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Out-of-time-ordered correlation (OTOC) functions have been used as an indicator of quantum chaos in a lot of physical systems. In this work, we computationally demonstrate that zerotemperature OTOC can detect quantum phase transition in anisotropic Dicke model. Phase diagram is given with OTOC. Finite-size effect is studied. Finally, temperature effect is discussed., 4 pages, 6 figures

We handle divergent {\epsilon} expansions in different universality classes derived from modified Landau-Wilson Hamiltonian. Landau-Wilson Hamiltonian can cater for describing critical phenomena on a wide range of physical systems which differ in symmetry conditions and the associated universality class. Numerically critical parameters are the most interesting physical quantities which characterize the singular behaviour around the critical point. More precise estimates are obtained for these critical parameters than previous predictions from Pade based methods and Borel with conformal mapping procedure. We use simple methods based on continued functions and Borel-Leroy transformation to achieve this. These accurate results are helpful in strengthening existing conclusions in different {\phi}^4 models.

Escape from a potential well through an index-1 saddle can be widely found in some important physical systems. Knowing the criteria and phase space geometry that govern escape events plays an important role in making use of such phenomenon, particularly when realistic frictional or dissipative forces are present. We aim to extend the study the escape dynamics around the saddle from two degrees of freedom to three degrees of freedom, presenting both a methodology and phase space structures. Both the ideal conservative system and a perturbed, dissipative system are considered. We define the five-dimensional transition region, $\mathcal{T}_h$, as the set of initial conditions of a given initial energy $h$ for which the trajectories will escape from one side of the saddle to another. Invariant manifold arguments demonstrate that in the six-dimensional phase space, the boundary of the transition region, $\partial \mathcal{T}_h$, is topologically a four-dimensional hyper-cylinder in the conservative system, and a four-dimensional hyper-sphere in the dissipative system. The transition region $\mathcal{T}_h$ can be constructed by a solid three-dimensional ellipsoid (solid three-dimensional cylinder) in the three-dimensional configuration space, where at each point, there is a cone of velocity -- the velocity directions leading to transition are given by cones, with velocity magnitude given by the initial energy and the direction by two spherical angles with given limits. To illustrate our analysis, we consider an example system which has two potential minima connected by an index 1 saddle., Comment: 26 pages, 6 figures

The digitization, informatization, and intelligentization of physical systems require strong support from big data analysis. However, due to restrictions on data security and privacy and concerns about the cost of big data collection, transmission, and storage, it is difficult to do data aggregation in real-world power systems, which directly retards the effective implementation of smart grid analytics. Federated learning, an advanced distributed learning method proposed by Google, seems a promising solution to the above issues. Nevertheless, it relies on a server node to complete model aggregation and the framework is limited to scenarios where data are independent and identically distributed. Thus, we here propose a serverless distributed learning platform based on blockchain to solve the above two issues. In the proposed platform, the task of machine learning is performed according to smart contracts, and encrypted models are aggregated via a mechanism of knowledge distillation. Through this proposed method, a server node is no longer required and the learning ability is no longer limited to independent and identically distributed scenarios. Experiments on a public electrical grid dataset will verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The interest in the study of physical systems characterized by negative and effective negative masses and their behaviour has been a subject of investigation by several researchers. The focus of the majority of these studies is experimental in nature. Inspired by the same, we have solved the Schrodinger equation for complex Morse potential with negative and complex masses and obtained its exact solution. The normalized eigenfunction and eigenvalues are obtained and the condition for admissibility of the reality of eigenvalue spectrum for the ground state of complex Morse potential has been discussed. This study establishes that it is indeed feasible for such negative masses proposed in the literature for various physical systems to be bound together by complex Morse potential. Further, we propose that atoms with complex and negative masses may bind together under the action of complex Morse-like potentials and form molecular structures.

Resource theories are broad frameworks that capture how useful objects are in performing specific tasks. In this paper we devise a formal resource theory quantum measurements, focusing on the ability of a measurement to acquire information. The objects of the theory are equivalence classes of positive operator-valued measures (POVMs), and the free transformations are changes to a measurement device that can only deteriorate its ability to report information about a physical system. We show that catalysis and purification, protocols that are possible in other resource theories, are impossible in our resource theory for quantum measurements. Standard measures of information gain are shown to be resource monotones, and the resource theory is applied to the task of quantum state discrimination., 13 pages, 1 figure, 3 appendices

The Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) model was devised to test the validity of different approximate formalisms to treat many-particle systems. The model was constructed to be exactly solvable and yet non-trivial, in order to capture some of the main features of real physical systems. In the present contribution, we explicitly review the fact that different many-body approximations commonly used in different fields in physics clearly fail to describe the exact LMG solution. With similar assumptions as those adopted for the LMG model, we propose a new Hamiltonian based on a general two-body interaction. The new model (Extended LMG) is not only more general than the original LMG model and, therefore, with a potentially larger spectrum of applicability, but also the physics behind its exact solution can be much better captured by common many-body approximations. At the basis of this improvement lies a new term in the Hamiltonian that depends on the number of constituents and polarizes the system; the associated symmetry breaking is discussed, together with some implications for the study of more realistic systems., Accepted for publication in JPhysG (Letter)

Networked control system (NCS) suffers from inherent time delay and packet loss associated with any communication network. To build a controller that overcomes these issues, we need to know the accurate model of the system a priori. But, unfortunately most of the practical systems faced with lack in available and complete specifications of the physical system that helps in developing accurate mathematical model. This paper provides an experimentally identification method for any system based on Particle Swarm Optimization approach. The objective function to be minimized is based on the integral squared error criterion between the experimental and modeled trajectories. An armature-controlled DC motor with gearbox in lab is examined. The practical system trajectory represents the angular rotation of the output shaft. The DC motor system is modeled and controlled using fuzzy PID controller by the presented approach. Experimental results show that model equation has been successfully found with 94% accuracy. Also, a methodology for modeling the time delay in WNCS is presented.

In order to improve the detection accuracy of the data tampering attack of the Power Cyber-physical System, a method of Power CPS attack detection based on Gradient Boosting Decision Tree is proposed in this paper from the angle of artificial intelligence. Firstly, by setting up the iForest anomaly value equation of physical system and IDS Shannon entropy function of information system, the feature extraction of data tamper detection is realized. Then, the CART decision tree is taken as the base learner of the detection classification, the target is minimized by the loss function, and the high intensity attack detection model is designed by iterative combination. Finally, the three-dimensional adaptive chaotic FOA algorithm is proposed for dynamic optimization of model parameters, an attack detection model under training optimal parameters. The analysis of the example shows that show that the proposed method can effectively detect power CPS data tampering attacks and has excellent detection precision.

How to make robot conscious is an important goal of artificial intelligence. Despite the emergence of some very creative ideas, no convincing way to realize consciousness on a machine has been proposed so far. For example, the integrated information theory of consciousness proposes that consciousness can exist in any place that can reasonably process information, whether brain or machine. It points out that a physical system must satisfy two basic conditions to cause the emergence of consciousness: it must have rich information, and it must be highly integrated. However, the theory does not give an idea of how to realize consciousness on a machine. In this paper, we propose the robot consciousness based on empirical knowledge. We believe that the empirical knowledge of robots is an important basis for robot consciousness, any cognitive experience of robot can lead to the generation of consciousness. We firstly propose a formal framework for describing robot empirical knowledge; then we discuss the robot consciousness based on its own empirical knowledge; finally, we propose a cost-oriented evolutionary method of robot consciousness.

The performance of a system is influenced by the way its elements are connected. Networks of cells with high clustering and short paths communicate more efficiently than random or periodic networks of the same size. While many algorithms exist for generating networks from distributions of points in a plane, most of them are based on the oversimplification that a system’s components form connections in proportion to the inverse of their distance. The Waxman algorithm, which is based on a similar assumption, represents the gold standard for those who want to model biological networks from the spatial layout of cells. This assumption, however, does not allow to reproduce accurately the complexity of physical or biological systems, where elements establish both short and long-range connections, the combination of the two resulting in non-trivial topological features, including small-world characteristics. Here, we present a wiring algorithm that connects elements of a system using the logical connective between two disjoint probabilities, one correlated to the inverse of their distance, as in Waxman, and one associated to the density of points in the neighborhood of the system’s element. The first probability regulates the development of links or edges among adjacent nodes, while the latter governs interactions between cluster centers, where the density of points is often higher. We demonstrate that, by varying the parameters of the model, one can obtain networks with wanted values of small-world-ness, ranging from ∼1 (random graphs) to ∼14 (small world networks).

Equivalent resistances between nodes in a resistor network are related when symmetries are present. In this paper, we establish, using van Steenwijk’s method, that general relations can be derived around any n-corner node, which is a node with n branches holding an n-fold symmetry axis of the network. The expression of the equivalent resistance between an n-corner node and a neighbouring m-corner node can also be given. For networks with four- and five-fold rotational invariance, we illustrate the additional possibilities offered by rotational invariance and Kennelly’s theorem (known as the star-triangle or Y-Δ transform). In particular, we derive general equations for the addition of an n-fold corner on top of any n-fold invariant network. The expressions of two-point resistances for 2 × 4 and 2 × 5 globe networks, for example, are hence obtained. Rotational symmetry, thus, allows exact analytical results to be obtained using elementary methods without heavy calculations, which can be useful for checking the results of advanced numerical methods in practical problems. These didactical examples with resistor networks illustrate the simplifications occurring in a physical system in the presence of rotational invariance.

The power generation of photovoltaic systems is random and uncertain, which is the result of a variety of factors. However, there are few studies considering the interaction of two or more factors at the same time. Therefore, the influence of air temperature and radiation on photovoltaic power generation is considered in this paper, and based on the physical system, the experimental data is processed and analyzed through SPSS and DPS data analysis software and the multiple nonlinear regression analysis model. The processing results show that whether it is the quadratic and cubic nonlinear regression equations or the quadratic and cubic trend surface fitting degrees all reach a significant level, it can be used to reveal the law of the influence of two factors on the power generation under the test environment. The analysis results found that the combined effect of temperature and radiation on photovoltaic power generation is more complicated, but the overall impact of solar radiation is significant and greater than the air temperature; low temperature and high radiation, high temperature and high radiation and low radiation conditions have side effects on photovoltaic power generation; when the two are enhanced at the same time, it will help increase the photovoltaic power generation; when the two “one increase and one decrease”, the photovoltaic power generation first increases and then decreases, and there is an optimal air temperature, solar radiation, and maximum photovoltaic power generation.

With the development of advanced information and communication technology and intelligent control technology, the modern distribution network has gradually developed into a cyber-physical system of the distribution network, which also brings about the impact of information-side network security threats on the coupling failure of the physical-side power grid. In this context, a method for quantitative assessment of the network security risk of the distribution network CPS system suitable for the principle of power security protection is proposed. First of all, the physical architecture model of a typical distribution network information physical system was built; Secondly, for system network attacks, the attack path data stream related to device vulnerabilities is established, the attack behavior process is modeled based on the attack graph, and the series-parallel model is combined to calculate the success probability of attacking the target circuit breaker; Finally, the article takes the loss of load caused by the action of the attack circuit breaker as the physical consequence to quantify the risk value of the system and complete the network security risk assessment of the system.

Nearly 30 years ago, two-photon interference was observed, marking the beginning of a new quantum era. Indeed, two-photon interference has no classical analogue, giving it a distinct advantage for a range of applications. The peculiarities of quantum physics may now be used to our advantage to outperform classical computations, securely communicate information, simulate highly complex physical systems and increase the sensitivity of precise measurements. This separation from classical to quantum physics has motivated physicists to study two-particle interference for both fermionic and bosonic quantum objects. So far, two-particle interference has been observed with massive particles, among others, such as electrons and atoms, in addition to plasmons, demonstrating the extent of this effect to larger and more complex quantum systems. A wide array of novel applications to this quantum effect is to be expected in the future. This review will thus cover the progress and applications of two-photon (two-particle) interference over the last three decades., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures

Usually, the electric field can be determined for a simple physical system using analytical method in a GIB. But for a complex system, it is very complicated to find out and so, numerical methods like FDM, FEM, CSM are employed. Movement pattern i.epeak radial movement simulation done for Al and Cu particles for field calculation using CSM for levels of voltages namely 75kV, 100kV, 132kV, 145kV, in a 1-ϕ GIB.For Simulating Aluminium and Copper particles movement, peak radial and axial movements needs thorough particle dynamics understanding. Simulation is done by taking into accountmany forces like drag, gravitational and the forces of electrostatic in nature on particle and a mathematical modelling was done. Detailed analysis was made, and, in this paper, all the results of simulation are shown.

In this paper we study the system of two falling balls in continuous time. We model the system by a suspension flow over a two dimensional, hyperbolic base map. By detailed analysis of the geometry of the system we identify special periodic points and show that the ratio of certain periods in continuous time is Diophantine for almost every value of the mass parameter in an interval. Using results of Melbourne (2007 Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 359 2421–41) and our previous achievements (Balint et al 2012 Chaos 22 026104) we conclude that for these values of the parameter the flow mixes faster than any polynomial. Even though the calculations are presented for the specific physical system, the method is quite general and can be applied to other suspension flows, too.

In this paper we introduce and analyze an algorithm for continuous data assimilation for a three-dimensional Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy (3D BFeD) model of porous media. This model is believed to be accurate when the flow velocity is too large for Darcy's law to be valid, and additionally the porosity is not too small. The algorithm is inspired by ideas developed for designing finite-parameters feedback control for dissipative systems. It aims to obtaining improved estimates of the state of the physical system by incorporating deterministic or noisy measurements and observations. Specifically, the algorithm involves a feedback control that nudges the large scales of the approximate solution toward those of the reference solution associated with the spatial measurements. In the first part of the paper, we present few results of existence and uniqueness of weak and strong solutions of the 3D BFeD system. The second part is devoted to the setting and convergence analysis of the data assimilation algorithm.

Introducing projector-operator technique and algebra of Terwiel's cumulants we study stochastic linear partial differential equations with global and local disorder. We present the evolution equation for the mean-value of the field as a series in terms of Terwiel's cumulant operators. Then, we prove that if we use binary disorder with time exponential-correlated structure, as source of the stochastic perturbation, this series cuts leading to a treatable evolution equation. We apply this approach to find the exact mean-value solution of electromagnetic waves with stochastic absorption of energy in conducting media. This model shows the occurrence of novel time-scale separation phenomena. Local disorder in telegrapher's equation is also presented. Thus we show that strong disorder leads to anomalous behavior at short and long time regimes. In addition, other physical systems with global disorder are worked out to find exact mean-value solutions: finite-velocity diffusion in the presence of a deterministic force (Smoluchoswki-like process generalizing, in this way, Feynman–Kac's formula for its numerical solution); Lorentz' force on a fluctuating charge model (we calculate the diffusion coefficient transverse to the applied magnetic field); and a generalized non-Maxwellian velocity distribution (Ornstein–Uhlenbeck like process showing a noise-induced transition in the stationary distribution).

Digital twin gives a new approach for predictive and monitoring of manufacturing machines which can consider the influence of working condition on grinding wheel and application of prediction. In this article, we a develop methodology for grinding force prediction using digital twin approach, with the vertical double side grinding machine performing the required work while connecting the PLC program. The proposed approach integrates the information obtained from sensor data, physic models, and operational of system to establish the grinding machine model. Data driven modelling and quantification of the model form uncertainties associated with the resulting reduced order models. Simulation results show the proper connection between models and communication. The digital model was programmed to exactly match the operation of the physical system.

Data-consistent inversion is a recently developed measure-theoretic framework for solving a stochastic inverse problem involving models of physical systems. The goal is to construct a probability measure on model inputs (i.e., parameters of interest) whose associated push-forward measure matches (i.e., is consistent with) a probability measure on the observable outputs of the model (i.e., quantities of interest). Previous implementations required the map from parameters of interest to quantities of interest to be deterministic. This work generalizes this framework for maps that are stochastic, i.e., contain uncertainties and variation not explainable by variations in uncertain parameters of interest. Generalizations of previous theorems of existence, uniqueness, and stability of the data-consistent solution are provided while new theoretical results address the stability of marginals on parameters of interest. A notable aspect of the algorithmic generalization is the ability to query the solution to generate independent identically distributed samples of the parameters of interest without requiring knowledge of the so-called stochastic parameters. This work therefore extends the applicability of the data-consistent inversion framework to a much wider class of problems. This includes those based on purely experimental and field data where only a subset of conditions are either controllable or can be documented between experiments while the underlying physics, measurement errors, and any additional covariates are either uncertain or not accounted for by the researcher. Numerical examples demonstrate application of this approach to systems with stochastic sources of uncertainties embedded within the modeling of a system and a numerical diagnostic is summarized that is useful for determining if a key assumption is verified among competing choices of stochastic maps.

The application of computers in marine power systems is becoming more and more extensive, and the network security of marine power systems has become an important part. This paper studies the false data injection attack (FDIA) of the ship’s power information physical system. First, it analyzes the objectives and principles of the FDIA attack from the perspective of the attacker and the possible consequences on the power grid. From the technical point of view, it studies two aspects of FDIA attacks, analyzes and summarizes various methods in detection and defense. The FDIA defense model based on deep learning is proposed, and on this basis, the measurement points that need to be protected are confirmed according to the importance index Ik. And its index is applied to the established fake data injection attack detection model based on deep learning, and the accuracy of the two traditional fake data injection attacks is compared. Experiments show that the accuracy of this model is increased to more than 90% compared with traditional algorithms, which can effectively enhance the defense capability of the ship’s power system against FDIA.

Time crystals are physical systems whose time translation symmetry is spontaneously broken. Although the spontaneous breaking of continuous time-translation symmetry in static systems is proved impossible for the equilibrium state, the discrete time-translation symmetry in periodically driven (Floquet) systems is allowed to be spontaneously broken, resulting in the so-called Floquet or discrete time crystals. While most works so far searching for time crystals focus on the symmetry breaking process and the possible stabilising mechanisms, the many-body physics from the interplay of symmetry-broken states, which we call the condensed matter physics in time crystals, is not fully explored yet. This review aims to summarise the very preliminary results in this new research field with an analogous structure of condensed matter theory in solids. The whole theory is built on a hidden symmetry in time crystals, i.e., the phase space lattice symmetry, which allows us to develop the band theory, topology and strongly correlated models in phase space lattice. In the end, we outline the possible topics and directions for the future research., Comment: Review article, 30+9 pages, 12 figures; more references added in the 2nd version

This paper starts from a toy model for inflation in a class of modified theories of gravity in the metric formalism. Instead of the standard procedure -- assuming a non-linear Lagrangian $f(R)$ in the Jordan frame -- we start from a simple $\phi^2$ potential in the Einstein frame and investigate the corresponding $f(R)$ in the former picture. The addition of an ad-hoc Cosmological Constant in the Einstein frame leads to a Thermodynamical interpretation of this physical system, which allows further insight on its (meta)stability and evolution., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures. Matches version accepted for publication in JCAP

A common-sense perception of a physical system is that it is inseparable from its physical properties. The notion of Quantum Cheshire Cat challenges this, as far as quantum systems are concerned. It shows that a quantum system can be decoupled from its physical property under suitable pre and postselections. However, in the Quantum Cheshire Cat setup, the decoupling is not permanent. The photon, for example, and its circular polarization is separated and then recombined. In this paper, we present a thought experiment where we decouple two photons from their respective polarizations and then interchange them during recombination. Thus, our proposal shows that the belongingness of a property for a physical system is very volatile in the quantum world. This raises the question of reality of an observable at a much deeper level., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1903.04152

In this introductory review, we argue that a quantum structure of space-time naturally entails a higher-spin theory, to avoid significant Lorentz violation. A suitable framework is provided by Yang-Mills matrix models, which allow to consider space-time as a physical system, which is treated on the same footing as the fields that live on it. We discuss a specific quantum space-time solution, whose internal structure leads to a consistent and ghost-free higher-spin gauge theory. The spin 2 modes give rise to metric perturbations, which include the standard gravitons as well as the linearized Schwarzschild solution., 32 pages, 2 figures. V2: references added, minor corrections. V3: improved presentation, published version

We introduce a new technique to bound the fluctuations exhibited by a physical system, based on the Euclidean geometry of the space of observables. Through a simple unifying argument, we derive a sweeping generalization of so-called Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relations (TURs). We not only strengthen the bounds but extend their realm of applicability and in many cases prove their optimality, without resorting to large deviation theory or information-theoretic techniques. In particular, we find the best TUR based on entropy production alone and also derive a novel bound for stationary Markov processes, which surpasses previous known bounds. Our results derive from the non-invariance of the system under a symmetry which can be other than time reversal and thus open a wide new spectrum of applications., 5 pages and SI

Quantum states in superposition cannot be observed, suggesting that they merely embody information on possible measurement results. Yet, we think of them as describing physical systems that evolve in time according to given mathematical equations. Furthermore, evolution takes place in physical space-time, and local causality is imposed on space-time by Special Relativity (a sequence of cause and effect that constitutes a fundamental principle by which we think about and do scientific work). It is therefore strange that there is non–locality and violation of causality embedded in Quantum Mechanics. We try to give here a first step to see whether a deterministic and local interpretation is possible. We will show that Bell’s inequality is not conclusive about the non–local nature of Quantum Mechanics, in that there exists an interpretation of reality (which we put forward) which is local and in which Bell’s inequality cannot be derived. Assuming determinism and locality a new Bell-like inequality is derived, which is always satisfied by Quantum Mechanics and which allows for local hidden variables [1].

The method for preparation of a two-qubit state on two spins-1/2 that mutually interact through an auxiliary spin is proposed. The essence of the method is that, initially, the three spins evolve under the action of an external magnetic field during a predefined period of time. Then, the auxiliary spin is measured by a monochromatic electromagnetic radiation that allows obtaining a certain state of the remaining spins. We study the entanglement of this state and obtain the condition for achieving the maximally entangled state. The implementation of the method on the physical system of nuclear spins of xenon difluoride is described. As a results, the conditions which allow preparing the maximally entangled state on this system are obtained., 8 pages, 3 figures

The complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with additive noise is a stochastic partial differential equation that describes a remarkably wide range of physical systems which include coupled non-linear oscillators subject to external noise near a Hopf bifurcation instability and spontaneous structure formation in non-equilibrium systems, e.g., in cyclically competing populations or oscillatory chemical reactions. We employ a finite-difference method to numerically solve the noisy complex Ginzburg-Landau equation on a two-dimensional domain with the goal to investigate its non-equilibrium dynamics when the system is quenched into the "defocusing spiral quadrant". We observe slow coarsening dynamics as oppositely charged topological defects annihilate each other, and characterize the ensuing aging scaling behavior. We conclude that the physical aging features in this system are governed by non-universal aging scaling exponents. We also investigate systems with control parameters residing in the "focusing quadrant", and identify slow aging kinetics in that regime as well. We provide heuristic criteria for the existence of slow coarsening dynamics and physical aging behavior in the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, to appear in EPL (Europhys. Lett.)

The symmetries play important roles in physical systems. We study the symmetries of a Hamiltonian system by investigating the asymmetry of the Hamiltonian with respect to certain algebras. We define the asymmetry of an operator with respect to an algebraic basis in terms of their commutators. Detailed analysis is given to the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{su}(2)$ and its $q$-deformation. The asymmetry of the $q$-deformed integrable spin chain models is calculated. The corresponding geometrical pictures with respect to such asymmetry is presented., 6 pages

The actual task is to prepare the specialists to work in the Industry 4.0 digital companies. There is an analysis of primary informative technologies and production equipment types to be used in the item designing companies of the Industry 3.0 and the Industry 4.0 smart factories. It is clear that knowledge and skills of production workers today are in sufficient to complete analogue working functions in digital companies equipped with cyber and physical systems. Cyber and physical productions are created to deeply automatize the Industry 4.0 smart factories technological processes of the item manufacturing. Cyber and physical productions are applied in digital companies where functioning principles are based with the implementation of humanless and paperless technologies into production activity. There is a scheme of operator and numeric control machine interaction, which are applied in the Industry 3.0 companies. There is a scheme of cyber and physical system and operator interaction in the Industry 4.0 digital production. It is clear that the Industry 4.0 specialists preparation must be initiated today in parallel with advanced informative technologies development and production cyber and physical systems.

An actual task has been studied to increase the Industry 4.0 production companies functioning safety with methods of cyber and physical systems machine reserving. The production machine reserving shall include some additional components to the technological equipment, which in their functions and properties duplicate the existing low-reliable components. With the method of cyber and physical systems reserving in production they can realize different schemes of assembly units transportation within the smart factory technological lines. Cyber and physical systems reserving schemes could be described as equivalent schemes (chains) to calculate the parameters and evaluate company duplicating efficiency are done according to the methods of the reliability theory. There is a scheme of typical technological line of cyber and physical production. There is a way of low-reliably cyber and physical systems reserving. There is a way of machine reserving of cyber and physical production with a pool of reserved cyber and physical systems. There is a scheme of the Industry 4.0 cyber and physical production transport system duplicating.

The task is to create a digital production company equipped with cyber and physical systems. Cyber and physical transformations of productions is a direction for the industry development which is the paradigm of the Industry 4.0. The Industry 4.0 requires to implement in production autonomic production robots and advanced production technologies. The digital production main component is a production cell, production module and production system which interact in vertical and horizontal communication levels. Flexible production system control is done by the computerized control system. There is a scheme of module architecture for the Industry 4.0 cyber and physical production which functions with professionally prepared cadres.

In this paper, we obtain a uniform Darboux transformation for multi-component coupled nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equations, which can be reduced to all previously presented Darboux transformations. As a direct application, we derive the single dark soliton and multi-dark soliton solutions for multi-component NLS equations with a defocusing case and a mixed focusing and defocusing case. Some exact single and two-dark solitons of three-component NLS equations are investigated explicitly. The results are meaningful for vector dark soliton studies in many physical systems, such as Bose–Einstein condensate, nonlinear optics, etc.

The familiar system involving a uniform ladder sliding against a vertical wall and a horizontal floor is considered again. The floor is taken to be smooth and the wall to be possibly rough—a situation where no matter how large the static friction coefficient between the ladder and the wall, the ladder cannot lean at rest and must slide down. Clever arguments that circumvent fully fledged mathematical analyses are presented to establish two more interesting properties: no matter how large the kinetic friction coefficient between the ladder and the wall, (a) the ladder must be speeding up at all times while sliding down, and (b) the ladder must break off the wall at some point during its slide. This work serves as an example of an intuitive rather than a mathematically detailed approach that often provides a shorter route to understanding the properties of a physical system, making it pedagogically valuable. It is also shown how the arguments presented can be easily extended to a non-uniform ladder as well.

In this paper, we introduce two new classes of nonlinear squeezed states that we name as f-deformed squeezed vacuum state |ξ, f〉even and f-deformed squeezed first excited state |ξ, f〉odd, which according to their production processes, essentially include only even and odd bases of Fock space, respectively. In the continuation, we introduce the superposition of these two distinct nonlinear squeezed states with a respective phase . Then, some of the criteria which imply the nonclassicality of the states, such as Mandel parameter, second-order correlation function, quadrature squeezing, amplitude-squared squeezing, Husimi and Wigner–Weyl quasi-distribution functions, are numerically examined. At last, by considering a well-known nonlinearity function associated with a nonlinear physical system, we present our results which outcome from the numerical calculations. It is shown that, the introduced f-deformed states can reveal high nonclassical features.

Physical systems for quantum computation require calibration of the control parameters based on their physical characteristics by performing a chain of experiments that gather most precise information about the given device. It follows that there is a need for automated data acquisition and interpretation. In this work, we have developed a tool that allows for automatic analysis of single-tone spectroscopy (STS) results for a single cell consisting of qubit and resonator in the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture. Using analytic approaches and maximum likelihood estimation, our algorithm is capable of finding all relevant physical characteristics of the cell by using only the measured STS data. The described approach is fast and robust to noise, and its open-source Python implementation can readily be used to calibrate transmon qubits coupled to notch-port resonators.

In this article we derive a measure of quantumness in quantum multi-parameter estimation problems. We can show that the ratio between the mean Uhlmann Curvature and the Fisher Information provides a figure of merit which estimates the amount of incompatibility arising from the quantum nature of the underlying physical system. This ratio accounts for the discrepancy between the attainable precision in the simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters and the precision predicted by the Cram\'er-Rao bound. As a testbed for this concept, we consider a quantum many-body system in thermal equilibrium, and explore the quantum compatibility of the model across its phase diagram., Comment: 21 pages, 2 Figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1911.10196

To project digital companies of the Industry 4.0 is a production task which requires to implement in the industrial infrastructure the elements of multi-agent environment. Multi-agent environment is components (cyber and physical systems) of two elements: the automatic one in physical level and program one (model) in the virtual level. Physical element is a digital system of automatic control. The program one is a code fragment to describe the functionality of cyber and physical system with a mathematical model. There is a scheme of physical and virtual cyber and physical system components interaction for digital automatic production of the Industry 4.0. The properties of the Industry 4.0 production company (a smart factory) depends on the interaction scheme of the digital company infrastructure. Cyber and physical systems interaction scheme is generated in a smart factory cloud. There are some options of cyber and physical systems topology which are good for the Industry 4.0 production infrastructure.

For wind turbines, pitch control is essential. In some cases, especially in the case of large scale wind turbines, hydraulic control is used. In this paper a hydraulic system used in wind turbine pitch control is analysed. Modelling and simulation of hydraulic systems is necessary in order to acknowledge the drawbacks and advantages before starting the design of the system. By acknowledging, the differences between the model of a physical system and a system in a virtual environment, one can handle the improvement, in terms of price or time-consumption. Considering the proposed diagram of the pitch control hydraulic system, it is presented the block diagram created in MATLAB Simscape Fluids. Some results of the simulation are presented. There are included conclusions and plans for future work.

The task is to create a company of new type (a smart factory) for the Industry 4.0. A smart factory is for production cycle of the item designing manufacturing. A smart factory is equipped with cyber and physical equipment controlled with computerized system which is a part of the company digital infrastructure. Cyber and physical production apply innovative production technologies for the item life cycle supported in a smart factory. There is a scheme of informative technologies classification in automatic production of the Industry 4.0. The classification is done with technological operation done in the company with the technology of each type. There is a scheme of informative technologies distribution in the Industry 4.0 smart factory by components of production infrastructure. The role and place of each informative technology of the Industry 4.0 smart factory is described.

The actual task is to create the classification system for cyber and physical technological equipment for smart factories of the Industry 4.0. Smart factories are a new type of production companies which work automatically. To project a smart factory they need to choose samples of cyber and physical systems of different purpose to unite them in automatic sections. To solve the choice task of production machine samples they need to create libraries of technical and tactical characteristics and its ontology description the base of which is the system to classify cyber and physical equipment. There is a classification scheme of industrial cyber and physical systems to work in a smart factory of item designing. The classification systems base is types of technological operations being realized in a company and also methods and technologies which the cyber and physical systems use. Cyber and physical systems functionality is described for mechanical treatment and assembly workshops of item designing company.

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) or embedded trapped modes are widely studied in different physical systems. The studies are restricted to a single open scattering channel. In the present paper we consider BICs embedded into several continua in a cylindrical resonator opened by two coaxially attached cylindrical waveguides with different radii. We demonstrate that engineering the BICs requires a degeneracy of three eigenmodeds of the closed resonator. That is achieved by variation of both the length and the radius of the resonator.

Agent-based model (ABM) is very flexible in defining types of interaction between agents including non-physical ones, which can be used to simulate social interaction, economy, until city development. Only our abstraction in defining the interactions is the limitation. For a physical system, an agent can be considered as a particle and interaction between them is simply the interaction force, e.g. nuclear force between nucleons, electrostatic force between ions, gravitation force between asteroids, and contact force between granular particles. In this work, simple rule for the interaction between particle is proposed and several materials phases such as solid, liquid, gas, and granular can be obtained, but only qualitatively.

Almost every student is expected to work on a collection of experimental setups to get the desired ‘hands-on’ experience with physical systems during the conventional laboratory courses offered at colleges and universities the world over. In a number of conventional laboratory courses, the ‘minds on’ aspects and related cognitive abilities are not given their due importance, probably for a variety of valid reasons and constraints. This affects the overall learning and development of various capabilities that seems to be achievable through laboratory courses. As a plausible alternative to the traditional method of instruction, ‘experimental problem solving’ approach developed and implemented for the physics laboratory courses by the author is presented here. In this approach, students are given ‘experimental problems’ and encouraged to think and decide on several aspects and thereby perform self-guided experimental work with minimal help from the instructor. For this, each conventional experiment is presented as an experimental problem. The experimental problem solving approach thus integrates and fosters conceptual understanding, procedural understanding, experimental skills, cognitive processes, and overall problem solving ability. In this paper, the author presents details of the experimental problem solving approach and illustrates the approach with two sample experimental problems.

Mathematics and physics constitute parts of STEM that are widely recognized as a leading platform in contemporary education. While the effects of the methods of mathematics on discoveries in physics are unquestionable, using mathematical reasoning to enhance understanding of physics is still being researched. This study is posited to contribute to that research, and it investigates students’ skills to apply limiting the analysis to determine the acceleration of two objects connected by a massless string. Twenty-five (N=24) first-year students enrolled in the algebra-based college physics course took part in this case study. While the pretest showed that the students did not consider limits to answer questions that required limiting analysis, designed instructional unit whose goal was to bring forth the technique helped apply limits and made the solution process more explicit. Posttests results supported the study thesis that integrating more sophisticated mathematical apparatus into the analysis of physical systems opens a gate not only for advancing students’ scientific inquiry skills, but also their general STEM disposition.

In recent years, Modern Physics has been included in the curricula of Italian secondary schools, so that many teachers are asking for specific didactical tools to allow their students to acquire the right skills to deal with final examinations. The Physics Department at University of Salerno (Italy) is, therefore, planning PLS (Piano Lauree Scientifiche / Scientific Degree Project) training courses to give some valid educational paths through new didactical strategies for Physics learning. Introducing quantum mechanics by experimental set-ups with commonly used materials is a rather interesting and challenging task. In fact, this practice allows teacher attending the course to reproduce the same experiments in their own class. Moreover, by using readily available material for the experimental set-up, a soft approach to Modern Physics can be achieved. In the present work, we propose the analysis of an experiment: the measurement of Planck’s constant, one of the most important fundamental quantities in Modern Physics, by means of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). The properties of LEDs can be explained by means of elementary quantum mechanics concepts. As a consequence, when describing the quantum behaviour of these commonly used physical systems, Planck’s constant needs to be considered. Therefore, to illustrate one possible way of measuring Planck’s constant to high-school students, we can make use of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a LED. In fact, by opportunely interpreting the measured I-V curves of these systems, by means of a linear fitting the value of Planck’s constant can be obtained.