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The three-dimensional thermal properties of 18-core photonic crystal fiber lasers operated under natural convec-tion are investigated. The temperature sensing technique based on a fiber Bragg grating sensor array is proposed to measure the longitudinal temperature distribution of a 1.6-m-long ytterbium-doped 18-core photonic crystal fiber. The results show that the temperature decreases from the pump end to the launch end exponentially. More-over, the radial temperature distribution of the fiber end is investigated by using the full-vector finite-element method. The numerical results match well with the experimental data and the coating temperature reaches 422.7K, approaching the critical value of polymer cladding, when the pumping power is 40 W. Therefore the fiber end cooling is necessary to achieve power scaling. Compared with natural convection methods, the copper cooling scheme is found to be an effective method to reduce the fiber temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel woodpile lattice structure is proposed. Based on plane wave expansion (PWE) method, the complete photonic band gaps (PBGs) of the novel woodpile three-dimensional (3D) terahertz (THz) photonic crystal (PC) with a decreasing symmetry relative to a face-centred-tetragonal (fct) symmetry are optimized by varying some structural parameters and the highest band gap ratio can reach 27.61%. Compared to the traditional woodpile lattice, the novel woodpile lattice has a wider range of the filling ratios to gain high quality PBGs, which provides greater convenience for the manufacturing process. The novel woodpile 3D PC will be very promising for materials of THz functional components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the operation of a bidirectional picosecond pulsed ring Nd:YVO4 laser based on a low-temperature-grown semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. Except for the laser crystal, the six-mirror ring laser cavity has no intra-cavity elements such as focusing lens or mirror. The bidirectional mode locked pluses are obtained at the repetition rate of 117.5 MHz, pulse duration of 81 ps, power of 2x200 mW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reflection-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) metamaterial is proposed, which is composed of a dielectric spacer sandwiched with metallic patterns and metallic plane. Experimental results of THz time domain spectrum (THz-TDS) exhibit a typical reflection of EIT at 0.865 THz, which are in excellent agreement with the full-wave simulations. A multi-reflection theory is adopted to analyze the physical mechanism of the reflection-type EIT, showing that the reflection-type EIT is a superposition of multiple reflection of the transmission EIT. Such a reflection-type EIT provides many applications based on the EIT effect, such as slow light devices and nonlinear elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-power nanosecond pulsed THz-wave radiation is achieved via a surface-emitted THz-wave parametric oscillator. One MgO:LiNbO3 crystal with large volume is used as the gain medium. THz-wave radiation from 1.084 THz to 2.654 THz is obtained. The maximum THz-wave average power is 5.8 uW at 1.93 THz when the pump energy is 84 mJ, corresponding to a energy conversion efficiency of 6.9 x 10[?]6. The polarization characteristics of THz wave are analyzed. During the experiments the radiations of the first-order and the second-order Stokes wave are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the single-mode condition and power fraction of an air cladding total internal reflection (TIR) guided porous polymer THz fiber. It is shown that the single mode condition and a high fraction of power in air holes cannot be simultaneously met in porous fibers. Employing the V parameter and the Lorentz--Lorenz formula, we analyze this problem theoretically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a simple birefringent terahertz (THz) waveguide which is a polymer elliptical tube with a cross section of elliptical ring structure. It can be achieved by stretching a normal circular-tube in one direction. Simulations based on the full-vector finite element method (FEM) show that this kind of waveguides exhibits high birefringence on a level of 10[?]2 over a wide THz frequency range. Moreover, as a majority of modal power is trapped in the air core inside the polymer elliptical tube, the THz waveguide guiding loss caused by material absorption can be reduced effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parametric gain of a terahertz wave parametric oscillator (TPO) is analyzed. Meanwhile the expression of TPO threshold pump intensity is derived and theoretically analyzed with different factors. The effective interaction length between the pump wave and Stokes wave is calculated, and particular attention is paid to the coupling efficiency of the pump wave and Stokes wave. Such an analysis is useful for the experiments of TPO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate 750 nm and 532 nm dual-wavelength laser for applications in the internet of things. A kind of optical maser is developed, in which the semiconductor module outputs the 808nm pump light and then it goes into a double-clad Nd3+ :YAG monocrystal optical fiber through the intermediate coupler and forms a 1064nm laser. The laser outputs come from both left and right terminals. In the right branch, the laser goes into the right cycle polarization LiNbO3 (PPLN) crystal through the right coupler, produces the optical parametric oscillation and forms the signal light λ1 (1500nm), the idle frequency light λ2 (3660.55nm), and the second-harmonic of the signal light λ3 (750nm). These three kinds of light and the pump light λ4 together form the frequency matching and the quasi-phase matching, then the four-wave mixing occurs to create the high-gain light at wavelength 750nm. Meanwhile, in the left branch, the laser goes into the left PPLN crystal through the left coupler, engenders frequency doubling and forms the light at wavelength 532nm. That is to say, the optical maser provides 750nm and 532nm dual-wavelength laser outputting from two terminals, which is workable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An asymmetric quantum well (AQW) is designed to emit terahertz (THz) waves by using difference frequency generation (DFG) with the structure of GaAs/Al0:2Ga0:8As/Al0:5Ga0:5As. The characteristics of absorption coefficients are analysed under the parabolic and non-parabolic energy-band conditions in detail. We find that the absorption coefficients vary with the two pump optical intensities, and they reach the maxima when the pump wavelengths are given as p1 = 9:70 m and p2 = 10:64 m, respectively. Compared with non-parabolic conditions, the total absorption coefficient under parabolic conditions shows a blue shift, which is due to the increase in the energy difference between the ground and excited states. By adjusting the two pump optical intensities, the wave vector phase-matching condition inside the AQW is satisfied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, Lou's direct perturbation method has been applied successfully to solve the nonlinear Schrodinger equation(NLSE) hierarchy, such as the NLSE, the coupled NLSE, the critical NLSE, and the derivative NLSE. But to our knowledge, this method for other types of perturbed nonlinear evolution equations has still been lacking. In this paper, Lou's direct perturbation method is applied to the study of perturbed complex Burgers equation. By this method, we calculate not only the zero-order adiabatic solution, but also the first order modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experimentally demonstrate a high power nanosecond pulsed terahertz (THz)-wave parametric oscillator (TPO) by using a wide pump beam. A surface emitted cavity configuration is employed to reduce the THz absorption in MgO:LiNbO3 crystal. The THz wave can be tuned from 1 THz to 3 THz. A maximum THz output energy of 438 nJ/pulse is achieved at 1.56 Hz using a 4.5-mm-diameter pump beam with a pulse energy of 226mJ pump energy with the repetition of 10 Hz, corresponding to the energy conversion efficiency of 1.94 × 10-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dielectric properties of near-stoichiometric LiNbO3:Fe and LiNbO3:Ce single crystals have been investigated using terahertz time domain spectroscopy in a frequency range of 0.7-1.6 THz at room temperature. When coupled with an applied external optical field, obvious photorefractive effects were observed, resulting in a modulation of the complex dielectric constant for the crystals. The variation in refractive index, |Δn|, had a linear relationship with the applied light intensity, accompanied by a step-like decrease at high intensity. The findings were attributed to the internal space charge field of the photorefraction and the light-induced domain reversal in the crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an efficient continuous-wave (CW) tunable intra-cavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on the multi-period periodically poled lithium niobate and using a laser diode (LD) end-pumped CW 1064 nm Nd:YVO4 laser as the pump source. A highly efficiency CW operation is realized through a careful cavity design for mode matching and thermal stability. The signal tuning range is 1401-1500 nm obtained by varying the domain period. The maximum output power of 2.2 W at 1500 nm is obtained with a 17.1 W 808 nm LD power and the corresponding conversion efficiency is 12.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a set of equations describing the terahertz generation and electro-optic detection based on optical rectification in zincblende crystals. The dependence of terahertz emission efficiency on the polarization of incident beam and crystal-orientation is discussed. For the experimental setup with a transceiver which transmits and detects terahertz radiation in the same crystal, we have demonstrated the optimal combination of both parameters above to optimize the working efficiency. Equations supplied in this paper are valid for zincblende crystals with arbitrary crystalorientation and every possible polarization of an incident beam, which are of great significance for the optimization of a system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the performances of terahertz-wave parametric oscillators (TPOs) based on the LiNbO3 crystal at different pump wavelengths. The calculated results show that TPO characteristics, including the frequency tuning range, the THz-wave gain and the stability of THz-wave output direction based on the Si-prism coupler, can be significantly improved by using a short-wavelength pump. It also demonstrates that a long-wavelength-pump allows the employment of a short TPO cavity due to an enlarged phase-matching angle, that is, an increased angular separation between the pump and oscillated Stokes beams under the THz-wave generation at a specific frequency. The study provides an useful guide and a theoretical basis for the further improvement of TPO systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG dual-wavelength laser operating at 1319 and 1338 nm is demonstrated. The maximum average output power of the quasi-continuous wave linearly polarized dual-wavelength laser is obtained to be 2.1 W at a repetition rate of 50 kHz with an output power instability of less than 0.38% and beam quality factor M2 of 1.45. Using the two lines, the highly coherent and narrow linewidth terahertz radiation of 3.23 THz can be generated in an organic 4-N, N-dimethylamino-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) crystal. Meanwhile, the multi-wavelength red laser at 659.5, 664 and 669 nm is generated by frequency doubling and sum frequency processes in a lithium triborate (LBO) crystal. The average red laser output power is enhanced up to 1.625 W at a repetition rate of 15 kHz with an output power instability of better than 0.53% and beam quality factor M2 of 6.05. Using the three lines, it is possible to generate the multi-wavelength THz radiation of 3.3, 3.43 and 6.73 THz in an appropriate difference frequency crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a passively Q-switched quasi-cw diode-pumped Nd:YAG including an intracavity optical parametric oscillator. The dynamics of this system is described by solving the coupled equations. The effect of the initial transmission of Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber on the signal wave operation is studied. Under optimum conditions, we achieve 2.3 m J energy at 1.57mm wavelength for 40 Hz repetition rate. The peak power of the pulses amounts to 0.88MW with the pulse width of 2.6ns. When the Fresnel reflection losses of the filters are taken into account, the pulse energy would be higher than 2.3 m J. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest pulse energy and peak power for such a type of single resonant quasi-cw diode pumped Nd:YAG/Cr4+ :YAG IOPO laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passively Q-switched quasi-continuous-wave (QCW) diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser with Cr4+:YAG as saturable absorber is numerically investigated by solving the coupled rate equations. The threshold pump rate for passively Q-switched QCW-pumped laser is derived. The effects of the pump rate and pump-pulse duration on the laser operation characteristics are studied theoretically. The pump power range can be estimated according to the number of output pulses. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a high-repetition-rate mid-infrared (mid-IR) optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled MgO-doped LiNbO3 (PPMgLN) at room temperature was demonstrated. The maximum average mid-IR output power at 3.63mm was 1.02 W with the repetition rate of 60kHz and corresponding efficiency from the pump to the idler was 26.7%. The temperature tuning and the period tuning characteristics were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a continuous-wave (CW) mid-infrared intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) pumped by a diode-end-pumped CW Nd:YVO4 laser. Considering the thermal lens effects, it adopted an optical ballast lens and the near-concentric cavity for better operation. At the PPLN's grating period of 28.5mm and the temperature of 140°C, the maximum idler output power of 155mW at 3.86mm has been achieved when the 808nm pump power is 8.5W, leading to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 1.82%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high power cw all-solid-state 1.34-mm Nd:GdVO4 laser is experimentally demonstrated. With a diode-double-end-pumped configuration and a simple plane-parallel cavity, a maximum output power of 27.9W is obtained at incident pump power of 96 W, introducing a slope efficiency of 35.4%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power of diode-end-pumped 1.3-mm laser. With the experimental data, the thermal-stress-resistance figure of merit of Nd:GdVO4 crystal with 0.3 at% Nd3+ doped level is calculated to be larger than 9.94 W/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a numerical investigation on terahertz wave propagation in plastic photonic band-gap fibres which are characterized by a 19-unit-cell air core and hexagonal air holes with rounded corners in cladding. Using the finite element method, the leakage loss and absorption loss are calculated and the transmission properties are analysed. The lowest loss of 0.268 dB/m is obtained. Numerical results show that the fibres could liberate the constraints of background materials beyond the transparency region in terahertz wave band, and efficiently minimize the effect of absorption by background materials, which present great advantage of plastic photonic band-gap fibres in long distance terahertz delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simplified scheme of bend-induced mode distortion is introduced into bent holey fibres, the distorted mode distribution and mode effective area reduction are investigated using the finite difference method. Numerical results show that the modes of bent holey fibres with small bend radius shift away from the core and are deformed greatly, and the mode areas drop significantly as the bend radius decreases, which severely affects the fibre laser performance. The propagation characteristics of bent holey fibres at given wavelength are determined by fill factor and normalized bend radius. Finally, the transition normalized bend radius that represents the location of the mode area beginning to fall off is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an efficient nanosecond optical parametric generator (OPG) with a periodically-phase-reversed periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3(ppr-PPMgLN), which produces two pairs of signal and idler waves. The OPG is pumped by a 1.064 mm Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser. When the repetition rate is set at 10 kHz, the maximum average total output power of 570 mW is achieved, including 410 mW of dual-signal radiations and 160 mW of dual-idler radiations. The total conversion efficiency is 32.5%. The tunable dual-signal wavelengths in the range of 1.474-1.518 mm and 1.490-1.539 mm and the dual-idler of 3.826-3.558 mm and 3.726-3.451 mm are obtained by changing the crystal temperature from 30°C to 200°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and high-power diode-side-pumped cw 532 nm green laser based on a V-shaped cavity geometry, and capable of generating 22.7 W green radiation with optical conversion efficiency of 8.31%, has been demonstrated. The laser is operated with rms noise amplitude of less than 1% and with M2-parameter of about 6.45 at the top of the output power. This laser has the potential for scaling to much higher output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a numerical simulation of continuous terahertz beam induced transient thermal effects on static water. The terahertz wave used in this paper has a Gaussian beam profile. Based on the transient heat conduction equation, the finite element method (FEM) is utilized to calculate the temperature distribution. The simulation results show the dynamic process of temperature change in water during terahertz irradiation. After about 300 s, the temperature reaches a steady state with a water layer thickness of 5 mm and a beam radius of 0.25 mm. The highest temperature increase is 7 K/mW approximately. This work motivates further study on the interaction between terahertz wave and bio-tissue, which has a high water content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a widely tunable, narrow linewidth, pulsed Ti:sapphire laser pumped by an all-solid-state Q-switched intra-cavity frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. By using four dense flint glass prisms as intra-cavity dispersive elements, the output wavelength can be continuously tuned over 675-970 nm and the spectral linewidth is shortened to 0.5nm. The maximum output power of 6.65 W at 780nm is obtained under 23.4 W pump power with repetition rate of 5.5kHz; corresponding to an conversion efficiency of 28.4%. Due to the gain-switching characteristics of the Ti:sapphire laser, the output pulse duration is as short as 17.6 ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipolar and quadrupolar resonance wavelengths of SiO2/Au nanoshell surface plasmons are designed at 560 nm to enhance the light trapping in thin film solar cells. In order to quantitatively describe the light trapping effect, the forward-scattering efficiency (FSE) and the light trapping efficiency (LTE) are proposed by considering the light scattering direction of SiO2/Au nanoshells. Based on the Mie theory, the FSE and the LTE are calculated for SiO2/Au nanoshells of different dimensions, and the contributions of the dipolar and quadrupolar modes to the light trapping effect are analyzed in detail. When the surface coverage of nanoshells is 5%, the LTEs are 21.7% and 46.9% for SiO2/Au nanoshells with sizes of (31 nm, 69 nm) and (53 nm, 141 nm), respectively. The results indicate that the SiO2/Au nanoshell whose quadrupolar mode peak is designed to the strongest solar energy flux density of the solar spectrum facilitates the further enhancement of light harvesting in thin film solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a Type II non-critically phase-matched KTA crystal, a low-threshold and high conversion efficiency mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser is demonstrated. The OPO threshold is only 0.825 W. The maximum output power of 435mW at 3.47 mm is achieved with the repetition rate of 30 kHz, corresponding to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 4.4%. The photon conversion efficiency is as high as about 64%. The pulse width is 3.5 ns with a peak power of 4kW for the maximum output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cw diode side-pumped Nd:YAG laser is frequency doubled to 532nm with an intracavity KTP crystal in a V-shaped arrangement, achieving an output power of 40 W corresponding to an optical-optical conversion efficiency of 9.7%. The instabilities and the M2 -parameters of the laser are measured at different output powers after the beam is filtered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe-doped CeO2 is synthesized by ceramic method and the effects of Fe doping on the structure and properties are characterized by ordinary methods and terahertz-time domain spectrometer (THz-TDS) technique. Our results show that pure CeO2 only has a small dielectric constant [?] of 4, while a small amount of Fe (0.9 at. %) doping into CeO2 promotes densification and induces a large e of 23. From the THz spectroscopy, it is found that for undoped CeO2 both the power absorption and the index of refraction increase with frequency, while for Fe-doped CeO2 we measure a remarkable transparency together with a flat index curve. The absorption coefficient of Fe-doped CeO2 at frequency ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 THz is less than 0.35 cm[?]1, implying that Fe-doped CeO2 is a potential THz optical material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]