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Drilling fluid is an essential element of the drilling operations and has many functions. Some of these are wellbore cleaning, checking high formation pressures and corrosion protection, etc. This study aimed to determine the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes containing silisyum dioxide nanoparticles (SiO(2)NPsMWCNTs) were investigated on the rheological and filtration loss properties of Na-Bentonite water based drilling fluids (Na-WBDF).In this context SiO(2)NPs/MWCNTs was produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and then added to Na-WBDF in different ratios (0.001 to 0.01% w/v). The rheological properties of the prepared drilling fluids such as plastic viscosity (PV), apparent viscosity (AV), yield point (YP), gel strength (10 s and 10 min) were performed by FANN viscometer, filtration loss and cake thickness were performed by American Petroleum Institute (API) liquid loss test equipment. Compared with spud drilling fluid; SiO(2)NPs/MWCNTs increased the PV value of Na-WBDF by 71.4%, AV value by 51.9%, YP value by 44%, 10 s and 10 min by 25% and 33.3% respectively, and decreased filtration loss value by 13.8%; At the same time, the value of cake thickness increased by 11%.

In this paper, an all-dielectric water-based transparent absorber is proposed. It is composed of transparent resin material filled with water, thus achieving the characteristics of being all-dielectric and transparent. The simulation results show that the proposed absorber can achieve absorptivity of more than 90% in the frequency band of 7.28–28.22 GHz, and has good thermal stability and oblique incidence angular stability. The thickness of the absorber is only 6.5 mm, corresponding to 0.16λ max∼0.61λ min. The test results are in good agreement with the simulation results, which proves that the water-based absorber has good performance. It can be applied in the field of electromagnetic (EM) stealth, EM energy harvesting and EM shielding.

The present study aims to investigate the solidification behavior of water based Al2O3 nanofluid phase change material encapsulated in a spherical capsule suitable for cool thermal energy storage application. The nanofluid phase change material is prepared by dispersing the Al2O3 nanoparticles mixed with DI water, which is used as a base phase shift material with a volume fraction of 0.1 %. The experiments are conducted with DI water and the Al2O3 nanofluid phase change material at surrounding bath temperatures of -6,-9 and -12 °C respectively. The presence of Al2O3 acts as a nucleating agent that causes an elimination in under cooling. The enhanced thermal properties of the Al2O3 are very useful to dissipate the concealed heat faster and helps to operate the CTES at higher operating temperature for a lesser duration, when compared with PCM where the nucleating agent is absent. So, this act fetches an energy-saving potential.

In this study, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces were treated with plasma to enhance the adhesion of a water-based paint. A custom-built cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (CAPPJ) device using a neon transformer as its power source was developed and used in the surface treatment. The jet nozzle of the device was made from polytetrafluoroethylene with two bare stainless-steel electrodes positioned laterally through the nozzle and opposite each other with a 1 mm gap. Gas was allowed to pass through the nozzle, exiting through a 1 mm diameter hole where a plasma jet is ejected through the arc from the electrodes. The effect of plasma treatment on HDPE surfaces was determined. Air and nitrogen were used as the process gases and exposure times were also varied. Hydrophilicity of the surface increased with longer plasma exposure with a corresponding 50% increase in surface free energy compared to the untreated surface. From Fourier transform infrared and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, it was seen that plasma treatment introduced oxygen containing functionalities onto the surface. Increase in adhesion of a water-based paint was observed for plasma-treated HDPE sheets.

Aiming at the strength problem of amphibious landing on water, the pressure distribution of ship bottom is studied. RANS multi-phase flow method is used to solve the coupling problem of gas, liquid and solid in the process of amphibious landing on the water surface. Overlapping grid technology is used to simulate the landing under different initial horizontal velocity and vertical velocity. The influence of initial conditions on the motion response of amphibious is analyzed, and the variation law of pressure on each section of ship bottom with time is obtained, This paper analyzes the variation of pressure with time and position, and provides technical reference for the design and application of water loads in the development of amphibious.

Hydrophobic associating polymers show great potential in formulation of high-performance drilling fluids, due to their hydrophobic associative ability in high-temperature and high-salt conditions. Herein, a novel amphoteric polyacrylamide of poly(acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid/methylacrylethyl trimethylammonium chloride) hydrophobically modified with epoxidized soybean oil denoted as PAADE was prepared and applied in water-based drilling fluid, and one without hydrophobic modification (PAAD) was also used for comparison. Compared with PAAD, PAADE displayed characteristic association behavior with a critical association concentration (CAC) of 0.3 w/v%, and a salt thickening phenomenon over 3 w/v% NaCl concentration. The impacts of PAADE and PAAD on rheological and filtration properties of bentonite-based drilling fluid (BTDF) were evaluated under different salinity. The fitted Herschel-Bulkley rheological parameters indicated that BTDF containing PAADE showed stronger yield stress, easier flowability and better salt resistance at a reasonable concentration below CAC. Meanwhile, PAADE largely reduced the fluid loss of BTDF before and after thermal aging at 150°C, showing high temperature tolerance. The addition of NaCl promoted larger reduction of filtration. The superior properties of PAADE in BTDF were revealed to be the competitive results of salt-induced hydrophobic association and inter-particles configuration transition. Moreover, the incorporation of epoxidized soybean oil improved the biodegradability of PAADE.

With the increasing difficulty of exploration and development of oil and gas resources, the problems of high friction torque in long horizontal well section and high temperature in deep well are increasingly prominent, which put forward higher technical requirements for the lubricity, temperature resistance and environmental protection of drilling fluid lubricant. Traditional drilling fluid lubricants are difficult to meet the above technical requirements. Based on the optimization of modified vegetable oil, extreme pressure agent, surfactant, antioxidant and preparation conditions, an environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricant SDGL-2 was developed. The evaluation results show that the lubricant SDGL-2 has fluorescence grade of 1~2, temperature resistance of 160 °C, good biodegradability and no toxicity. Its lubricity is better than that of common drilling fluid lubricants, and it is compatible with several common drilling fluids.

With the rapid development of social economy, it has brought serious environmental pollution problems. This thesis mainly summarizes the measurement methods of particle size and distribution of suspended particles. We have analyzed the relationship between scattering coefficient and concentration of different wavelengths at each scattering angle; the relationship between scattering coefficient and concentration of different scattering angles at each wavelength; and the relationship between scattering coefficient and wavelength of different concentrations at each scattering angle. The result shows that particle size and distribution of suspended particles can be accurately reversed when scattering angle is 15 degree, denoising factor is 200 and wavelength range is 450 nm-500 nm. The analysis can effectively filter out suspended particles in water, which is essential to resolve air pollution and purify water quality.

This paper introduces a new type of moisturizing paper, which makes the material have a stronger moisturizing effect than ordinary transfer paper through the water-based double-layer coating process. At the same time, the paper has a stronger degradation capacity than plastic film paper, more in line with environmental protection requirements. Through the paper printing machine adaptability verification, the paper has easier processing and stronger printing performance. The development and application of this moistening material is a major innovation in the field of moistening packaging materials research.

The aim this study is to analyze the performance of a modified double slope passive solar still (MDSPSS) with and without using water-based nanofluids along with harvesting solar energy. For this, three types of water-based nanofluids used as Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Copper Oxide (CuO) at different concentrations. This might be an alternative energy source for the existing conventional type of desalination. Consequently, analyzed physical and finalized the suitable water nanofluid for further experimental work. This paper describes a unit which is designed on simple principles of evaporation and condensation with no electricity being used. Thus we harness the heat radiated by the sun to accomplish the evaporation process. After that the condensation process will be start with natural temperature difference between heated and non-heated segment. This modified system with nano-fluid-based as a heat source has made to observed that the effect of different operating modes at climate conditions (month of March 2019) of Lucknow city, India. After experimental result comparison, found that the Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) nanofluid has 36.55% higher productivity and through Copper oxide (CuO) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO), water nanofluid has 15.26% and 21.75% higher production rate respectively concerning still water. The payback period is also calculated for this modified system with nanofluids as 121 days, which is less than that of the unit with normal water.

Subjected to the numerous applications of squeezed flows of nanofluids, this article provides the analysis of squeezed flow of water-based nanofluids. Viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluid is considered to vary with temperature. Appropriate modifications in the Brinkman’s viscosity and Hamilton-Crosser’s thermal conductivity model have been made for the present analysis. Heat generation/absorption has been also considered. Analysis is presented by considering the various nanoparticles (i.e. copper, silver, alumina etc). Physical analysis of numerical results is facilitated via graphs and tables. Comparison for cylindrical and spherical nanoparticles is also provided. Results indicate that the velocity profile shows a decreasing behavior with an increase in squeeze number and decays against incrementing thermal conductivity parameter for both spherical and cylindrical nanoparticles.

Improving the accuracy of dissolved oxygen (DO) prediction and establishing a water body DO prediction model are of great importance in water environment pollution management and planning management. In this paper, we propose a hybrid model (EEMD-Pearson-LSTM) of ensemble empirical modal decomposition-Pearson analysis and long-short memory neural network (LSTM), which firstly uses EEMD to decompose the non-stationary dissolved oxygen data into several sub-series that are easy to analyze, and secondly uses Pearson correlation analysis method to The screened subsequences are input to the LSTM network for training and prediction. By establishing the conventional LSTM model, EEMD-LSTM model, EEMD-BP model, and EEMD-Pearson-BP model for comparison under different time periods, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and coefficient of determination (R2) were used as evaluation indicators. In predicting the first 90 days of data, the RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and R2 of the EEMD-Pearson-LSTM model were 0.2355, 0.1893, 2.4710, and 0.8787, respectively, which were optimized by 37.88%, 35.44%, 37.42%, and 28.15%, respectively, compared with the traditional LSTM model, and the EEMD- LSTM model by 13.74%, 16.46%, 16.82%, and 4.98%, respectively, and the error of EEMD-BP network by 23.93%, 22.70%, and 24.32%, respectively, and its R2 by 11.17%, and the error of EEMD-Pearson-BP network by 18.62%, 14.07%, and 14.44%, and its R2 improved by 7.58%. To further demonstrate the advantages of EEMD-Pearson-LSTM, the prediction models for 30-day and 60-day time periods were selected for comparison, and the results showed that EEMD-Pearson-LSTM outperformed other models for the prediction of dissolved oxygen content in different time periods.

This report addresses the study on nucleating effects of DI – water based phase change material by adding salt hydrate like a Sodium chloride, Magnesium chloride and Calcium chloride. DI-water is selected as base PCM in which nucleating agents are added in concentration of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 Wt.% to study the solidification characteristics of the PCM. The samples are prepared with the help of magnetic stirring and ultra-sonification process which ensures that the nucleating agents are completely dissolved in the base PCM. An experimental trail is carried out with surrounding heat transfer fluid temperature of -7°C and the solidification history is generated for all PCM samples. From the observation it can be concluded that NaCl 0.9 Wt.%, MgCl2 0.6 Wt.% and CaCl2 0.6 Wt.% shows a significant reduction of supercooling degree. Only NaCl of 0.9 Wt.% shows a reduction of 91.32% in supercooling degree with least increase of 6.73% in solidification time. Thus, Phase change materials proves to be effective in eliminating the discrepancy between demand and supply during peak hour by storing energy during non-peak hours and retrieving when demanded. Thus, it can be used to reduce power consumption during peak hour’s demand and reduce the effects on environment.

The brain’s small-world network utilizes its short-range and long-range synaptic connections to process information in a complex and energy-efficient manner. To emulate the former, neuromorphic hardware typically leverages the conductance switching properties of thin-film dielectrics and semiconductors. Because these materials offer low ion mobilities, long-range connections built from thicker dielectrics require impractically-large forming voltages. To overcome this intrinsic shortcoming of solid-state active media, we present in this paper a simple Ag–H2O–Au cell that takes advantage of the relatively high ion mobility offered by deionized water to enable programmable connectivity switches between neurons separated by large gaps (∼40 µm). We introduce dual voltage programming schemes that allow the switch conductance to be modulated in analog and digital steps. When operating in the analog mode, the switch conductance could be potentiated and depressed over a relatively large (3.5×) range. In the digital mode, the Ag–H2O–Au switch delivered a high ON/OFF current ratio of ∼600 and sustained this margin over 200 switching cycles. Additionally, both switch states could be maintained for at least 3 h without external power. We show that unlike their solid-state counterparts, the water-gap in the Ag–H2O–Au cell can be easily refreshed without compromising the switching functionality. These attributes of Ag–H2O–Au switches in addition to their biocompatibility and simple design make them attractive for neuromorphic wetware implementations.

In this work, a wide-angle, polarization-independent, and broadband superstrate-assisted water-based metamaterial absorber (SWMA) covering the whole X-band is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. Our SWMA design is a copper-backed structure comprising a thin substrate of distilled water, an FR-4 lossy layer, and a magneto-electric anisotropic metamaterial to boost achieving broadband and wide-angle features. The absorptivity of the proposed SWMA has been elaborately assessed in a full analytical framework involving oblique illuminations and both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations. Numerical results demonstrate that exploiting magneto-electric anisotropy, the impedance matching between air and SWMA has been remarkably improved for both major polarizations, especially at near grazing angles. Owing to the end-to-end analytical design, the designed SWMA does not suffer from the drawbacks associated with the traditional designs including intricate particle geometries and brute-force optimizations. As a proof of concept, the proposed SWMA is fabricated and its absorptivity is measured in an anechoic microwave chamber between 8 and 12 GHz. The experimental results depict good conformity with the numerical simulations and the theoretical predictions, elucidating that our design retains its strong absorptivity over the whole X-band and for a wide angular range up to near grazing angles for both TE- and TM-polarizations.

Agroindustry is one of alternatives to elevate the income, both community and country. Therefore, agrarian countries strives to develop the prospective agroindustry by utilizing their own natural resources. Indonesia is one of the world’s top coconut producers and one of its national largest producers are located in Indragiri Hilir, Riau Province. Not only coconut flesh processing, coconut water-based industry is widely found in Indragiri Hilir. The coconut water can be processed into high value-added products, such as nata de coco, candy, soy sauce and syrup. To evaluate its value-added of processed coconut water-based products, analysis of value-added is required to be performed. Moreover, to support the development of coconut water-based agro industry, the presence of supporting organization is also a critical point that should be taken into account. This study was aimed to determine the value-added of coconut water-based products and the contributing institution related to the development of coconut water-based agro industry. Determination of contributing organization was conducted descriptively using the AHP method through questionnaire distribution, interview and literature study. Seven respondents, consisting of academician, extension officer and staff from the local plantation office, were used in this study. Analysis of value-added was performed using Hayami method. The results of this study revealed that the coconut water-based product contributing the highest value-added was candy with IDR 69,980.8/kg. Other products showed relatively low value-added, such as syrup (IDR 23,674.2/kg), soy sauce (IDR 5,220.2/kg) and nata de coco (IDR 960.52/kg), respectively. Type of organization contributing the highest expectation weight (47.8%) resulted from the village-owned enterprise (BumDes).

Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate, so it gets a large amount of solar energy. Along with technological developments, solar energy can be converted into electrical energy by using a device called a PV panel. From several research that have been carried out, it was concluded that with an increase in every 1 °C the working temperature of the PV panels will reduce efficiency by 0.5%. This article will discuss the effect of using TiO2/water nanofluid with a concentration of 0.5 vol.% on a collector photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system for PV panel cooling. The results obtained at the radiation intensity of 1100 W/m2, the use of a TiO2/water-based PV/T collector system can reduce the working temperature of solar panels by 11.4 °C. It also increased output power by 10.38 W and efficiency by 2.69% compared to PV panels without cooling.

Q235 carbon steel is smelted by a converter or open-hearth furnace. However, it is always speckled with oil in the manufacturing process influencing its use performance. In the paper, a water-based detergent, a variety of surfactants and additives, was used to remove the oil. First, the three remarkable surfactants were selected through single-factor experiment. Then, surfactants composition was obtained by simplex formula design. Finally, the optimum formula of metal cleaner was obtained by the uniform experimental design: FMEE 1%, MOA5 2.4%, 6501 2.6%, foam inhibitor 3%, antirust agent 2.4%+AES 2%+ carboxylic acid inhibitor 1.7%+copper corrosion inhibitor 2.1%+ detergent auxiliary 1.9%+water 80.9%. The cleaning efficiency can reach more than 98%.

A highly reactive sludge on drilling progress has become a common problem. The problem will cause swelling clay or high filtration loss. With a risk of swelling appearance and too much filtration loss that may cause, sodium-bentonite is widely used in drilling sludge to give more viscosity and optimal ability to hold and lift the cutting inside the borehole. It contains mostly montmorillonite like particles of sodium that overpower the iolite content inside it. Polyamine as an inhibitor to the clay can infiltrate into the bentonite c-spacing, which is a gap between two layers of bentonite structure. A test has been conducted to measure the effect of polyamine inhibition inside a water-base sludge formulation x that is previously inhibited with sodium-bentonite. These tests were conducted using a number of instruments such as API Filtrate loss, swell meter test, retort oven, and Vann vg meter with API Standard procedure. The result provides a distinctive conclusion about how the rheological elements react toward the polyamine existence with different concentrations (4gr-10,5gr) inside the sludge. This research also reveals that the sludge durability is different between room temperature and high temperature (300°F).

In order to meet the requirements of controlling the water quality of electric power, electronics and other manufacturing industries and reducing energy consumption through remote operation and maintenance system, an intelligent remote operation and maintenance system of ultra-pure water is constructed for ultra-pure water manufacturing in electronic industry. radial basis function neural network and generalized regression neural network are used to fit and predict the effluent quality of ultra-pure water. Through data analysis, the above algorithm is used to realize the accurate prediction of ultra-pure water system and intelligent adaptive control, which improves the accuracy and convergence speed of the algorithm. The results show that on the basis of the simulation of the model, the purpose of improving water production quality, saving energy and reducing consumption can be achieved through backwater utilization and frequency conversion speed regulation.

In this work, superhydrophobic methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)-based silica aerogels were fabricated via water-based sol–gel reaction by ambient pressure drying (APD) method in the presence of surfactant. The structure, morphology, and hydrophobic properties of the obtained silica aerogel were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) methods, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and water contact angle measurement. The effects of the concentration of MTMS, the pH value of the solution, and the amount of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on properties of silica aerogels were investigated, respectively. Increasing the concentration of MTMS to a great extent resulted in higher density and lower porosity of silica aerogel. Alkali catalyst was an extremely crucial factor for preparing silica aerogels. With the increase of the pH value from 7.5 to 10 the gelation time of the prepared aerogels was observed to decrease from 40 min to 2 min, and the shrinkage of aerogel sample decreased from 15.5% to 3.5%. The skeleton structure of the prepared silica aerogel gradually transformed from coarsened spherical to continuous irregularity finer structures with the increased concentration of CTAB. In addition, the prepared silica aerogel showed outstanding anti-adhesion property and superhydrophobic ability with a water contact angle (WCA) of 160.6 ± 1.3°.

When water-based cutting fluid is used in aviation aluminum alloy NC machining, soap precipitation and emulsification often occur due to its poor stability. It can cause the metal plate or equipment parts to scale or block the cutting fluid pipeline and filter system, which seriously affects the service life of the cutting fluid and the normal use of the equipment. At present, there is a lack of suitable evaluation standard for the stability of application state of water-based cutting fluid. In this paper, through the analysis of the state stability of four kinds of water-based cutting fluids, the state stability evaluation test is formulated. The hard water stability test and emulsion stability test are carried out for two kinds of semi synthetic cutting fluid and two kinds of fully synthetic cutting fluid. The test results show that this evaluation test can effectively evaluate the state stability performance of aviation aluminum alloy cutting fluid, and provide guidance for the optimization and management of cutting fluid in numerical control machining.

The oil-based lubricating system tends to produce high cutting temperatures owning to the low cooling capability of oil lubricants. The addition of lubricating additives in nanoscale could increase the tribological and lubrication performance of the water-based lubricants. In this work, nano CuO particle-filled water-based lubricants as cutting fluids were developed using ultrasonication process. The Thermophysical Properties of synthesized nano filled water-based lubricant was tested and analyzed. The tribological characteristics were fairly investigated using four-ball and pin on disc apparatus testing units. The results indicated that nano CuO filled water-based lubricant shows enhanced tribological performance in terms of coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) compared with base coolant. The superior performance of CuO filled water-based lubricant was credited to the detail that CuO nanoparticle additives arrived the rubbing interface and made a tribo-thin layer of CuO. Water-based lubricant showed the highest surface deformation compared to nano-based lubricants which indicate that the damage was due to adhesive wear.

We proposed and demonstrated a reconfigurable water-based metasurface to achieve continuously dynamic control of electromagnetic (EM) reflection within a wide frequency band. The proposed metasurface is an array of an anisotropic unit cell consisting of two metallic layers separated by a dielectric layer. The flowing channel of the distilled water is designed in the dielectric spacer, so the metasurface is reconfigured by simply changing the injection quantity of water. Calculated, simulated and real-time measured results show that the reflection almost monotonically reduces as the water is injected into the metasurface, and the tunable level of reflection is larger than 10 dB from 8 to 18 GHz during the reconfiguring process. Besides the absorption resulting from the injected water, the EM reflection variation is partly contributed to the scattering mechanism. The results here provide an effective solution to flexibly control EM reflection from an object, and may find potential applications in the design of the adaptive EM surfaces and devices.

Conductive graphene inks have attracted extensive research interests for printed electronics due to the excellent electrical and mechanical properties of graphene. While the traditional organic solvents used for graphene inks will result in high environmental cost, environmentally friendly solvents are required for conductive graphene inks. In this work, we demonstrate a highly conductive aqueous graphene ink printed on a paper substrate using screen printing technique. The well-tuned rheological properties of the graphene ink enable the printed lines to achieve a high resolution as fine as 45 µm in width. After being dried at 70 oC and roller compressed, the printed graphene lines present a high conductivity, up to 4.23×10^4 S m-1 at 3 µm thickness. It also shows an excellent bending stability during the roller compression process, which is compatible for large-scale manufacturing. Combining with inkjet-printed graphene oxide as the sensing layer, the graphene lines are exploited as the electrodes for a fully printed humidity sensor on the paper substrate. Such a low drying temperature, high printing resolution and low-cost printing method offers an example that two-dimensional materials are cooperatively utilized for fully printed flexible electronic devices.

Cold Thermal Energy Storage is an upcoming need for sustainable energy consumption and storage. It finds application in wide variety of energy need in the sub-zero temperature zone. This work aims to study the effect of various surfactants on solidification characteristics of spherically encapsulated DI water with different surfactants. A constant temperature bath at -7°C is used to charge spherical encapsulated PCM using VCR system. Tween 80, Gum Arabic (also known as Gum Acacia) and PVP K30 are selected as surfactants and samples are prepared at various concentrations. To check the feasibility of the sample for thermal energy storage application its thermal properties are determined. Tween 80 and Gum Arabic showed no super cooling and subsequent reduction in super cooling was observed in case of PVP.

The purpose of the present work is to study the solidification behaviour of a di-water based PCM for cold energy management applications. Thickening agents such as agar, gelatin and cornstarch are examined at various mass fractions. The experiment is carried out in a low temperature bath of -7°C inside which the PCM sample is kept spherically encapsulated for uniform distribution. The behaviour and effect of addition of the nucleating agents are compared. The analysis showed that the subcooling of di-water was substantially reduced and its crystallisation occurs at a faster rate. It is concluded that faster crystallisation and reduction in subcooling can help increase the efficiency of a cool thermal energy system and can be applied to any commercial system in the society to help alleviate the electrical load.

In order to study the shortest time of emergency supplies allocation, the supply chain of rescue materials is divided into three levels that is supply areas, shore rescue points and multiple accident points. Taking the limited period of emergency supplies as a prerequisite, a material distribution model is built for studying the shortest time of material distribution from rescue base to accident site; considering the sustainability of rescue base supplies, a land material distribution model is built for studying the minimum cost of transportation problem. According to the dispatching priority of emergency supplies at each accident site, a genetic algorithm is designed to solve it, and a approximate optimal rescue material distribution plan is obtained.

An aim of project work is to investigate the effect on solidification of phase change material (PCM) in a spherical capsule for cool thermal storage applications. The PCM used as Deionized (DI) water and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) spherical capsule is used as an encapsulation material. It is filled with three different concentration of PCM with NaCl of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt., % of total volume of encapsulation. An experiments are conducted by immersing the spherical capsules in the constant temperature bath which is maintained at -7°C temperature for all samples. The solidification time is observed in each capsule at various radial locations which correspond to 50%, 75%, and 100% of the mass solidified. The results obtained reveal that the PCM of NaCl has a great influence in reducing the solidification duration. Further, the capsule with 0.5wt.%, shows better results till the solidification of 75% mass than all the other capsules and slows down thereafter. Hence it is concluded that the consideration of DI water with 0.5wt.%, mass of NaCl in the spherical capsule for the design of the energy storage would increase energy efficiency of the system and reduce the energy consumption the chiller.

Novel water-based nanolubricants using TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised by adding sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and glycerol, which exhibited excellent dispersion stability and wettability. The tribological performance of the synthesised nanolubricants was investigated using an Rtec ball-on-disk tribometer, and their application in hot steel rolling was evaluated on a 2-high Hille 100 experimental rolling mill, in comparison to those without SDBS. The water-based nanolubricant containing 4 wt% TiO2 and 0.4 wt% SDBS demonstrated superior tribological performance by decreasing coefficient of friction and ball wear up to 70.5% and 84.3%, respectively, compared to those of pure water. In addition to the lubrication effect, the suspensions also had significant effect on polishing of the work roll surface. The resultant surface improvement thus enabled the decrease in rolling force up to 8.3% under a workpiece reduction of 30% at a rolling temperature of 850 °C. The lubrication mechanisms were primarily ascribed to the formation of lubricating film and ball-bearing effect of the TiO2 NPs.

This paper illustrated a test conducted recently about the application of fire agents in Class E fires. This research carried out the chemical analysis of different agents, and made comparison among water and different fire agents. This research also successfully achieved a good result that cable fire could be put out using extinguishers while the power source is not cut off. This paper also illustrated some prospects about future research.

The cellulose obtained from Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) is used to determine its potential as a viscosifier agent for the Water-Based Mud (WBM). The cellulose was extracted by using two methods which are Method 1 (Chlorination-Bleaching Process and Mercerization Method) and Method 2 (Dewaxed-Alkaline-Delignification Method). The characterization of OPT cellulose is defined by FTIR while the content of the cellulose product is determined by the Weighting Method. The mud samples were formulated by the presence of different weight of cellulose applied. The rheological properties analysis was conducted on the viscosity (PV), gel strength, yield point (YP) and, filtrate volume. FTIR Spectrometry results showed that Method 2 mimicked the behavior of HEC cellulose (commercial product). Method 2 produced cellulose which has a similar functional group that appears at the same spectral peaks with HEC cellulose. On the yield percentage, Method 2 yields more cellulose by 43.05% while Method 1 only yields 37.63% of cellulose. While the results from the rheological analysis summarized that cellulose obtained from Method 2 portrays a good range of results as it met the standard range of PV for the WBM by API Recommended Practice 13B-1. In conclusion, the cellulose extracted from Method 2 has the potential to be commercialized as a viscosifier agent for WBM.

In this paper, an inorganic/organic water-based drilling fluids reducer AM/AA/GO was prepared by using acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA) and graphene oxide (GO) as raw material. Structural of AM/AA/GO was characterized via FT-IR, GPC and TGA-DSC. GPC results showed that the molecular weight of AM/AA/GO was 23503 g/mol and the TGA-DSC confirmed the excellent temperature resistance ability of AM/AA/GO.

The effects of nanometre materials on fire retardant coatings for steel structure were prepared and studied. The results showed that there were many bubbles in the Nano coating, and the carbon layer was more complete and compact. At the same time, the heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production rate of Nano coatings are all lower than traditional coatings. According to XPS energy spectrum analysis of the Nano coating, the content of O element in the black region is lower, and the content of P element is higher than that in the white region, indicating that the combustion in the black region is not complete and the flame retardant effect is batter.

To analyze the relationship of different COD concentration, sediment pollutants with hydrodynamic. Taking a polluted river as the research object, the data of flow velocity, water temperature, COD concentration, sediment OM content, sediment TN content and sediment TP content at nine sampling points were analyzed by stepwise regression and SPSS 25 data analysis software. Construct linear regression model of COD concentration Y, river flow velocity X1, water temperature X2, sediment OM content X3, sediment TN content X4, sediment TP content X5. The regression equation Y=106.172-64.304X4 + 0.065X5 with correlation coefficient R=0.954 and determination coefficient R2=0.91 was obtained by stepwise regression method. The results showed that the concentration of COD in water was correlated with the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in river sediments, and negatively correlated with the content of TN and positively correlated with the content of TP. The model can be used to estimate COD load of water body by analyzing the nitrogen and phosphorus content in river sediments.

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steels applied in water-based petrochemical drilling fluid solution (DFS) with non-toxic chemical compounds is an important focus of research. Rosemary oil (ROS) was evaluated for its corrosion inhibition effect on mild steel (MS) in DFS by the potentiodynamic polarization technique and optical microscopy characterization. The corrosion rate data show that ROS effectively inhibited MS corrosion with an average inhibition efficiency above 90%. ROS displayed anodic type inhibition mechanism. The polarization curves displayed the passivation region, which signified the total surface coverage of MS surface. Morphological images of inhibited MS surface significantly differred from the control MS without ROS, whose surface was severely deteriorated by corrosion pits and grooves.

MQ137 sensor has been successfully used to control ammonia concentration automatically and in realtime in a catfish pond water. The ammonia testing was carried out by bubbling pond water to vaporize ammonia gas to sense by the sensor. The result showed that the could detect the ammonia concentration below 1 ppm and it instructed the water pump to flow the water through a water filter to reduce the ammonia concentration. The application of pond water quality control has resulted in a reduction in the number of catfish deaths due to poisoning.

Application of biodegradable organic derivatives for corrosion inhibition of metallic alloys in water based petrochemical drilling fluid solution (WPDF) serves as a sustainable alternative to toxic chemical inhibiting compounds. The electrochemical corrosion inhibition of calcium gluconate (CG), on mild steel in WPDF was evaluated with potentiodynamic polarization and optical microscopy analysis. Statistical analysis on the effect of CG concentration on its inhibition performance was done through One Way ANOVA. Results show CG performed effectively at all concentration studied with average inhibition efficiency above 85%. CG exhibited mixed type inhibition property. The polarization plots obtained showed CG induces passivation of MS from the lowest to highest concentration due to its film forming and adsorption characteristics. This observation was further confirmed from the steel morphologies where the inhibited steel was relatively smooth while the non-inhibited morphology was badly corroded with visible corrosion pits.

To ensure reliable protection of porous plastered facades, water-based polymer dispersions must meet a set of properties for moisture absorption and vapour permeability. One of the most significant indicators in assessing moisture absorption is the hydrophobic properties of the coating, which characterizes their water repellency. Therefore, the article studied the effect of the dispersed mineral fillers content based on silicates and aluminosilicates on the wetting of water-based polymer dispersions and determined the possibility of their use as decorative and protective materials for plastered building facades finishing. It was found that the studied samples of water-based polymer dispersions can be used as facade coatings with high vapour permeability and low moisture absorption, which is confirmed by studies of the contact angle. The optimum values along the contact angle verge towards the hydrophobic coatings.

The quest for local content in the oil and gas industry for sustainability of materials and resources has necessitated further research on the use of Nigerian clays and locally sourced materials as additives in drilling fluid formulation to substitute the imported bentonite and synthetic additives currently used in natural oil and gas exploration. In this study, Uturu clay was treated using NaOH, NaHCO3, KOH and NaCO3 to improve its suitability for drilling fluid formulation. The clay sample was characterized using particle size analyzer (for particle size distribution), X-ray diffraction (for purity and crystallographic patterns), Fourier Transform infrared for surface chemistry. Water-based drilling fluid was developed using the characterized Uturu clay as the main composition and other four locally source natural polymer namely cassava starch, breadfruit starch, bush mango seed and corn fibre as rheology modifiers. It was found that clay treatment did not have significant effect on spud mud rheology. Clay characterization reveals that the untreated clay consists mainly of montmorillonite with traces of kaolinite and quartz. Preliminary drilling fluid formulation shows that rheological properties were significantly improved with the addition of the natural polymers. In addition, the rheological data were best described using power law model. Further optimization study is required to achieve optimum formulation comparable to the American Petroleum Institute recommendations and this investigation is ongoing in our lab and results will be communicated in another article.

The explosive vaporization of the nanofluid formed by water and SiO2 nanoparticles on a heater with the size of 100×110 μm was studied. In experiments, the reflected optical signal produced by heater lighting using laser beam was measured. The patterns of the initial stage of the nanofluid explosive vaporization were obtained and the effect of nanoparticles on the nucleation temperature was discussed. The variation of the nucleation temperature and vaporization time depending on the temperature increase rate was defined.

4-vinylpyridine (VP), N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) were synthesized to a novel filtrate reducer in aqueous solution by free radical copolymerization using ammonium persulfate and sodium bisulfite as redox systems. The structure of copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the thermal decomposition temperature of the copolymer was higher than 310°C, which indicated that the copolymer had excellent high temperature resistance. At the same time, the rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) were further evaluated by adding copolymer as a filtrate reducer. The results showed that the fluid loss (FLAPI) of WBDFs was only 5.0 mL when the copolymer content is 2.0 wt%, Even after hot rolling at 260°C for 16 hours, the FLAPI of WBDFs was 8.2 mL. The FLAPI of fresh water mud was 25.2 mL, and that of aged fresh water mud was 48 mL. In addition, WBDFs with copolymer effectively resists salt and calcium intrusion before and after hot rolling at high temperature for 16 hours, which indicates that the copolymer can be used as an efficient filtration reducer in ultra-deep well drilling operations.

Quenching is performed as part of steel heat-treatment to enhance mechanical properties, by rapid cooling. Factors that affect the selection of quench medium are hardenability of material, geometry, and dimensions of the component. In recent developments, nanofluids are used to improve heat transfer capacity. In this research, nanofluids were synthesized using the two-step method. Milling of particles was done using a high energy ball mill for 15 hours at 500 rpm. Observation of particle size, material composition, and morphology of particle, and surface changes of the particle were measured by Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE- SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Water-based nanofluids with a volume of 100ml were produced using the two-step method, with carbon concentrations of 0.1%, and 0.5% and Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate concentrations of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. Samples of S45C steels were austenized at 1000°C for 60 minutes. Hardness testing results correspond to the severity of the quenching mediums, with peak hardness of 845 HV for 0.1% Carbon with 1% SDBS, and 878 HV for 0.5% carbon with 3% SDBS. Hardness testing results show a significant improvement over results without SDBS addition. Excess surfactant addition yields a lower hardness due to the re-agglomeration of particles.

A series of diversified factors affect the arrangement of water-based areas in Poland. One of the most important elements are planning documents, such as the Act on Planning and Spatial Development, Water Law, or the Environmental Protection Law. These and other documents regulate the mutual relations between natural and cultural conditions as well as urbanized areas. At the same time, they affect the ability to conduct new investments in water areas – including those requiring the revitalization of post-industrial areas. The intense development in the last thirty years has meant that currently industrial facilities are in the city centre area. Authorities of many cities are trying to solve this problem, but it requires the application of not only interdisciplinary solutions, but also the establishment of large economic resources, without which it is impossible to restore the use of these areas. The adequate protection of the city against the effects of floods is an important issue related to the development of the water areas in the city. In this respect, there is a tendency to use expensive and ineffective methods of securing investment zones. The possibilities of water retention in flood control reservoirs are nearly five times smaller in Poland than in most other European countries. The scarce examples of polders show that this is one of the most effective methods of preventing damage caused by floods in urban areas. Such reservoirs are simultaneously valuable natural areas. In many intensively developing cities around the world, the generally accepted action is to strive to use the quays to create the signatures of cities. These places are designed to become an interesting space that people want to visit and which they want to use. Important city functions are located there, which are easily accessible due to public transport. However, it should be noted that in these spaces, their users have close contact with water. The current legal status and general public awareness (sometimes also of the city authorities) make it seem necessary to pay more attention to the comprehensive approach to the revitalization of vast water-based areas. It is important to integrate neighbouring functions and the way and quality of the arrangement of the whole area, and not just its fragment. The changes taking place in legal documents make the administrative path related to the transformation of water-based areas excessively complicated. However, it would be beneficial to specify the provisions of local spatial development plans and the general increase in coverage of plans of urban areas. The use of foreign standards seems to be valuable, where the revitalization of even vast areas is carried out in accordance with the precise assumptions. Such activities allow for creating interdisciplinary solutions, integrating numerous elements, which often leads to obtaining the synergy.

The track registration technique with a CR-39 detector was used to measure radon concentrations, and uranium contents in ground water samples from the Nineveh plain region wells. Samples were selected from 20 locations for measurements. This research aimed to assess radiological risks from uranium ingestion, and measure annual effective dose AED resulting from the intake of radon in the ingested water. Radon concentrations in these water samples were found to vary from 0.362 to 1.485 BqL−1, which were below the safety recommended limits 4 to 40 BqL−1 based on the Scientific Committee of United Nations on Atomic Radiation Effects. AED was found to vary from 1.32 to 5.42 µSv/y. Uranium activity concentrations ranged from 0.356 to 1.488 BqL−1, and the corresponding uranium concentrations in water samples were found to vary from 28.76 to 120 μgL−1. Uranium concentrations were over the safety recommended limits when, compared with recommended limits of of 30 μgL−1 for drinking water based on the US environmental protection agency. The excess cancer risk varied from 0.398 to 1.666 x10-4 with a mean value of 0.9 x10-4, indicating that 9/100,000 people in these areas haves a cancer risk from the water.