the Surface Analysis Working Group (SAWG) of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM). The aim of CCQM-K157 is to establish the measurement traceability and to ensure the equivalency in the measurement capability of national metrology institutes for the thickness measurement of HfO2 films. In this key comparison, the thicknesses of six HfO2 films with the nominal thickness range from 0.7 nm to 6 nm were compared by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray reflectometry (XRR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and medium energy ion scattering spectrometry (MEIS). To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

This work presents the synthesis and characterization of hard/soft (1-x)SrFe12O19/xCoFe2O4 exchange-coupled nanocomposites with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 using the conventional coprecipitation and ball milling preparation methods followed by heat treatment. CoFe2O4 material was used as a soft magnetic material when the effects of its concentration on the structural and magnetic properties of the obtained nanocomposites were investigated using different characterization techniques. Structural and microstructural analyses showed the presence of both spinel ferrite and the M-type hexaferrite phase. Single-phase magnetic loops were observed for the prepared nanocomposites, indicating an exchange coupling interaction between CoFe2O4 and SrFe12O19 phases. To support this finding, a Henkel plot was performed, which revealed the presence of strong exchange coupling interaction in CS5 compared to CS10, unlike CS20, where the dipolar interaction is dominant. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of enhancing the (BH)max of the M-type strontium hexaferrite through an exchange-coupled nanocomposite, using a simple and reproducible synthesis process with a small content of the soft magnetic phase.

In intracavitary radiotherapy, incorrect source locations can result in excessive doses to normal tissues. Therefore, it is essential to accurately evaluate the source location. In this study, we investigated a digital line dosimeter based on thallium (I) bromide (TlBr) to improve the existing analogue verification method. Therefore, a polycrystalline TlBr unit cell dosimeter was manufactured, and the measurement performance of iridium-192 (Ir-192) sources was evaluated. We found that the dosimeter's reproducibility satisfied the evaluation criteria of 1.5% with a relative standard deviation of 1.44%. Moreover, the linearity showed excellent results (linear coefficient, R 2 = 0.9999). The distance dependence showed a difference of 0.03 cm at 50% intensity when compared to the inverse square value, whereas the angular dependence showed a large difference when compared to a diode. As the angle increased, the intensity gradually decreased, resulting in a difference of up to 41.9%. These results demonstrate the excellent performance of the TlBr dosimeter. However, because of the significant influence of angular dependence, a measurement distance that minimises this error should be applied when manufacturing line dosimeters in the future.

When creating MHD (Magnetohydrodynamic) alternating current generators using liquid-metal working body, the latter is accelerated by piston method, in which the working body is a periodic structure of alternating zones of liquid metal (pistons) and zones of compressed gas, the latter is accelerated liquid-metal pistons. This raises the form stability problem for liquid metal pistons. Viscous frictional forces generated inside the pistons lead to the destruction of the pistons and significantly reduce the efficiency of the MHD unit. One solution is to use gas-permeable walls of the channels of MHD-generators, through the pores of which gas is injected. In this way, the piston flow is isolated from the side surface of the channel by the penetrating gas in the channel cavity. As a result, friction losses are drastically reduced. At the final values of the One solution is to use gas-permeable walls of the channels of MHD-generators, through the pores of which gas is injection coefficients, (? ≥ 0.03)the friction practically disappears. With the channel length determined by the coordinate of the maximum piston speed, 92% of the current marginal efficiency values can be achieved. The maximum efficiency of the runaway channel can be achieved by selecting the optimal value of the air injection coefficient. The operation of the devices commutating the injected gas must ensure that there is an injection in an area that is no more than twice the length of the piston.

Non-syndromic orofacial cleft, including cleft lip with or without cleft on palate (CB +/- CL NS) is the most common disorder resulting from craniofacial development disorder during pregnancy. These developmental abnormalities occur due to interference during the fusion stage or time and position disturbance of the processes and/or palatal shelves. The prevalence of orofacial cleft is around 1:500 - 1:2000 in the world. Wnt3a, which is the genes belonging to the Wnt gene family controls craniofacial development during pregnancy. It involves regulating the development of the middle face and upper lip fusion. Therefore this gene plays an important role as a cause in non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. The relationship of Wnt3a gene polymorphism to the orofacial cleft occurrence in Indonesia remains unclear. To examine the relationship of polymorphism of Wnt3a Rs 752107 genes in orofacial cleft patients in Indonesia. The study samples are raw material stored in the Oral Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Indonesia in the form of DNA from cleft lip patients. Study on the distribution of genetic variation of wnt3a rs 752107 in 30 samples of CB +/- CL NS patients and 170 control samples without orofacial cleft using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR-RFLP) examination with Alu1 enzyme. Significance of variation difference test using Chi-square test on SPSS 22. Frequency of CC were dominant in both samples (>90%). There was no significant difference between gene polymorphisms of wnt3a rs 752107 in orofacial cleft with control (p>0.05)

In this paper were considered the rheological characteristics of Si3N4 powders and the mixture of Si3N4 powders with sintering additive based on CaO-Al2O3. The dependence of optimal density on the applied stress during pressing was established. The powders compressibility coefficients were studied. It was shown that upon addition of a sintering additive CaO-Al2O3 the compressibility coefficient decreases and the compressibility modulus increases.

Dense ceramic samples based on SiC were obtained by hot pressing. We used the Use of silicon carbide powder as the initial components of SHS, due to the spherical shape of the particles, allows obtaining a denser workpiece. The reinforcing component in the form of silicon carbide fibers is obtained by siliconizing carbon fabric with SiO vapours. The phase composition of SiC fibers obtained by silicification by SiO vapour was determined. The properties of the obtained SiC/SiCf composites were studied: density 3.20 g/cm3, strength 520 MPa (for monolithic ceramics 390 MPa), the value of the crack resistance coefficient 5.9 MPa-m1/2.

Obtained a high-density material (p = 3, 28 g/cm3, a porosity of 1, 4 %) on the basis of silicon nitride powder by liquid phase sintering nanoscale. Displaying pressing pressure on the density of sintered materials the based silicon nitride. The process of pattern formation material during sintering. The main physico-mechanical characteristics: the density, porosity and grain size of the solid phase, the modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, fracture toughness ratio, Vickers hardness.

The problem of filter synthesis for discrete systems with multiplicative perturbations and an unknown input is considered. The problem is solved on the basis of the separation principle using optimal recurrent filtering, the least squares method and smoothing procedures.

The production of baryons in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of is measured in the transverse-momentum range and the rapidity range . The data used in this measurement correspond to an integrated luminosity of , recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2016. The ratio of the production cross-section times the branching fraction of the decay relative to the prompt production cross-section is found to be , assuming the central value of the measured lifetime, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.

Combine harvester is one of the most needed agricultural machinery by farmers as it is increasingly difficult to find harvest worker. To develop the machine, Department of Agriculture and Biosystem Engineering collaborated with AGM Systems & Engineering to test the DSF75GT type combine harvester machine. The preliminary test shows that the machine performance is not optimal, especially when it is viewed from the grain damage percentage during the harvesting process. Based on the process, the harvesting principle of the machine includes the stages of cutting, feeding, threshing, and moving the grain from the threshing unit to the grain tank, and finally with unloading stage. Process to grain transfer with screw conveyor system is suspected to be the cause of grain damage. For this reason, this study aims to determine the machine parts which potentially contribute to the grain damage. The test was carried out in laboratory with two sample, i.e. harvested grain samples (GKP) and milled dry grain (GKG). The sample was inserted in to the threshing chamber which is then transferred by screw conveyor to the grain tank before being removed. Observation of the grain damage is carried out at 5 points on the screw conveyors. The results showed that there were 3 screws which contribute significantly to grain damage. From the result, the next step focuses on modification of the parts.

The study area located in the main road of Beluran - Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia which mostly consists of melange. Melange material consists of mixed rocks with different sizes and originated from old rock formation. These materials commonly embedded in shale matrix and highly sheared. A total of twelve soil samples were collected along the main road in order to analyse the physico-chemical properties and mineral identification. The result of analysis shows the moisture content was in the range from 7.0% to 23.38% with the plasticity indexes were in the range from 6.32% to 34.18%. The plotted in plasticity chart shows that the soil can be classified as intermediate plasticity to high plasticity. The texture of soil best classified as clayey sand, silt with sandy clay, sand with silty clay and clay soil. The mineral content of the soil mainly contains of quartz, kaolinite and illite. Other minerals also were observed such as maghemite, hematite, chlorite and calcite. The various minerals composition shows many types of parent rocks. Whereas the high clay minerals will affect the stability of soil slope due to high moisture-adsorption minerals and high plasticity index.

The objective of this study was to present the development of GPS-based tracking system to evaluate the effectiveness of tillage using a four-wheel tractor. The system is composed of a location acquisition, using GPS (iGPSport), and data analysis for estimating the tractor trajectories and effectiveness of tillage by measuring the overlap during the tillage. The laboratory stage experiment was conducted to validate the system by measuring the specified size of the field and tractor trajectories. The performance evaluation of the system was done by measuring the displacement error of actual trajectories and the estimated one. The system was also tested for the actual tillage operation using a four-wheel tractor, Daedong Kioti RX7210, in two locations in Yogyakarta: Pajangan, and Moyudan. The tractor tracking system was developed based on GPS for estimating the tractor trajectory path and operation width distance (l) after the operation as tillage effectiveness evaluation by the evaluation of overlap and untillage land systematically using the tracking system. The system performance evaluation in the actual field for tillage operation using the four-wheel tractor in Moyudan and Pajangan shows that the RMSE < 50 cm, and the MAPE < 24% with R2 > 0.7. Overall performance of the tracking system, it could be used to estimate the behavior of tillage operation.

This paper reports the heating performance of the previously reported 4th generation shoe-insole-based hydraulic electromagnetic energy harvester (HEEH) [1] in connection with a micromachined polysilicon heater & a commercial copper heater [2]. The HEEH produced 455.77mW of power by using a 4-channel configuration under an actuation frequency of 3Hz. It was integrated with two types of heaters to produce temperature rises of 2.0 & 3.2°C and the heating rates of 12.0 & 1.6°C/min, respectively, from polysilicon (0.15×0.1mm2, 6.05e−6s of the thermal time constant) and copper heaters (78×28mm2, 8.31s of the thermal time constant). Such heating performance of the HEEH is the 1st results of its kind by energy harvester [3, 4, 5].

This study developed a drying method and a dryer that are optimized for shiitake mushrooms. They are mainly being cultivated and consumed as food and medicine in Korea, Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. They generally contain lots of moisture. For this reason, the use of a dryer causes problems such as decomposition and spoilage, and natural dry processing is preferred. To resolve these problems, various drying methods have been proposed (e.g. hot air drying, heat pump vacuum drying) but there has been a difficulty in maintaining a medium-temperature range of 30 to 40°C, the optimal temperature environments for retaining their main components. The study developed a 2-stage decompresses resistive heat pump dryer that can operate also in medium-temperature environments - existing decompresses heat pump dryers have been able to operate only in high-temperature environments. A dryer optimized for shiitake mushrooms that are being produced and distributed in large quantities was proposed, and the utility of the machine was proved through experiments.

Thin films of ferroelectric materials are potential candidates to be implemented in the unfolding of a new paradigm in high-density memory devices. As the thickness of these films reaches the sub-10 nm level, the interface properties between the electrode and ferroelectric material undergo significant changes that play a crucial role in governing the ferroelectric behavior. The present state-of-the-art approach presents a detailed investigation of different high pressure annealing (HPA) conditions through simulation studies. The simulation studies were performed using Landau-Khalatnikov equations, with Landau's parameters calculated using the least regression method as described in the Method S1. The extracted coefficients were used to determine various relationships (free energy, ferroelectric potential and negative capacitance) with which to observe the impact of HPA on the negative capacitance (NC) effect on account of the majority ferroelectric phase. To verify the simulation results, pulse transient switching measurements were conducted using Pt/Ti/TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiN-based metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) devices to study the coercive field, interfacial capacitance and load resistance behavior. The results suggest that the non-ferroelectric portion (t-phase) coexists with the ferroelectric (o-phase) within the thin layer of the MFM capacitor adjacent to TiN electrode, which undergoes a phase transformation from the t-phase to the o-phase when exposed to different HPA conditions as well as electric field cycling during PS measurements. The simulation and experimental results confirm that the 550 °C at 50 atm N2 environment provides the best possibility of achieving the highest ferroelectric characteristics with the lowest proportion of the non-ferroelectric phase and thus the maximum NC effect as well.

The using of new composite coatings and materials has led both to the qualitative improvement of the operating characteristics of electrical equipment and also to the creation of capsulated devices, their capabilities are most effective provided by composite materials with specified physical and chemical parameters. There are main results of the study of coatings based on polymer composite material in this paper.

The Si3N4-TiN composites were obtained by hot pressing at 1600–1800 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere from mixtures of powders of silicon nitride and metallic titanium. The influence of particle morphology, Ti content in the initial charge and synthesis conditions on the microstructure, phase composition, mechanical strength of the samples of ceramic composites Si3N4-TiN was studied. It was established that in the process of sintering, complete nitriding of titanium occurs with the formation of a non-stoichiometric nitride of composition TiN0.9. Samples of composites Si3N4-TiN, obtained from a mixture containing 5-30 % Ti, have a density of 3.02-3.41 g/cm3, water absorption 0.01-0.14 %, open porosity 0.03-0.44 % and flexural strength from 250 to 584 MPa. It is shown that ceramics Si3N4-TiN with a sintering additive of calcium aluminates is characterized by a dense intergrowth of silicon nitride crystals, which provides an increase in the strength of the samples.

This research began with a series of in-depth interview with experts in the field of powder metallurgy, combined with literature review, a design process with a checklist of design quality for powder metallurgy cultural and creative products was established. We first verified this design process with the checklist by applying it to improve the design of an existing powder metallurgy cultural and creative product. Then we designed three cultural and creative products based on the established design process with the checklist of design quality and chose an icon of Hakka Lion among them to prepare a toolset and finished the test production of a sample, which all of our interviewed experts deemed as having excellent quality. Therefore, this research verified that the traditional technology of powder metallurgy could not only be utilized to produce mechanical parts, but it can also be applied in the cultural and creative industry to produce high value-added artifacts that are typically full of very complex curvature surfaces. In addition, the design process with the checklist of design quality for powder metallurgy cultural and creative products was also verified to be applicable. Besides, this research also introduced the technology of digitized design to the design and manufacturing process of an old powder metallurgy manufacturer successfully. Through which we enhanced the integrity and efficiency of this production process significantly. Hope that the result of this research will be helpful for the powder metallurgy industry in Miao-li County of Taiwan to find a way out.

There is a growing demand for wearable sensing devices to perceive and respond to vital biological signals or human activities. In this work, a carbon nanotube ink drop-coated textile resistive pressure sensor on a typical three-dimensional (3D) spacer textile was developed to detect human health and motion through scalable, cost-effective, and simple processing. A 3D spacer textile comprises two outer layers interconnected with a monofilament spacer with robust compression resistance and high air circulation with open-hole structures, which demonstrates the potential for use in a wearable pressure sensing device. The textile pressure sensor unit shows a wide range of sensing performance of 200 Pa–50 kPa, which facilitates the detection of physiological signal acoustic vibrations and hand motion, and it exhibits stable cycling performances up to 10 000 cycles, along with a fast response time of 20 ms. Furthermore, large-area sensor arrays are successfully demonstrated for the spatial distribution of pressure mapping, suggesting significant potential in smart textiles or wearable electronics.

Two experimental groups were applied to measure oxygen consumption (OC) of young grey mullets Mugil cephalus (TL: 27.3±2.1 cm; TW: 187.9±45.8 g) at different temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C). Specimens of fish from seawater (30 psu) and freshwater (0 psu) were transferred in to brackish water (15 psu). Rate of fish OC after rearing in brackish water, showed significant difference (P2/kg/h at temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C, respectively. In fish from freshwater transferred to brackish water, grey mullets consumed 80.5, 114.4, and 161.5 mg O2/kg/h at 15, 20, and 25°C, respectively (PP>0.05). It can be concluded, that the OC rate of grey mullets on brackish water has the tendency to increase by temperature rise.

A monitoring system for fast neutrons is planned in the COSINE experiment, a dark matter experiment with NaI crystals. We pursued several R&D approaches for a neutron detector using a liquid scintillator (LS). A pulse shape discrimination (PSD) technique is used for the identification of neutron events and the PSD properties of two different LS were compared. A good separation power between neutrons and $\gamma$ has been achieved for energies between 200 keVee to 1500 keVee. The combination of alumina adsorption, filtration, and water extraction is effective in purifying the LS, which leads to a reduction in the $\alpha$ contamination by $^{210}$Po of more than a factor of two. The measured activities of the internal $\alpha$ are 0.36$\pm$0.04~mBq/kg and 0.21$\pm$0.03~mBq/kg before and after purification, respectively.

The neutral-current neutrino-nucleus scattering is calculated through the neutrino-induced knocked-out nucleon process in the quasielastic region by using a relativistic single particle model for the bound and continuum states. The incident energy range between 500 MeV and 1.0 GeV is used for the neutrino (antineutrino) scattering on ^{12}C target nucleus. The effects of the final state interaction of the knocked-out nucleon are studied not only on the cross section but also on the asymmetry due to the difference between neutrinos and antineutrinos, within a relativistic optical potential. We also investigate the sensitivity of the strange quark contents in the nucleon on the asymmetry.

We present a self-constructed immunosensor with angular interrogation-based-surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy in order to analyse antigen–antibody interactions. The SPR intensity, resonance angle and full width at half maximum (FWHM) were significantly affected by the thickness of an Au film. The optimal thickness for the Au film thickness as an active metal for surface plasmons was determined to be approximately 45 nm, as respects the SPR intensity and the FWHM of SPR spectrum. The detection limit of the sensor based on the minimal refractive index variation was found to be 1.4 × 10−4. The interaction of C-reactive protein (CRP) with anti-CRP on a 45 nm Au film was successfully analysed with the self-constructed SPR sensor. We suggest that the SPR sensor can be used as a useful tool for the analysis of immunoreactions.

Two fluorine-doped diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) stamps with sub-100 nm line patterns were fabricated using a direct etching method. These were applied successfully to ultraviolet (UV) nanoimprint lithography without requiring an anti-adhesion layer coating. Tests were performed to determine the optimum fluorine concentration for the F-DLC stamps. The ideal stamp material consisted of 25 at.% F-DLC with a contact angle of 85°, UV transmittance of 16.4-26.8%, and hardness of 4.5 GPa. The O(2) plasma etch rate of the DLC was increased considerably by the fluorine doping, making it comparable to the etch rate of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Thus, only PMMA was used as the etch mask in the fabrication of the stamps.

In this paper, the development of compact transmission soft x-ray microscopy (XM) with sub-50 nm spatial resolution for biomedical applications is described. The compact transmission soft x-ray microscope operates at lambda = 2.88 nm (430 eV) and is based on a tabletop regenerative x-ray source in combination with a tandem ellipsoidal condenser mirror for sample illumination, an objective micro zone plate and a thinned back-illuminated charge coupled device to record an x-ray image. The new, compact x-ray microscope system requires the fabrication of proper x-ray optical devices in order to obtain high-quality images. For an application-oriented microscope, the alignment procedure is fully automated via computer control through a graphic user interface. In imaging studies using our compact XM system, a gold mesh image was obtained with 45 nm resolution at x580 magnification and 1 min exposure. Images of a biological sample (Coscinodiscus oculoides) were recorded.

The electronic structure of CeTe2 has been investigated by performing high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy (PES) measurements on high-quality stoichiometric single crystals of CeTe2. The Ce 3d XAS measurement indicates that the Ce ions are trivalent. The Ce 4f PES spectrum reveals two-peak structures with the Ce 4f bulk hybridization peak located around 0.8 eV below EF. The high-resolution, high-energy, bulk-sensitive PES study of CeTe2 provides evidence for a metallic density of states near EF. The carriers near EF consist mainly of Ce 5d and Te(1) 5p states, while the contribution from the Ce 4f and Te(2) 5p states is negligible. This finding agrees with the CDW instability in the Te(1) sheets.

Electronic structures of La-doped Ba 2 FeMoO 6 double perovskite oxides have been investigated using photoemission spectroscopy and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The ground states of Ba 2-x La x FeMoO 6 are found to be in the Fe 2+ -Fe 3+ mixed-valent states and the Fe valence state increases toward 3+ with increasing x. The states close to E F consist of the degenerate Mo-Fe t 2g ↓ states. The LSDA + U calculations for Ba 2-x La x FeMoO 6 (x = 0, 1) show a larger occupied bandwidth of the Mo t 2g ↓ states for x = 1 than for x = 0, which is consistent with the higher T C value predicted in a type of the double exchange mechanism.

The mission of Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) project is to develop an advanced steady-state superconducting tokamak for establishing a scientific and technological basis for an attractive fusion reactor. Because one of the KSTAR mission is to achieve a steady-state operation, the use of superconducting coils is an obvious choice for the magnet system. The KSTAR superconducting magnet system consists of 16 Toroidal Field (TF) coils and 14 Poloidal Field (PF) coils. Internally-cooled Cable-In-Conduit Conductors (CICC) are put into use in both the TF and PF coil systems. The TF coil system provides a field of 3.5 T at the plasma center and the PF coil system is able to provide a flux swing of 17 V-sec. The major achievement in KSTAR magnet-system development includes the development of CICC, the development of a full-size TF model coil, the development of a coil system for background magnetic-field generation, the construction of a large-scale superconducting magnet and CICC test facility. TF and PF coils are in the stage of fabrication to pave the way for the scheduled completion of KSTAR by the end of 2006.

We visualized the acoustic streaming produced in water by an experimental lithotripter using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. Streaming generated around the beam focus has been optically visualized using light scattering particles and was easily noticeable even with naked eye for all electrical settings of the lithotripter. Spatial distributions of velocity vectors are complicated and several local peaks and vortices are observed. Measured streaming velocities are found to be in ranges of 1.5 - 3 cm/s. It should be noted that the measured velocity was averaged over 1/30 sec, the time resolution limited by video frame rate, and the true velocity is expected to be at least 10 times higher. Despite such an underestimation, it was shown that the streaming velocity increased with voltage settings and, as predicted by theory, is proportional to intensity and closely related to the shock-wave pressures generated. In particular, the velocity has almost a linear correlation with peak-negative pressures (r = 0.98683, p = 0.0018). This suggests that the streaming velocity measured using the PIV technique can be used to estimate the generated peak-pressures without disturbing the field.

Radiative muon capture is studied to investigate the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant gP in nuclear matter. According to the recent TRIUMF experiment for μ−p → nνμγ, the gP was surprisingly larger than the value obtained from μ−p → nνμ experiment by as much as 44%. The result may affect seriously theoretical interpretations of the experimental results for the radiative muon captures in finite nuclei. In view of the recent TRIUMF result, the radiative muon capture in nuclear matter is revisited in a framework of the relativistic mean field theory.

The upper critical field Hc2 for the fields perpendicular and parallel to Mg and B planes of the magnesium diboride is presented in the temperature range from 5.4 K up to Tc as obtained by comparison of high-field magnetotransport, ac-susceptibility and specific heat measurements. The onset of the finite resistivity yields Hc2, while the end of the resistive transition to the normal state is due to surface effects. Hc2 perpendicular to the planes reveals a conventional temperature dependence with μ0Hc2⊥ab(0) = 3.5 T but the parallel critical field with μ0Hc2||ab(0) = 17 T has a positive curvature at temperatures above 20 K. Consequently, the anisotropy factor Γ = Hc2||ab/Hc2⊥ab is temperature dependent with Γ equal to 4.8 at low temperatures and about 2 near Tc. The angular dependence of the upper critical field of an elliptic form is obtained at several temperatures.

Electronic structures, magnetic moments and optical conductivity spectra of Co1-xAlx (x=0.5, 0.4375 and 0.375) were calculated using the tight-binding linear-muffin-tin-orbital method to understand the role of the so-called antistructure atoms in the order-disorder transition. A defect-specified supercell method was employed for the calculation of the alloys with x different from 0.5. The calculated magnetic moments were in reasonable agreement with experiments. Both the antistructure Co atoms and their neighboring 8 Co atoms contribute to the magnetic moments. A nonnegligible amount of charge transfer from the Al to Co atoms is important for determining stability and magnetic properties. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements were performed to obtain the optical conductivity spectra of the ordered and disordered Co1-xAlx (x=0.5, 0.46 and 0.38) alloy films in the 0.5–5.5 eV range. A bulk polycrystalline equiatomic sample was also measured in 1.5–5.4 eV range. The inclusion of corrections for the real and imaginary parts of self-energy markedly improves the agreement between experiments and calculations. It is understood that the antistructure atoms play an important role to determine various physical properties of the B2-phase Co–Al alloys and their order-disorder transition.

Feasibility study of direct spectra measurements of Thomson scattered photons for fusion-grade plasmas is performed based on a forward model of the KSTAR Thomson scattering system. Expected spectra in the forward model are calculated based on Selden function including the relativistic polarization correction. Noise in the signal is modeled with photon noise and Gaussian electrical noise. Electron temperature and density are inferred using Bayesian probability theory. Based on bias error, full width at half maximum and entropy of posterior distributions, spectral measurements are found to be feasible. Comparisons between spectrometer-based and polychromator-based Thomson scattering systems are performed with varying quantum efficiency and electrical noise levels.