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Optimal dose distribution in the treatment planning system (TPS) is crucial before being applied to radiotherapy patients. However, TPS still uses optimization methods that are time-consuming and user-dependent. This study aimed to evaluate the automatic dose prediction model, support vector regression (SVR), and compare it with the clinically planned dose of lung cancer patients. Sixty patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were used as the objects in this study. The target dose distribution was evaluated based on the conformity index (CI), and dose homogeneity was evaluated with the homogeneity index (HI). In contrast, the mean and maximum doses were used to evaluate organs at risk (right lung, left lung, heart, and spinal cord). Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test. A value of p=0.042), while the mean dose and maximum dose of other OARs did not show a statistically significant difference. The study showed no significant difference between the two strategies, except for the maximum heart dose. The model provides information about dose distribution that can be applied clinically to determine the best technique to use in patients.

Visceral fat in the abdomen is one of the leading causes of many health problems. A CT-scan modality is the most precise examination in determining the visceral fat tissue. Still, there are obstacles. The number of images produced by the CT scan to be analyzed is quite a lot. In this study, Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system was developed using the Thresholding segmentation method, feature extraction based on Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for identifying abdominal fat. Next, the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) classification process separates the visceral fat area from the subcutaneous fat area. This study uses 665 abdominal CT-scan images divided into 481 images as training data and 184 images as test data that has validated the area and volume of visceral fat by an expert radiographer. The CAD system performance results are the accuracy level with a value of 95.58% for training data and 88.73% for test data. In addition, information was also obtained by the area of the visceral fat area in women, which is 83.71 cm2 with a total volume of visceral fat of 1739.8 cm3. Whereas in men, the area of visceral fat is 70.82 cm3 with a total volume of visceral fat of 1036.23 cm2. Based on the cut-off value in the visceral fat area, the results obtained in this study are said to have a normal visceral fat area (VFA) because it has a normal value < 100 cm2 and there is a minimal risk of metabolic syndrome.

Revegetation for reclamation is a strategic effort to overcome the negative impacts of coal mining. The growth of reclaimed vegetation has a positive impact in reducing soil density so that it is suitable for the growth of food plants, and also can increase the content of soil organic matter. One of the efforts to restore the function of post-mining land is by planting legumes, one of the species is Cassia siamea (C. siamea). The method used is a literature study. Literature searches were using the Google Scholar, Research Gate, and Science Direct databases. From the results of a literature search, C. siamea can accumulate heavy metals as phytostabilization by reduces the mobility and presence of pollutants in the soil by accumulating the metallic trace elements (MTE) into the roots. These plants produce proline, a substance that is produced when drought occurs so that the inside of the plant does not suffer from differences in water concentrations. C. siamea can restore and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil to become more fertile and rich in nutrients with Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis and also has a high RMSI (> 0.500), this value is preferable for reclamation of post-mining land.

Cracking coal-forming organic compounds during the gasification process produces liquid waste containing phenolic compounds that require special handling based on their toxicity. As one of the components, there is liquid waste resulting from the coal gasification process. The purpose of this research was to study the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) on phenol after the addition of Cu2+ to purple eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) extract and its potential to work more effectively in phenol biodegradation for coal wastewater containing phenol. Enzyme activity and phenol determination were carried out spectrophotometrically. The results showed PPO activity of 25.90-38.10 U/mL; 4.0 mM phenol and the activity of PPO-Cu2+ was 21.58-46.32 U/mL; 2-10 mM CuSO4; 2.0-4.0 mM phenol. Based on Michaelis Menten’s graph, the initial rate of PPO-Cu2+ was 0.015 mM/min and the initial rate of PPO was 0.15 mM/min using 2 mM phenol as a substrate. Lineweaver-Burk’s graph shows the KM of PPO-Cu2+ = 6.92 mM, which is lower than KM of PPO = 13.05 mM. Its means that the phenol response has a higher affinity for PPO-Cu2+ than PPO. The application of PPO-Cu2+ in purple eggplant extract works effectively as much as 46.7% for artificial coal liquid waste containing phenol.

Breast cancer is a common type of cancer that leading death causes of female in the worldwide. Breast calcification can be one of indicator that can be used to detect the breast cancer early. One of the preferred methods used by radiologist to detect breast cancer is ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound imaging is much safer than mammography that followed by radiological effect. However, ultrasound imaging contaminated with speckle noise that looks similar to breast calcification. It can be the cause of the long time diagnosis process. It encourages so many methods of computed aided diagnosis (CADx) that can detect abnormalities automatically. One of them is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CNN can be used to classify the normal breast and breast with abnormalities. In this paper, CNN has been proposed for the classification of the ultrasound images into normal breasts and breasts with calcification. Experimental results classification accuracy was 76 % and a sensitivity of 84.61%.

Research towards finding new Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) predictors have developed in recent years. One potential CAD predictors are epicardial fat due to its location and function. Another adipose layer of interest is the pericardial fat that is the fat anterior to the epicardial fat. The single slice area method has been developed to estimate volume using a single slice area. In this preliminary study, the aim is to quantify epicardial and pericardial fat using ImageJ and to evaluate the relationship between the fat area and the volume measured. The relationship between the fat parameters, age and gender were evaluated. The samples were cardiac CT images of 50 patients who underwent non-contrast cardiac examination using a 64 CT scanner. ImageJ was used to quantify epicardial and the pericardial fat area and the volume was obtained by the sum of four slices multiplied by the slice thickness. The Pericardial fat area showed a high correlation with the pericardial fat volume (r=0.92, p

Acoustic parameters of a room affect the information received by listeners. Several acoustic parameters need to be met so that the information conveyed in a room can be clearly understood by listeners. The acoustic parameters include background noise, SPL distribution, reverberation time (RT), Clarity (C80, C50), and Definition (D50). This paper discusses the evaluation of acoustics parameters in the ITS science tower auditorium. The auditorium has a square shape with a volume of 3,387 m3. The evaluation was carried out using the impulse response method in an unoccupied auditorium without a chair. Based on the measurement results when unoccupied without a chair, It was found 27-31.6 dB, 64.5-76.5 dBA, 3.3-4 s, -5 to 1 dB and 8-40% for background noise, SPL, RT, C80 and D50 at the frequency of 1000 Hz, respectively. This shows that the auditorium does not yet fulfill a multi-function room. Consequently it is necessary to improve acoustic conditions through simulations with the addition of chairs, people, and loudspeakers. The simulation results in the auditorium obtained SPL of 78.32-94.2 dBA, RT of 0.95s, and an average of C80 of 4.01 dB, which indicates that the auditorium is closer to a multi-function room than before.

This research is performed to evaluate the acoustic parameter and noise of several karaoke rooms in Surabaya. The type of rooms can be classified into small rooms and large rooms. All the measurements were conducted at 12:00 to 16:00 GMT+7:00. Based on the measurement results, noise criteria (NC) values range between 45 and 50. These values are quite high if compared to standard NC value, i.e., 25. This statement is in accordance with the low values of noise reduction (NR) of evaluated rooms: walls with glass accessories (12 – 16.5 dBA); door gap (8 – 13.9 dBA); wall (10 – 18 dBA); and door hinge (6.9 – 9 dBA) in the frequency of 1000 Hz. Therefore, the low values of NR lead to NC value exceeds the recommended value. According to the observation and the analysis, we obtain there are some rooms using special doors that are very well to absorb noise. However, those doors still have a drawback because they are equipped with glass which has a low value of NR. The addition of glass to the doors reduces NR value. Moreover, the ranges of reverberation time of small rooms and large rooms are 0.3 – 0.4 s and 0.6 – 0.7 s, respectively. This difference range is caused by the volume of rooms. In addition, the speakers of all rooms are the same, i.e., woofer speakers. It could be understood from the sound spectrum that has a range of 100 – 500 Hz. Lastly, all the analyzed rooms have a high value of noise. The measurement results 94 d B A of L eq and 104.3 d B A of L max . Regarding the health regulation, the sound that has those intensities is harmful to the human hearing.

The Regency of Pangandaran is located on the southern side of West Java, surrounded by local faults, and close to the Indo-Australia and Eurasian subduction zone, causing the area to feel the earthquake’s impact often. Tasikmalaya Earthquake M 7.3, on September 2, 2009, was felt strong and has caused damage in this area. Therefore, mitigation efforts are critical to reducing the earthquake impact. This study aims to determine the classification of soil types in the southern Pangandaran based on 1D Vs up to 30 m depth (Vs30) measured by the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) method. The study used the SNI 1726-2012 as the categorization of soil types based on Vs30. To clarify, the Vs profile made the cross-section from west to east part in 2D. The results show that hard and medium soils dominate the research area with Vs30 values between 210 - 627 m/s that make the area relatively safe from the potential of strong earthquake shocks. However, the southern part of Cijulang, Parigi, and Pangandaran districts have medium soil types that are relatively thick. Those parts may indicate the potential for stronger earthquake shocks.

Utilization of two parts of dragon fruit as a sensitizer greatly affects the performance and production costs of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). Anthocyanin of natural dyes extracted from rind and flesh of dragon fruits are appear as potential candidates for photosensitizers because they are low cost, widely available, enviromental friendly and easy to make. Here, we use titanium dioxide as semiconductor for photoanode, carbon as catalyst for counter electrode, three various of dyes as sensitizer: dyes from dragon fruit grind (D1), dyes from dragon fruit flesh (D2), and D1 & D2 mixture. This DSSC is investigated with various characterizations, namely: optical characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, functional group characterization of dyes using FTIR, electrical characterization using RLC and I-V meter. The outcome shows that dragon fruit flesh achieves cell efficiency of up to 0.48 percent, which is close to the highest anthocyanin values found in literature and the highest dragon fruit anthocyanin values.

Inhomogeneities are known to develop within thermoelements exposed to elevated temperatures, resulting in temperature measurement errors and reduced energy efficiency. During process, it is important to determine how much the inhomogeneities affect the measurement result. Thermoelectric inhomogeneity is important factor of the calibration for budget uncertainty calculation. It is normally assessed by gradual, insertion of a thermocouple into a furnace or liquid bath. But, the length that can be scanned by using this equipment typically limited. It need an equipment to scan more length of wire thermocouple to see characteristic of thermocouple. This paper described development design double gradient method for measurements of inhomogeneities in type K and T thermocouples with various diameter and temperature scanning using hot air that can produce heating process up to 600 °C with some sensor to detection real temperature output from hot air source. Therefore, an equipment with a short, movable heating zone to scan along the thermocouple while both the measuring and reference junctions using ice bath are kept at 0 °C. The design of the equipment system was focused on measuring the stability of hot air and controlling the movement of the stepper motor control using a microcontroller. Interpretation of the measurement results and calculation of inhomogeneity using movable heating zone of type K and T thermocouples of the uncertainty budget is presented.

Biogas is an alternative energy source that can replace fossil fuels. The residue of agricultural products in the form of water hyacinth, fruit, and vegetable waste is a source of an organic material having large cellulose, lignocellulose, and lignin content so that it has the potential as a raw material for biogas production. This study proposed to evaluate the influence of the composition of the mixture of water hyacinth (WH), banana peel (BP) and water spinach (WS) wastes to biogas production using a horizontal anaerobic digester. At the initial experiment, the amount of cow dung mixed with water at a mass ratio of 1:1 was introduced to the horizontal anaerobic digester as a starter and was incubated for 5 days. Furthermore, the raw material of WH, BP, and WS wastes was crushed/ground at a size of 1 cm. Two kg of mixed water hyacinth, banana peel, and water spinach with a mass ratio of 100 : 0 : 0 (WH), 0 : 50 : 50 (BP-WS) and 50 : 25 : 25 (WH-BP-WS) was mixed with water to a volume of 8 L and was fed per day into the horizontal anaerobic digester. The biogas output from the anaerobic digester was collected in tubular plastic, and the volume of biogas was measured using the displacement of water. The results showed the highest average yield of biogas production was 0.3145 ± 0.1 l/gVS.day with cumulative biogas of 620.368 l, and the lowest one obtained by WH-BP-WS (0.2463 ± 0.1 l/gVS.day) with cumulative biogas of 402.012 l. While for mono digestion of WH, biogas yield was 0.260 ± 0.1 l/gVS.day with cumulative biogas of 518.768 l. The composition of biogas showed the use of BP-WS produced CH4 (71.23%), CO2 (25.79%), H2S (1.71%) and NH3 (0.39%); WH-BP-WS was CH4(71.97%), CO2 (25.91%), H2S (1.68%), NH3(0.38%); while for WH was CH4 (70.97%); CO2(26.77%), H2S (1.37%), NH3(0.61%), respectively.

In this research, a simulation study for temperature and level control in a liquid (water) mixing process is proposed using MATLAB/Simulink. The objective of this control system is to maintain the temperature and water level at the set points in a liquid mixing process by controlling the flowrate of cold and hot water that enters the mixing tank. The mixing tank used in this study is assumed to have a volume of 80 liter, while the maximum flowrates of both water inputs are 15 liter/min, and the maximum temperature and level in the mixing tank are 90 C and 75 cm, respectively. The influence of one variable to the other is reduced using decoupling technique. In the development process of the controller, PI controller is used to generate the training data required by the ANFIS-based controller. The performance of the proposed controllers has been tested with several set points changes by observing its performances parameters, such as RMSE, rise time, settling time, and % overshoot as quantitative data. It also has been compared with a PI controller using the same set point changes as the ANFIS-based controller did. These results show that the ANFIS-based controller is generally better than the PI controller. It has the average RMSE values of 0.174 and 0.196 for temperature and level control respectively, while the PI controller has 0.21 and 0.20 average RMSE values for temperature and level control.

Noise is a sound that occurs at incorrect time and place so being a nuisance for human activity. Many efforts have done to try to control the noise. One of them using acoustic material called QRD. QRD is a panel consider of wells with different depth to diffuse the reflected sound. The depth of the walls is calculated by DR. Manfred Schroeder formula. In this research, given a new design combination of QRD with resonator, we call QRD-R. The design consist of N7 QRD panel 35 cm x 35 cm using 5 cm x 35 cm Helmholtz resonator as wells’ ground. The purposes of this research are looking for the effect of QRD-R into SPL distribution and attenuation. The result shows there is attenuation in some frequency and there is diffuse effect because of the diffuser.

Thermal Mixing Process, which is important in various industries, is a multiple-input multiple-output process (MIMO). It works by regulating hot-water and cold-water flows to control the temperature and level of the mixture. The Adaptive Fuzzy PID Control (AFPIDC) algorithm is a combination of two types of controller, has a simple PID basis with added Fuzzy aspects to speed up control. The AFPIDC algorithm is applied to the simulation of water thermal mixing process and is done with MATLAB/SIMULINK program. The fuzzy algorithm uses two inputs (errors & changes of errors) and has three outputs (changes of PID constants). The system is tested by simulating setpoint changes and adding disturbance. The testing result shows that AFPIDC controllers performs better than PID in controlling temperature and level. In temperature control, the PID settling time is 830 seconds, AFPIDC is 328 seconds and the PID overshoot is 6,3% and AFPIDC is 0%. In level control, the settling time of PID is 3221 seconds, while AFPIDC is 235 seconds, with PID overshoot is 10,5%, while AFPIDC 0%. From testing the system with leakage disturbance, the temperature controller needs time to regain stability at PID 780 seconds, AFPIDC 250 seconds. Meanwhile the level controlling stabilizes at PID 4510 seconds, and AFPIDC at 225 seconds.

Breast cancer is a very common cancer in women, affects millions of women each year, and is also one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among women. Early-stage cancer detection can reduce breast cancer mortality significantly in the long term. Breast ultrasound is a cost-effective and widely available screening tool. Breast ultrasound can be used for women who are at high risk of developing breast cancer but cannot undergo MRI examinations or for pregnant women who should not be exposed to X-rays, and also for women who have dense breast tissue. Although ultrasound is considered to be used for breast screening, its use is highly dependent on the doctor’s experience in reading the images. Therefore, to diagnose breast cancer using ultrasound images automatically can use computer assistance, namely Computer-Aided Detection (CADe). This study discusses a deep learning-based CADe system, namely the convolutional neural network (CNN), CNN is desired to evaluate several ultrasound images to make a microcalcification diagnosis. Microcalcifications are fine white spots, similar to grains of salt. They are not usually cancer, but certain patterns can be an early sign of cancer. Detecting microcalcification using CNN can be used as a routine breast screening, which can help doctors find signs of breast cancer earlier than is currently possible. The best MSE(Mean Squared error) loss value obtained is achieved at 0.24 with an accuracy of 0.76.

The voltage of thermocouple during process contribution is determined by the absolute thermal electromotive force coefficient in each wire and the temperature difference across the section. This paper described the development of a system as a local heating method for measurements of inhomogeneities in type T thermocouples with various temperature scanning using hot air. The system could control automatically measurement voltage, temperature, distance, and speed of the stepper motor for moving the hot air scanning along with the thermocouple and control with temperature monitoring. Both the measuring and reference junctions were using an ice bath kept at 0 °C. In this paper calculation of interpretation of the measurement results of inhomogeneity using movable heating zone system of type T thermocouples and the system could detected inhomogeneity of thermocouple and there have different characteristics of voltage and seebeck effect.

Environmental radiation monitoring based gamma spectroscopy require a multichannel analyzer (MCA) which functions to record and analyze nuclear radiation spectrum data. There are currently many studies related to MCA based on field programmable gate array (FPGA). But, the scope of these published research is complex and fragmented. This systematic literature review (SLR) main objective to analyze research trends and emerging themes research of MCA based on FPGA for gamma spectroscopy that was developed during last 10 years. This review was conducted by selecting papers from leading journals in scientific databases namely ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore and Scopus. For papers selection process, specific keyword strings used for each database and paper selecting using inclusion and exclusion criterion. Selection of papers resulted in 38 selected papers. During 10 last 10 years, This reseach become hot of topic research especially in Asia. This SLR proves that performance of MCA based FPGA is reliable and compatible with various of detector types. This MCA has been used for spectroscopy applications such as monitoring radiation, diagnostic medicine, industrial imaging and security screening. The implications of this study can used as reference for future research of development MCA based FPGA for enviromental radiation monitoring based gamma spectroscopy.