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Structural equation and Mei conserved quantity of Mei symmetry for Appell equations in holonomic systems with unilateral constraints are investigated. Appell equations and differential equations of motion for holonomic mechanic systems with unilateral constraints are established. The definition and the criterion of Mei symmetry for Appell equations in holonomic systems with unilateral constraints under the infinitesimal transformations of groups are also given. The expressions of the structural equation and Mei conserved quantity of Mei symmetry for Appell equations in holonomic systems with unilateral constraints expressed by Appell functions are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Based on the definition of higher-order adiabatic invariants of a mechanical system, a new type of adiabatic invariants, i.e. generalized Lutzky adiabatic invariants, of a disturbed holonomic nonconservative mechanical system are obtained by investigating the perturbation of Lie symmetries for a holonomic nonconservative mechanical system with the action of small disturbance. The adiabatic invariants and the exact invariants of the Lutzky type of some special cases, for example, the Lie point symmetrical transformations, the special Lie symmetrical transformations, and the Lagrange system, are given. And an example is given to illustrate the application of the method and results.

This paper studies conformal invariance and conserved quantities of Hamilton system. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance for Hamilton system are provided. The relationship between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry are discussed, and the necessary and sufficient condition that the conformal invariance would be the Lie symmetry of the system under the infinitesimal one-parameter transformation group is deduced. It gives the conserved quantities of the system and an example for illustration.

This paper studies the Mei symmetry and Mei conserved quantity for nonholonomic systems of unilateral Chetaev type in Nielsen style. The differential equations of motion of the system above are established. The definition and the criteria of Mei symmetry, loosely Mei symmetry, strictly Mei symmetry for the system are given in this paper. The existence condition and the expression of Mei conserved quantity are deduced directly by using Mei symmetry. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Based on the invariance of differential equations under infinitesimal transformations of group, Lie symmetries, exact invariants, perturbation to the symmetries and adiabatic invariants in form of non-Noether for a Lagrange system are presented. Firstly, the exact invariants of generalized Hojman type led directly by Lie symmetries for a Lagrange system without perturbations are given. Then, on the basis of the concepts of Lie symmetries and higher order adiabatic invariants of a mechanical system, the perturbation of Lie symmetries for the system with the action of small disturbance is investigated, the adiabatic invariants of generalized Hojman type for the system are directly obtained, the conditions for existence of the adiabatic invariants and their forms are proved. Finally an example is presented to illustrate these results.

For a nonholonomic mechanics system with the action of small disturbance, the Lie symmetrical perturbation and adiabatic invariants of generalized Hojman type are studied under general infinitesimal transformations of groups in which the generalized coordinates and time are variable. On the basis of the invariance of disturbed nonholonomic dynamical equations under general infinitesimal transformations, the determining equations, the constrained restriction equations and the additional restriction equations of Lie symmetries of the system are constructed, which only depend on the variables t, qs and s. Based on the definition of higher-order adiabatic invariants of a mechanical system, the perturbation of Lie symmetries for a nonholonomic system with the action of small disturbance is investigated, and the Lie symmetrical adiabatic invariants, the weakly Lie symmetrical adiabatic invariants and the strongly Lie symmetrical adiabatic invariants of generalized Hojman type of disturbed nonholonomic systems are obtained. An example is given to illustrate applications of the results.

We report a method to realize the arbitrary inverse unitary transformation imposed by a single-mode fibre on photon's polarization by the succession of two quarter-wave plates and a half-wave plate. The process of realization is analysed on a Poincare sphere due to the fact that unitary transformation does not change the angle formed by polarization state vector. The method is meaningful in quantum communication experiment such as quantum teleportation, in which an unknown arbitrary quantum state should be kept to be unchanged in the case of using a single-mode fibre for time delay.

For a Lagrangian system with the action of small disturbance, the Lie symmetrical perturbation and a new type of non-Noether adiabatic invariant are presented in general infinitesimal transformation groups. On the basis of the invariance of disturbed Lagrangian systems under general infinitesimal transformations, the determining equations of Lie symmetries of the system are constructed. Based on the definition of higher-order adiabatic invariants of a mechanical system, a new type of adiabatic invariant, i.e. generalized Lutzky adiabatic invariants, of a disturbed Lagrangian system are obtained by investigating the perturbation of Lie symmetries for a Lagrangian system with the action of small disturbance. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the method and results.

For the relativistic holonomic nonconservative system, a new Lie symmetrical non-Noether conserved quantity is given under general infinitesimal transformations of groups in which time is variable. On the basis of the theory of invariance of differential equations of motion under infinitesimal transformations for t and qs, we construct the relativistic Lie symmetrical determining equations and obtain directly a new relativistic Lie symmetrical non-Noether conserved quantity of the system, which only depend on the variables t, qs and s. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

For the holonomic nonconservative system, by using the Noether symmetry, a non-Noether conserved quantity is obtained directly under general infinitesimal transformations of groups in which time is variable. At first, the Noether symmetry, Lie symmetry, and Noether conserved quantity are given. Secondly, the condition under which the Noether symmetry is a Lie symmetry under general infinitesimal transformations is obtained. Finally, a set of non-Noether conserved quantities of the system are given by the Noether symmetry, and an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

The order reduction method of the relativistic Birkhoffian equations is studied. For a relativistic autonomous Birkhoffian system, if the conservative law of the Birkhoffian holds, the conservative quantity can be called the generalized energy integral. Through the generalized energy integral, the order of the system can be reduced. If the relativistic Birkhoffian system has a generalized energy integral, then the Birkhoffian equations can be reduced by at least two degrees and the Birkhoffian form can be kept. The relations among the relativistic Birkhoffian mechanics, the relativistic Hamiltonian mechanics and the relativistic Lagrangian mechanics are discussed, and the Whittaker order reduction method of the relativistic Lagrangian system is obtained. And an example is given to illustrate the application of the result.

For a nonholonomic system, a new type of Lie symmetrical non-Noether conserved quantity is given under general infinitesimal transformations of groups in which time is variable. On the basis of the invariance theory of differential equations of motion under infinitesimal transformations for t and qs, we construct the Lie symmetrical determining equations, the constrained restriction equations and the additional restriction equations of the system. And a new type of Lie symmetrical non-Noether conserved quantity is directly obtained from the Lie symmetry of the system, which only depends on the variables t, qs and s. A series of deductions are inferred for a holonomic nonconservative system, Lagrangian system and other dynamical systems in the case of vanishing of time variation. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

For the rotational relativistic Hamiltonian system, a new type of the Lie symmetries and conserved quantities are given. On the basis of the theory of invariance of differential equations under infinitesimal transformations, and introducing infinitesimal transformations for generalized coordinates and generalized momentums , the determining equations of Lie symmetrical transformations of the system are constructed, which only depend on the canonical variables. A set of non-Noether conserved quantities are directly obtained from the Lie symmetries of the system. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

For a relativistic Birkhoffian system, the first integrals and the construction of integral invariants are studied. Firstly, the cyclic integrals and the generalized energy integral of the system are found by using the perfect differential method. Secondly, the equations of nonsimultaneous variation of the system are established by using the relation between the simultaneous variation and the nonsimultaneous variation. Thirdly, the relation between the first integral and the integral invariant of the system is studied, and it is proved that, using a first integral, we can construct an integral invariant of the system. Finally, the relation between the relativistic Birkhoffian dynamics and the relativistic Hamiltonian dynamics is discussed, and the first integrals and the integral invariants of the relativistic Hamiltonian system are obtained. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.

For the relativistic Hamiltonian system, a new type of Lie symmetrical non-Noether conserved quantities are given. On the basis of the theory of invariance of differential equations under infinitesimal transformations and introducing special infinitesimal transformations for qs and ps, we construct the determining equations of Lie symmetrical transformations of the system, which only depend on the canonical variables. A set of non-Noether conserved quantities are directly obtained from the Lie symmetries of the system. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

For a rotational relativistic Birkhoffian system, a set of the Lie symmetries and conservation laws is given under infinitesimal transformations. On the basis of the invariance of rotational relativistic Birkhoffian equations under infinitesimal transformations, Lie symmetrical transformations of the system are constructed, which only depend on the Birkhoffian variables. The determining equations of Lie symmetries are given and a new type of non-noether conserved quantities are directly obtained from Lie symmetries of the system. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

In this paper, the stability of equilibrium state manifold for relativistic Birkhoffian systems is studied. The equilibrium state equations, the disturbance equations and their first approximation are presented. The criteria of stability for the equilibrium state manifold are obtained. The relationship between the stability of the equilibrium-state manifold of relativistic Birkhoffian systems and that of classical Birkhoffian systems is discussed. An example is given to illustrate the results.

The order reduction method of the rotational relativistic Birkhoffian equations is studied. For a rotational relativistic Birkhoffian system, the cyclic integrals can be found by using the perfect differential method. Through these cyclic integrals, the order of the system can be reduced. If the rotational relativistic Birkhoffian system has a cyclic integral, then the Birkhoffian equations can be reduced at least two degrees and the Birkhoffian form can be kept. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

We study the order reduction method of the rotational relativistic Birkhoffian equations. For a rotational relativistic autonomous Birkhoffian system, if the conservative law of the Birkhoffian holds, the conservative quantity can be called the generalized energy integral. Through the generalized energy integral, the order of the system can be reduced. If the rotational relativistic Birkhoffian system has a generalized energy integral, then the Birkhoffian equations can be reduced by at least two degrees and the Birkhoffian form can be kept. An example is given to illustrate the application of the result.

Under the infinitesimal transformations of groups, a form invariance of rotational relativistic Birkhoff systems is studied and the definition and criteria are given. In view of the invariance of rotational relativistic Pfaff-Birkhoff-D'Alembert principle under the infinitesimal transformations of groups, the theory of Noether symmetries of rotational relativistic Birkhoff systems are constructed. The relation between the form invariance and the Noether symmetries is studied, and the conserved quantities of rotational relativistic Birkhoff systems are obtained.

We have studied the algebraic structure of the dynamical equations of a rotational relativistic Birkhoff system. It is proven that autonomous and semi-autonomous rotational relativistic Birkhoff equations possess consistent algebraic structure and Lie algebraic structure. In general, non-autonomous rotational relativistic Birkhoff equations possess no algebraic structure, but a type of special non-autonomous rotational relativistic Birkhoff equation possesses consistent algebraic structure and consistent Lie algebraic structure. Then, we obtain the Poisson integrals of the dynamical equations of the rotational relativistic Birkhoff system. Finally, we give an example to illustrate the application of the results.

The theory of symmetry for a rotational relativistic Birkhoff system is studied. In terms of the invariance of the rotational relativistic Pfaff-Birkhoff-D'Alembert principle under infinitesimal transformations, the Noether symmetries and conserved quantities of a rotational relativistic Birkhoff system are given. In terms of the invariance of rotational relativistic Birkhoff equations under infinitesimal transformations, the Lie symmetries and conserved quantities of the rotational relativistic Birkhoff system are given.

The Birkhoffian and Birkhoff's functions of a rotational relativistic system are constructed, the Pfaff action of rotational relativistic system is defined, the Pfaff-Birkhoff principle of a rotational relativistic system is given and the Pfaff-Birkhoff-D'Alembert principles and Birkhoff's equations of rotational relativistic system are constructed. The geometrical description of a rotational relativistic system is studied and the exact properties of Birkhoff's equations and their forms on ×T*M for a rotational relativistic system are obtained. The global analysis of Birkhoff's equations for a rotational relativistic system is studied, the global properties of autonomous, semi-autonomous and non-autonomous rotational relativistic Birkhoff's equations and the geometrical properties of energy change for rotational relativistic Birkhoff's equations are given.

For a relativistic Hamiltonian system, two new types of the Lie symmetries and conservation laws are given under infinitesimal transformations of groups. On the basis of the theory of invariance of the relativistic Hamiltonian equations under infinitesimal transformations and introducing infinitesimal transformations for time t, generalized coordinates qs and generalized momenta ps, we obtain the determining equations, the structure equations and the conserved quantities of the Lie symmetries. Introducing infinitesimal transformation for generalized coordinates qs and generalized momenta ps, we construct the Lie symmetrical transformations of the system, which only depend on the canonical variables. A set of conserved quantities are directly obtained from the Lie symmetries of the system. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

For a rotational relativistic Birkhoff system, the relation between the form invariance and the Lie symmetries are given under infinitesimal transformations of groups. If the infinitesimal transformation generators ξ0 and ξµ satisfy the conditions of the form invariance, and the determining equation of Lie symmetries holds, the form invariance leads to a Lie symmetry of the system. Furthermore, if the infinitesimal transformations generators ξ0 and ξµ satisfy the conditions of the form invariance and the determining equation of Lie symmetry holds, and if there is a gauge function G satisfying the structure equation of Lie symmetry, then the form invariance will lead to the Lie symmetrical conserved quantity of the system. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Double-microbridge dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been fabricated from the postannealed Y1Ba2Cu3Oy and Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Oy thin films by chemical etching and ion milling patterning technique. The applied magnetic field dependences of the voltage of the YBCO and TBCCO SQUIDs have been studied at temperature ranging from 4.2 to 23 K and at 77 K. The largest output voltage of the devices were 3.4 μV/Φ0 (at 5 K) for YBCO and 60 μV/Φ0 (at 77 K) for TBCCO. The properties of the output of these devices have been discussed.

We report the experimental realization of strontium magneto-optical trap (MOT) operating on the intercombination transition 1S0−3P1 at 689 nm, namely red MOT. A 689 nm laser used for cooling and trapping is injection locked to a master laser, whose linewidth is narrowed to 150 Hz by locking to a high finesse optical reference cavity. 88Sr atoms pre-cooled and trapped by the broad 1S0−1P1 transition at 461 nm are transferred to the red MOT with the help of a time sequence controller. The transfer ratio is about 20% and the red MOT's temperature is estimated to be less than 20 μK by the time-of-flight (TOF) image analysis.

Special Lie symmetry and the Hojman conserved quantity for Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion are investigated. The definition and the criterion of the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion under infinitesimal group transformation are presented. The expression of the equation for the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations and the Hojman conserved quantity, deduced directly from the special Lie symmetry in a dynamical system of relative motion, are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.