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Introduction: Critical thinking is a process of analysing, synthesising and evaluating the information in order to achieve an answer or conclusion. Aim: To evaluate the effect of critical thinking education on problem solving skills and self-esteem. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out among Iranian female high school students, from November to December 2016. Cassidy and Long’s Problem Solving Questionnaire and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale were used for data collection. A multistage random sampling was used. First, two high schools of girls were randomly selected and all study participants were asked to complete the problem solving questionnaire. Then, 60 students who had lower scores in problem solving skills (10-14) were identified and randomly assigned to the experimental and control group. The experimental group received eight 60 minutes sessions of critical thinking education. Before and after the intervention, students completed Problem Solving questionnaires and Rosenberg selfesteem scale. Data analysis was performed by the Multivariate Analysis Of Variance (MANOVA). Results: There was a significant correlation between problem solving skills and self-esteem (r=0.389, p=0.002). There was a significant difference between groups in problem solving skills (p=0.0001) and self-esteem (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Educating about critical thinking to the students had a positive effect on problem solving skills and self-esteem. Therefore, it can be said that critical thinking education is one of the important tools to create, cultivate and increase problem solving skills and self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nuchal Translucency (NT) is the sonographic form of subcutaneous gathering of liquid behind the foetal neck in the first trimester of pregnancy. There is association of increased NT with chromosomal and non-chromosomal abnormalities. Aim: The purpose of this systemic review was to review the pregnancy outcome of abnormal nuchal translucency. Materials and Methods: The present systematic review was conducted by searching English language articles from sources such as International Medical Sciences, Medline, Web of science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Index Copernicus, DOAJ, EBSCO-CINAHL. Persian articles were searched from Iranmedex and SID sources. Related key words were "outcome"," pregnancy", "abnormal", and "Nuchal Translucency" (NT). All, randomized, descriptive, analytic-descriptive, case control study conducted during 1997-2015 were included. Results: Including duplicate articles, 95 related articles were found. After reviewing article titles, 30 unrelated article and abstracts were removed, and 65 articles were evaluated of which 30 articles were duplicate. Finally 22 articles were selected for final analysis. Exclusion criteria were, case studies and reports and quasi experimental designs. This evaluation has optioned negative relationship between nuchal translucency and pregnancy result. Rate of cardiac, chromosomal and other defects are correlated with increased NT≥2.5mm. Cardiac disease which were associated to the increased NT are heart murmur, systolic organic murmur, Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), tricuspid valve insufficiency and pulmonary valve insufficiency, Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA). The most common problems that related with increased NT were allergic symptoms. Conclusion: According to this systematic review, increased NT is associated with various foetal defects. To verify the presence of malformations, birth defect consultations with a perinatologist and additional tests are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]