Search

At the based of the terms "disorganization" and "adaptation" there was studied the variation of the quantitative criterion of toxic effect--the threshold dose during the experiment with 222 chemicals with the oral toxicity. It is shown that the first manifestation of the effect may occur already in the 5th or 10th or 15th-20th day of intoxication. In the short-term and chronic experiments the dynamics of the toxic process on threshold effect level in time was established to be characterized by four types of models: the growth of the effect (reduction of the threshold doses)--14% of the substances, the absence of the changes in threshold doses--46% of the substances, the apparent weakening of the effect (increase of the threshold dose)--10% of the substances, undulating nature of the threshold doses changes (periodic rise and fall)--30% of the substances. The analysis of these differences with regard to the stage of disorganization and adaptation is carried out. The recommendations for clarifying the procedure of toxicological experiment depending on the dynamics of the toxic process at the threshold level are developed.

The integral indices based on element ratio of hemogram as well as alpha-1 antitripsin, interleukins 2 and 10 contents in the adolescents living in industrial town with a high pollution level are represented in this paper. The increase in the processes of the nonspecific phagocytic protection and exertion of adaptive mechanisms has been revealed.

The results of theoretical analysis and generalizations of long-term works of the author on the physiological-hygienic and clinical studies of the body in the adult population, exposed to influence of extremely pronounced environmental factors and conditions of employment are reported. The result of generalization - the theory of adaptive adjustment of the organism in extreme conditions - is presented as a system of postulates. The features of disease as a manifestations of the phenomenon of the side effects of adaptive adjustment of the organism are considered.

Adaptive capacities were studied in 6-7-year-ol apparently healthy children in relation to the number of congenital morphogenetic variants (CMVs). The most markedly reduced adaptive capacities were revealed in children with 5 CMVs or more.

Petroleum and its transformation products accumulated in soil along multiple trophic chains enter the human body, which increases the risk of environmentally induced diseases. A thirty-day experiment studied the cutaneous effect of different doses (4250, 850, and 425 mg/kg) of sunflower oil-emulsified petroleum. Its sensitizing and allergic effects were studied on albino guinea pigs. The activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and catalase was determined in the sera of non-inbred male albino rats. Petroleum given in a dose of 4250 mg/kg was found to have a negative effect. When its bioeffect occurred, a protective adaptive response of the body revealed in early stages gave way to tension of its adaptive capacities.

The paper presents an investigation into the changes in the hemostasis system of rats during extreme exercises. It has been observed that a single two-hour swimming exercise and an eight-hour imposed running in the treadbahn are accompanied by the expressed shifts in hypercoagulation with the signs of thrombinemia. On the background of the decrease in the anticoagulative and fibrinolytic activity it creates a serious threat of intravascular blood coagulation. The preliminary thirty-day course of extractum Eleutherococci eliminated the signs of intravascular blood coagulation.

Neutrophilokine, a latex-activated neutrophilic secretory product, was tested for effects on the body's response to immobilization stress. Preadministration of neutrophilokine decreased the magnitude of post-stress changes: neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and stress-induced ulcerogenesis in the gastric mucosa. It is concluded that triple administration of neutrophilokine induces adaptation to immobilization stress.

Under conditions of a prolonged emotional stress, disturbed regulation of blood sugar level was encountered along with a reduction of the thymus mass in 85.7 of animals. Diminution of the adaptational properties of the organism in such conditions is revealed during a sugar load. Preventive administration of thyroid-releasing hormone in the studied stress reaction makes it possible to maintain the compensatory reserves against the glucose load test.

Caffeine (0.1 g) was shown to increase the variability of the heart rate (parameters of the cardiointervalogram) in 10 healthy women irrespective of their vegetative and hormonal status. The combined use of caffeine and cardiointervalogram reveals "risk phases" in the ovarian cycle of women, accompanied by tension of the adaptive mechanisms. This makes it possible to recommend such combination as an adequate test for the evaluation of the state of the adaptive systems in health and disease.

In the experiment performed on 70 noninbred white male rats by means of histological and morphometric techniques construction and cell composition of the thymus, spleen and inguinal lymph nodes have been studied under the influence of systematic physical (swimming) loads. They have been applied under conditions of a pharmacological correction (administration of leacadin) and without it. In the animals not given leacadin, the physical loads result in decrease of the immune function in all the organs investigated. This is evident from decreasing size of the thymus, outgrowth of adipose tissue in it, drop in amount of lymphoid nodules++ in the spleen, decline of contents of lymphocytes in all the organs, and in the cords of the inguinal lymph nodes--decline of plasma cells. Application of leacadin prevents appearance of unfavourable changes.

The effect of verapamil on the functional state of the ischemic myocardium, the myocardial tolerance to ischemia and the processes of urgent adaptation of the heart in the coronary artery occlusion was investigated in the experiments on anesthetized open-chest cats. Verapamil was shown to exert the dose-dependent anti-ischemic action, to increase the myocardial tolerance to ischemia, to suppress the response to the physiological saline infusion and not to change adrenoreactivity of the ischemic myocardium at the coronary artery compression.

Adaptive antiseptic potential of patients subjected to adenomectomy was quantified by measurement of protein synthesis according to the rate of 3H-thymidine inclusion into leukocytic DNA before and 4 hours after intravenous administration of 0.2 mg/kg prednisolone. In healthy controls this rate, when stimulated by prednisolone, rose 2.18 +/- 0.3-fold whereas in patients the rise did not exceed 1.07 +/- 0.07-fold. One-week administrations of adaptogens increased the latter rate 1.27-2.61-fold leading to less frequent infectious complications. A randomized trial of 118 patients involving the comparison of three different variants of adaptogens treatment against the control revealed the most favourable regimen: 0.15 U/kg im insulin, 0.1 mg/kg prednisolone, 0.2 mg/kg dibazol, 250 mg/kg methyluracil daily for 1 week preoperatively.

For experimental verification of the authors' hypothesis on the role of the mechanism of adaptative disintegration in pathogenesis of trauma disease the essence of which consists in inadequacy of emergency adaptation of the organism to a critical and middle degree of the injury by the time and amplitude, an investigation on 89 rabbits has been performed with modeling of extensive wound of soft tissues of the femur. The correction of the neuroendocrine response of the organism to trauma by injection of synthetic opiopeptide dalargin++ was made. The use of dalargin changed quantitatively and qualitatively the neuroendocrine reaction to the injury and optimized the wound process and restoration of the homeostasis parameters.

Fifteen kidney biopsy samples+, obtained from children suffering from the primary nephrotic syndrome, characterized with a high selective proteinuria and non-inflammatory character of changes in the renal corpuscles have been investigated after hormonotherapy (11 cases before and 4 cases 2-3 weeks after it). In podocytes certain disturbances in the lysosomal-vascular apparatus develop with a successive appearance of degeneration, desquamation and even necrosis of these cells. After prednisolone++ treatment edema of cytoplasm of the cells and their processes disappears, amount and size of the filtration slits are partly restored.

Anthracycline antibiotics rubomycin (daunomycin) and carminomycin rapidly accumulated in the bacterial and ascitic tumor cells and their intracellular concentrations significantly exceeded the concentrations in the medium. The strains of Staph. aureus and Fisher mouse ascitic lymphadenosis L-5178/P resistant to rubomycin preserved sensitivity to carminomycin. The resistance of the bacterial and tumor strains to rubomycin was accompanied by a significant decrease in the accumulation of rubomycin in the cells. At the same time carminomycin also effectively accumulated in the cells of Staph. aureus and Fisher ascitic lymphadenosis adapted to rubomycin, the same as in the cells of the parent strains.

Adaptogenic effect of mebikar was revealed in experiments on cats, mice and rats. The drug was shown to decrease the emotional stress and to completely remove the stupor-like state in cats induced by stress situation and pain stimulation. The drug slightly increased the lifespan of animals under hypoxic hypoxia and raised the limits of maximum tolerable physical load. It lowered the accumulation of hypoxic lactate. Electron microscopy and biochemical analysis revealed the mebikar-induced increase in glycogen content in muscle cells of the myocardium and in skeletal muscles. The data obtained indicate that mebikar is conducive to optimization of the behavior and some processes of energy metabolism in animals exposed to emotional stress, exercise and hypoxic hypoxia.

It has been demonstrated that the plasma ratio of free and protein-bound corticosterone depends on the hypoxic degree. After two-hour hypoxia at an altitude of 10,000 m the trained and untrained animals exhibit a similar content of the free hormone (21%), with the content of total corticosterone being significantly lower in the trained rats. A study of variations in the content of free corticosterone in rats exposed to hypoxia for 20, 45 and 120 min and ACTH administration during the same time intervals has shown that the binding capacity of transcortine changes 45 min after the beginning of hypoxia.

We examined heart tolerance of rats, that had been exposed to two-month social stress, to acute overload caused by aortic coarctation and investigated physiological doses of thyroid hormones used to treat stress-induced tolerance changes. Cardiac contractility of rats adapted to chronic stress and exposed to overload was similar to that of controls and the functional maximum reached at the 5th second of aortic coarctation was 33-53% higher than that in the controls. However, tolerance of chronically adapted hearts measured by their ability to maintain increased contractility during 25 s aortic coarctation was 1.4-1.8 times lower. Thyroid hormones in physiological doses normalized tolerance of chronically stressed hearts to overload induced by aortic coarctation.

Variations in the excretion of catecholamines (adrenalin, noradrenalin, dopamine and DOPA precursor) were studied in 34 test subjects who had undergone two drug tests at a two day interval: an insulin test at a dose of 0.15 Units/kg body weight and dopavein test at a dose of 800 microgram/day. In most cases these drugs caused an adequate response of the sympathoadrenal system which included its increased activity and reflected nonspecific reactions. It is concluded that a high (or an adequate) relative activity of the sympathoadrenal system during these tests is more favorable in terms of prediction of reactions of the body in harsh environments than a decreased activity of the sympatho-adrenal system, especially when it is combined with low background values of catecholamine excretion.

Reparative and protective properties of the high frequency ultrasound (880 kgHz, 0.4--0.6 W/cm2) have been studied in the experiment performed on rabbits before and after actinomycin D administration (0.2-1.2 mg/kg). RNA and total protein contents have been estimated in cytoplasm of ganglionic cells and in nuclei of photoreceptors. A positive effect of the ultrasound on actinomycin D-induced disorders in metabolic processes of the retina are proved to be weakly manifested. If the antibiotic is used in low concentrations, its inhibiting action can be eliminated or reduced with a subsequent ultrasound treatment of the eye. Simultaneous administration of the ultrasound and increased concentrations of actinomycin D enhances considerably development of certain degenerative changes in the retina. Preliminary ultrasound treatment (especially repeated) of the eye increases metabolic resistivity of retinal cells against the damaging effect of actinomycin D. It is manifested in less amount of cytochemical disorders, and when the inhibitor is applied in small doses-in their absence.

Nitroglycerin and nitrong were shown to exert a positive action on contractility of the right ventricular myocardium and the level of pressure in the lesser circulation in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension. In the persons living temporarily in high-altitude areas it was more pronounced at a single administration of nitroglycerin and in the native inhabitants of the mountains--during course treatment with nitrong.

On the basis of recent literature data the review gives characterization of collateral coronary blood circulation, emphasizes its role in protection of the myocardium against ischemic damage. Particular attention is given to the involvement of collateral coronary blood circulation in the mechanism underlying the anti-ischemic effect of the main groups of antianginal agents (nitroglycerin, beta-adrenoblockers, calcium antagonists, etc.).