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Introduction: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thrombotic complications appear to be of particular importance in patients with COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate Changes in the level of Antiphospholipid antibodies (Anticardiolipin and Anti-β2-glycoprotein-I) and thromboembolic indices in COVID-19 patients during 3 weeks., Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on adults with Covid-19 hospitalized at Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan. The case group includes the patients admitted to the internal ward or ICU who despite receiving prophylactic or anticoagulant doses suffer from thrombotic complications and the control group includes COVID-19 patients without thromboembolic events. The sample size of 120 people was considered. Anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein-I antibodies, coagulation profiles including Fibrinogen, PTT, PT Troponin, ESR, CRP, and D-dimer were examined. After collection, the data were entered into spss24 software and analyzed., Results: The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the changes of anticardiolipin and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein in IgM and IgG as well as in the changes of ESR, CRP, PTT, PT, and fibrinogen in the two groups ( P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Our study showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between anti-phospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein) and thromboembolic events. Therefore anticardiolipin and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein is probably the puzzles causing thrombosis in COVID-19 patients, and other inflammatory responses should be examined among the cases., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.)

The aim of this review is to show the historical aspects of hands washing for healthy life and explains how can reduce the transmission of community-acquired infectious agents by healthcare workers and patients. This review article is prepared based on available database. The key words used were hands washing, risk assessment, hands hygiene, bacterial flora, contamination, infection, nosocomial, tap water, sanitizer, bacterial resistance, hands bacterial flora, washing methods, antiseptics, healthcare workers, healthcare personnel, from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar. Data were descriptively analyzed. The insistence on hand washing has a history of 1400 years. The research results indicate that the bacteria released from the female washed hands in wet and dry condition was lower than from the male's hands with a significance level (3 CFU vs. 8 CFU; confidence interval 95%, P ≤ 0.001). The valuable results of the study indicated that released amount of bacterial flora from wet hands is more than 10 times in compared to dry hands. In addition, established monitoring systems for washing hands before and after patient's manipulation as well as after toilet were dominant indices to prevent the transfer of infectious agents to the patients. Increasing awareness and belief of the healthcare workers have shown an important role by about 30% reduction in the transfection. Hand washing could reduce the episodes of transmission of infectious agents in both community and healthcare settings. However, hand washing is an important key factor to prevent transmission of infectious agents to patients. There is no standard method for measuring compliance. Thus, permanent monitoring of hand washing to reduce the transmission of infections is crucial. Finally, the personnel must believe that hand washing is an inevitable approach to infection control., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between C-reactive protein (CRP) with physical fitness, physical activity, obesity, and selected cardiovascular risk factors in school-children., Methods: Forty-four boy schoolchildren (mean ± SD: age 10.25 ± 0.75 years, height 144 ± 0.2 cm, body weight 46.1 5± 4.59 kg, body mass index 22.16 ± 2.16 kg/m(2)) voluntarily participated in this study. Physical fitness and physical activity were assessed using the 20-meter fitness test. Adiposity was estimated using body mass index. Blood samples were taken after an overnight fast and measured for CRP, LDL, HDL and cholesterol. Pearson's correlation was calculated to determine the relations between these factors., Results: Mean (SD) CRP concentration was 1.07 (0.82) mg/l. A significant correlation was observed between CRP and VO2max (r=-0.45, P= 0.001), body mass index (r=0.55, P=0.000) and cholesterol (r=-0.35, P=0.04). No significant relation was found between CRP and physical activity, LDL and HDL (P> 0.05). Moreover, significant associations were observed between body mass index and VO2max (r=-0.33, P=0.02) and physical activity (r=-0.43, P=0.04)., Conclusions: Body mass index was the most powerful predictor of serum concentrations of CRP in schoolchildren. It may be an important factor to control body weight to prevent an increase in serum CRP in children and to help the primordial prevention of chronic diseases.