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Emergent and reemergent infectious diseases. The notion of emerging and re-emerging infection has been developed recently, even if it rests on an already former concept. The emergence is doubtless delicate to define but can globally be an infectious disease by which the real incidence increases for a population and a geographical zone given to a period of time. Numerous factors condition an emergence, very unknown or not mastered. They report the difficulty or the impossibility to plan in a reliable way a future phenomenon, which would be nevertheless desirable. Yet to assure a legitimate effective coverage, serious preliminary data is essential. The modern companies wish to get organized and to form themselves to fight at best. Diverse ways can be set up., Competing Interests: F. Bricaire déclare n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts.

Competing Interests: F. Bricaire déclare n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts. H. Coignard-Biehler déclare avoir des liens durables ou permanents avec le ministère de la Santé et des Solidarités et la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française qui rémunèrent une partie de son activité sur la thématique « risque épidémique et biologique ». C. Leport est responsable médicale de la Mission nationale COREB. Cette mission fait l’objet d’une subvention du Ministre de la Santé etde la SPILF.

Competing Interests: F. Bricaire déclare n'avoir aucun lien d’intérêts. H. Coignard-Biehler déclare avoir des liens durables ou permanents avec le ministère de la Santé et des Solidarités et la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française qui rémunèrent une partie de son activité sur la thématique « risque épidémique et biologique ». C. Leport est responsable médicale de la Mission nationale COREB. Cette mission fait l'objet d'une subvention du Ministre de la Santé etde la SPILF.

Antibiotherapy is the pillar of the infectious endocarditis treatment. Bactericidal drugs must be used and their choice has to be adapted to bacterial sensitivity. The duration of treatment, traditionaly lengthy, especially in prosthetic valve endocarditis, depends on bacteria and has been shortened in some guidelines because of the combination of aminoglycoside.

Two types of pneumonia are well recognized during influenza: primary viral pneumonia and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Primary viral pneumonia occurs after a typical onset of influenza with rapid progression of dyspnea and cough leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment consists of respiratory assistance, but mortality is high. Secondary bacterial pneumonia occurs more frequently in the elderly and in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the most frequently isolated bacteria. After an initial phase of clinical improvement, manifestations of bacterial infection with pulmonary consolidation occur. The outcome is favorable with antibiotics but depends on the patient's underlying conditions.

Recent epidemiological data show that leptospirosis is widespread in the animal kingdom, and not only among Muridae, and, that the number of human cases is greater than in the past while being still underestimated. To the classical occupational contaminations must now be added those due to water sports. Since leptospirosis has extremely diverse clinical features, physicians should have this diagnosis in mind in many circumstances and should request the appropriate examinations at the right moment. Carefully performed microbiological techniques may reduce the problems encountered in isolating leptospires. Serological tests requested after the 12th day of the disease and repeated several times should improve the diagnostic confirmation. The potential severity of certain forms justifies not only a curative antibiotic therapy, but also prophylactic measures including wider immunization campaigns, notably among people professionally exposed to the infestation.