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The paper examines the products of interlingual and intralingual translanguaging and qualitatively analyzes three origin-based lexical varieties in Japanese, wago (native Japanese words), kango (Sino-Japanese words), and gairaigo (foreign loanwords other than kango) in terms of how they have been complementing, competing against, or being in conflict with each other, how they engage word-formation processes as deep as morpheme-levels, and how they are perceived and manipulated by language users, including translators. This study shows that translanguaging has been practiced recursively and multi-directionally over a long period of time, yielding the phenomenon 'translanguaging sequel'. The qualitative study of a Japanese translation of a Korean poem reveals a translator's ideology-driven translanguaging practice that crosses not only interlingual but also intralingual boundaries, causing an international socio-political dispute. This study supports the view that translanguaging has been shaping and reshaping the norms of languages and language use. It also suggests the benefits of analyzing the products and traces of translanguaging in translated texts as well as the process of translanguaging during translation activities that can be promoted and implemented in language classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to usher in a cognitive linguistic theory into (cognitive) translation studies and offers a theoretical model of translation from the construal perspective. In this construal-based theory, translators are modelled as construers which are featured by subjectivity, and meaning decoding and encoding in translation are equated with construal which is manifested at two levels. At the cognitive level, translators construe the source text whereas at the linguistic level the construal established by the translators is packaged in the target language. Translation process involves translators' construal operations such as perspective, selection, prominence and dynamicity, and imagination. Since construal is situated in context, it is impossible to recreate the construals of the source text author but optimal construal can be envisioned if the situated contexts for the source text author(s) as well as that for the target text are best accommodated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication in the current era has morphed into forms that differ markedly to those of old, owing to new mobilities, technologies, modalities, and rewritten historiographies, and to the ways in which we are progressively enacting identity. Nose's understandings of Amele, Finnish, and Tok Pisin contribute well to his argument of how Amele's morphologies position Amele as a unique language. The study follows Nose's extended ethnography of the Amele region and its dialects, during which, Nose explored the communicative intricacies of this highly understudied language. [Extracted from the article]

The paper reports on the progress made by second-year language degree university students as regards their use of online corpus construction, annotation and search tools when exploring video genres (Baldry and Thibault 2010, 2020; Jablonkai and Csomay 2022). Through first-hand experiences undertaken with students using the OpenMWS platform (Taibi 2020; http://mws.pa.itd.cnr.it/), the paper describes the ways in which, through the creation of new interactive communities, participation in the Messina OVP (Online Video Project) has empowered these students with regard to their acquisition of textual competences and, above all, their preparation for more intensive AVT studies in their third and final year. As such, the paper is a first-step towards online audiovisual translation that lays the bases for subsequent translation work and which is thus concerned with the underlying cohesion and coherence of the overall text as well as the analysis of specific textual formations in these videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a sociolinguistic approach to understanding the phenomenon of divergence from the standard norms of English that can be observed in public texts in the Greek city of Thessaloniki's translation landscape. This approach fits in with the growing body of research that recognises that not all translations are carried out by professional translators. Certainly in the case of Thessaloniki, translations are typically carried out by non-professionals who draw on the linguistic experience and resources they possess in order to communicate with visitors and residents who do not understand Greek. As a result, several linguistic and pragmatic divergences from Standard English can be observed in the target text, which native speakers of English seem to be willing to disregard, provided that the message is intelligible. The sociolinguistic approach adopted in this paper reveals the translators' effective use of the English language in conveying the message of the Greek source text, on the basis of the judgements expressed by translation professionals as well as native speakers of Greek and English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the uses and applications of interlingual subtitling for the d/Deaf and hard of hearing (SDH) in the language classroom and builds on a pilot experiment involving over a hundred students who partook in a didactic initiative based on the use of SDH. The present study forms part of the TRADILEX (2020–2023) international project, which draws on action-oriented approaches to produce didactic sequences of didactic audiovisual translation (AVT) and media accessibility (MA) tasks in foreign language education (FLE). A pilot experiment involving didactic interlingual captioning (Spanish into English) was carried out with two cohorts of students (N = 104) from two undergraduate programmes at a Spanish higher-education institution. The results shed light on the students' perception of didactic SDH, as well as the pedagogical benefits of learning English by captioning video clips. The students boosted their translation skills in different ways, and awareness was raised on the importance of analysing visual, acoustic and paralinguistic information when localising clips. Ultimately, this paper examines the potential benefits of action-oriented captioning tasks and advocates for integrating didactic AVT-MA into the FLE curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The translation policy model by González Núñez (2013, 475) comprises three elements, namely "translation management", "translation practices", and "translation beliefs". While the first two elements of this model are straightforward and easy to study in top-down approaches, translation beliefs can relate both to policymakers and policy receivers. However, the distinction has not been clearly made in this model and the element of translation beliefs has been chiefly treated in the literature as though it comes from the top levels of policymaking, hence overlooking the bottom-up aspects of it (see González Núñez 2014, 2016; Li et al. 2017). In order to improve this model, the present paper draws on the audience reception theory (Hall 1973), and shows that the current translation policy model requires a fourth element that I would call 'translation reception'. The paper draws on the findings of a reception-oriented case study on translation policies in provincial broadcasting in Iran. This study argues that a more inclusive model of translation policy should not only include the authority-level elements of translation management, translation practices, and translation beliefs, but also the element of translation reception on the part of policy receivers. This way, I hope, the end users' involvement in and contribution to the translation policy network will not be overlooked in subsequent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the central theme of the first group of three papers, which focus on socially distributed cognition in collaborative translation, the embodied cognition of gestures in simultaneous interpreting and collective cognition in translation teams. In his view, the cognitive commitment refers to the cognitive paradigm the translation process model is based on, either computational cognition, connectionist cognition, or situated interactive cognition. As an addition to the previous calls for the cognitive approach to translation reception, this research is expected to generate greater attention from the CTIS community for the exploration of how readers or audiences actually react to translation, interpreting and audio-visual translation products so that production and reception would be linked, providing a more holistic picture of the cognitive foundations of translation and interpreting. Strictly speaking, the study of cognitive aspects of translation and interpreting is rather young, though it builds on a long tradition of empirical work in contemporary Translation and Interpreting Studies (TIS). [Extracted from the article]

As an intertextual and culture-specific expression, allusion activates two texts simultaneously, embedding them with intended meaning from the source culture but not necessarily in the target culture. In the context of L1 translation being the majority, allusions can be puzzles that cause "cultural bumps" for translators unfamiliar with the source culture and language. It is a concern whether translators can accurately and appropriately handle allusions, e.g., proper-name and key-phrase allusions. This paper focused on the novice translator's utilization of translation strategies in both directions of translation to find out how they deal with proper-name allusions and what might influence their choice of strategies. The results suggest that the translators have distinct preferences for the strategies used to translate proper-name allusions in both directions of translation. The findings further identified potential factors that motivated the novice translators' decision-making process. They revealed their translation competence and awareness that may influence the decision-making of translators handling proper-name allusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FORUM is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although research on the role of emotion in audiovisual translation and audio description has gained some ground in recent years, the emotional reception of subtitles as an AVT mode has been under researched. To address this empirical gap, this paper presents the results of a study on the emotional rating of English and Polish subtitles to a selection of animated films. Expressions from Polish and English subtitled versions of the same films were collected, and 100 participants (native speakers of Polish and English) were asked to rate them in terms of emotional valence and arousal evoked. While the main effect of utterance type (negatively valenced, neutral, positively valenced) was observed, there was no effect of language, suggesting that the subtitle excerpts elicited similar responses in both languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Term variation occurs when different designations are used to name the same concept. In institutional settings, such as the European Union, term variants multiply, partly as a result of the different languages and directions involved. Indirect translation is a recurrent practice in these multilingual contexts since it limits the number of language combinations, besides reducing costs and the need for translators. This paper describes how indirect translation via English has an influence on Spanish term variation in the European Union. We analyzed the EUR-Lex and Europarl English and Spanish corpora in Sketch Engine. The focus was on concepts related to Sustainable Development Goal 13: Climate Action, which are specifically addressed in these institutional corpora as a result of a long-standing environmental awareness. Our analysis indicates that indirect translation seems to have a subtle effect on term variants, since their proliferation seems to be mitigated when indirect translation is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this contribution is to assert the role of didactic audiovisual translation as a helpful tool for enhancing metalinguistic skills in a foreign language classroom in Italy; more precisely, the paper will offer an analysis of how foreign language teachers can introduce their students to the idea of sociolinguistic variation, by observing how lexical and morphosyntactic changes can occur in the translation process from an Italian source text into an English target text and/or vice versa. The following sociolinguistic variables will be examined through the lens of audiovisual translation, applied to a range of text types including films and an opera libretto turned into surtitles in English: (1) diamesic variation, making students reflect on such aspects as coarse expressions and taboo words, in relation to the Australian film Ned Kelly; (2) diachronic variation, exploring the multidisciplinary possibilities offered by opera surtitling with a focus on the opera Falstaff by Giuseppe Verdi; (3) diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic variations, commenting upon some examples from the Italian films Mio cognato (My Brother-In-Law) and L'uomo che comprò la luna (The Man Who Bought the Moon). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sources of law are made up of terms that, amongst other things, mediate between facts and different results, and it is the role of lawyers to explain or justify why a particular interpretation or permutation of a given term should be taken in a given case. Such terms do not exist in isolation, but are hugely contextual and play an integral role in intermediating between different potential outcomes. Therefore, the skill of carefully applying and using legal terms is one of the primary focuses of legal education and calls for a consideration of the intricate role that legal terms play in legal argumentation. However, sometimes this endeavour in the law classroom is affected by the focus placed on the meaning of individual terms, as opposed to the broader role they have in legal reasoning and the analysis of legal outcomes. In considering this, this paper draws a contrast between the way in which students sometimes use different legal and moral terms in the various roles in their lives outside of the classrooms and within, and contends that one of the reasons for this is the greater liberty that they feel in using different terms outside of the classroom. This paper contends that, pedagogically, a similar level of independence can be achieved through the collaborative translation of legal concepts into abstract art, by enabling students to take greater co-ownership of legal language. Specifically, it argues that Wassily Kandinsky's art theory, with its emphasis on the spirit and emotions, can provide an effective framework for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[T]here was an important element in the translator's work that remained out of the picture in my theoretical studies. Sensitivity to general and specific contexts is in fact a key indicator of interpreter and translator expertise. The cultural and sociological aspects of interpreting are entwined in this paper, demonstrating a cultural sociology framework to be an indispensable constituent of Applied Translation and Interpreting Studies. Contexts of Russian Literary Translation, a special issue of Translation and Interpreting Studies. doi: 10.1075/tis.11.1. [Extracted from the article]

This paper explores decision-making in translation focusing on the self-revision process of novice and experienced translators of biomedical content in the English to European Portuguese language pair. Adopting process- and product-oriented methods, an experiment was designed to study thirty translations of a 244-word instructional text about a medical device intended for health professionals. The data elicited from fifteen novice translators and fifteen experienced translators included keylogging and screen-recording data. These data were triangulated and analyzed to describe the translation solutions in the interim and final versions in response to problematic translation units and to test if, during the self-revision process, novice and experienced translators tend to proceed from more literal versions to less literal ones, or vice versa, in biomedical translation. Contrary to expectations, the analysis points towards a literalization phenomenon in the translators' processes. The data also indicates that the tendency to proceed from less literal versions to more literal ones is more pronounced in novice translators than in experienced translators. The findings reported here shed new light on the self-revision processes of novice and experienced translators and their relationship with prevailing translation norms, and enable us to better understand the practices in place in professional biomedical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic research on bilingualism, this paper firstly discusses three fundamental models and relevant central issues involved in the bilingual processing of interpreting: the selective and non-selective feature of bilingual access and control, the serial and parallel view of bilingual processing, and the coordination view of serial and parallel procedure of bilingual information processing, with the dual purpose of explicating the bilingual processing and cognitive control mechanism in the interpreting process and paving the way for further explanation of the embodied nature of bilingual processing in interpreting from the embodied cognition perspective. Then with the two aspects of processing mechanism and neurolinguistic evidence, it elaborates how the interpreter's embodied experience and skills in the profession, as a part of cognitive resources, play crucial roles in different levels of cognitive processing which coordinates the serial and parallel processing in the interpreting process. Lastly, this paper argues for viewing the translating process likewise as embodied bilingual processing using a brief comparison between translating and interpreting with a focus on the embodied nature of bilingual processing in their respective processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on André Lefevere's rewriting theory, this paper explores how Howard Goldblatt translates Mo Yan's novel Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out (hereafter referred to as L&D) with regard to poetological manipulation. The paper analyses in detail how the translator rewrites the novel's poetological features, including its unique linguistic, stylistic and narrative features, to produce a translation which is accessible to the intended audience. On the basis of this analysis, the paper identifies three characteristics of Goldblatt's poetological rewriting: (1) macro-stylistic consistency with the source text, i.e. overall stylistic conformity to the original work; (2) simplification principle; (3) typical features of authentic English writing. The analysis reveals poetological manipulation in the translation process, from which we infer that rewriting in favour of the target poetological currents is the best way to achieve reader acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FORUM is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims at exploring the potentials and limits of translation and English as International Language as tools of inclusion in accessible tourism. Accessible tourism can be defined as a form of tourism that enables people with access requirements, including mobility, vision, hearing and cognitive dimensions of access, to function independently and with equity and dignity through the delivery of universally designed tourism products, services and environments. This research will try to identify the main linguistic, translational and multimodal features characterising a series of accessible tourism texts in English and Italian, in order to show how translation and English as International Language may increase, or sometimes hinder, the actual level of accessibility and promotional aims of these texts, raise awareness on disability issues and, mostly, contribute effectively to the development of a more inclusive and egalitarian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares use of collocations by Italian learners writing in and translating into English, conceptualising the two tasks as different modes of constrained language production and adopting Halverson's (2017) revised Gravitational Pull Hypothesis as a theoretical model. A particular focus is placed on identifying a method for comparing datasets containing translations and essays, assembled opportunistically and varying in size and structure. The study shows that lexical association scores for dependency-defined word pairs are significantly higher in translations than essays. A qualitative analysis of a subset of collocations shared and unique to either mode shows that the former set features more collocations with direct cross-linguistic links (connectivity), and that the source/first language seems to affect both modes similarly. We tentatively conclude that second/target language salience effects are more visible in translation than second language use, while connectivity and source language salience affect both modes of bilingual processing similarly, regardless of the mediation variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the issue of variation in translation, as well as its connection with the concept of "literal translation" and translator experience, on the basis of a multiple student translation corpus containing concurrent Italian versions of the same English source text produced by 35 undergraduate and postgraduate trainee translators. Translation paradigms for preselected lexical items expected to trigger different degrees of variation are extracted and analysed to identify both recurrent and sporadic solutions, whose acceptability in the target language is assessed using the source text's official translation, alternative professional translations and the Europarl Corpus as reference. The analysis shows that variation is most remarkable with respect to idiomatic/metaphorical and evaluative items than for non-idiomatic items, but also when a literal translation would not be possible in the target language. Translators are found to generally prefer literal translations whenever acceptable in the target language, irrespective of their degree of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how translation trainees deal with verb-noun terminological collocations when translating a legal text into their L2. The learner data is juxtaposed with professional translations of the same text and comparable non-translated documents. The results indicate that a large proportion of learner renditions is attested in the reference corpora. There is also a relatively high convergence between learners' and experts' choices and symmetrical variability. Unattested and inadequate equivalents demonstrate a large variability and low frequency of individual items, which suggests a lack of systematic patterns in mistranslations. The inadequacy of learner solutions is mainly caused by the choice of a collocate and results in information transfer and naturalness errors, with the former being more idiosyncratic and the latter more recurrent. In conclusion, we argue for viewing L2 collocational competence through the lens of genre requirements and professional practice rather than dichotomous categories of nativelike and non-nativelike collocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FORUM is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the multimodal era, communication in social media incorporates new codes and elements that challenge traditional definitions of text and the translation field itself. Integrating semiotics, understanding that modes follow a particular hierarchical order, and analyzing how they influence the (re)construction of meaning in certain communities is key to studying transnational hybrid messages, both global and local, in virtual environments. The translation act has proven to be a particularly useful circumstance to understand that modes should not be regarded as signs that carry meaning across cultures. Instead, this paper aims to identify which elements act as "prompts," which (re)activate meaning once the message is repositioned in an alternative cultural context. Through a contrastive analysis of ten transpositions, in Kress's terms, of a Burger King campaign, this work aims to shed light on which elements can be defined as modes and prompts, as well as reflecting upon its hierarchical status in this particular multimodal ensemble, while considering that, in the virtual space, other factors such as repetition and simultaneity may condition the impact and reception of global messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the process of recontextualization of Hieronymus Bosch's painting The Garden of Earthly Delights (1505–1515) as a dance performance choreographed by Compagnie Marie Chouinard and presented at the Centro Cultural de Belém (CCB) in 2018. It shows how both source and target texts have been interpreted by scholars and the public in relation to the discursive framings offered by the physical space of their location and their historical contexts. While the first alleged locations of the painting have led the art historians Stefan Fischer (2016) and Hans Belting (2018) to relate it either to the traditional moral precepts of Christianity or to the new voyages of colonization, the location of Chouinard's dance performance at the heart of the most visible inscription of Portuguese colonial past, the district of Belém, created a parallel friction with the moral interpretation offered by the CCB. In analyzing how the process of recontextualization can activate dissonant discursive frames, I propose recontextualization as the operation of exposing the source text's ambiguities and foregrounding the malleability of meaning-material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video game multimodality has been discussed mainly from the standpoints of Game and Media Studies, but also increasingly by Translation Studies (Mejías-Climent 2017; O'Hagan 2007; Vázquez-Calvo et al. 2019). However, there is still little research focusing on how mobile game localizers construe poly-semiotic texts and their subcomponents during the translation process. Due to certain factors, the textual components of video games are commonly separated from its audiovisual elements before being sent to localization experts, who are then confronted with disassembled "texts" forced back to monomodality. Furthermore, the "text" is intertwined with programming languages and subdivided into disconnected snippets. Thus, video game localizers constantly perform what is often called "blind" translation (Dietz 2006, 2007; O'Hagan and Mangiron 2013; Mejías-Climent 2021). The present piece of research focuses on the notion of the multimodal "text" as a "web of texts" (Gambier 2021) in the field of mobile game localization from Chinese into European languages and other Eastern languages. It analyses how professional localizers perform their meaning-making processes in regard to "text" and "context" in such a medium and explores how they strive to reinstate multimodality through (re)contextualization. The study replicated "blind" localization processes via a video game translation test finished and commented on by respondents under context-scarce conditions. Data was then triangulated with online surveys and interviews to assess localizers' considerations towards the "text" as a "web of texts." Through quantitative and qualitative coding, the paper explores the different elements present in the web(s) and offers a view of the mobile game as a vast entity seen by the translator from an incredibly limited and limiting element, that of the monomodal "text." Results show that mobile game localizers construct, re-construct, and co-construct the "text" according to previous gaming and translation experiences, or even imagined representations of how, why, and where "texts" are embedded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonly associated with the concept of cultural cannibalism, the artistic and critical legacy of Haroldo de Campos (1929–2003) has constituted a significant metaphor in translation studies. Despite growing interest that this concept has received in the European and North American discourse of the discipline, the idea of anthropophagy spreads unchecked, circulating freely and contributing to a vast array of analytical approaches. Given a noticeable lack of in-depth insights into the nature of de Campos' theory, this process has resulted in a gradual loss of its original specificity. This article aims to provide an analysis of instances of the use of the cannibalistic metaphor in the English discourse of translation studies, to help understand the refractions detectable in the reception of de Campos' concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates concessive markers, primarily subordinators, in the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus. The initial question is how English and Norwegian concessive markers compare with regard to their frequencies and syntactic functions, both intra- and cross-linguistically. Overall, the languages are relatively similar. However, individual concessive markers differ in frequency, syntactic flexibility and possibly formality in original texts in both languages. The second research question concerns the placement of concessive clauses. Again the languages are rather similar, but there is variation within both languages, with subordinators having individual positional preferences. Finally, the translations of the subordinators are examined. Concessive markers are overrepresented in Norwegian translations and underrepresented in English translations compared to originals. While translation correspondences are often congruent, the mutual correspondence between pairs of subordinators is low. Changes made in translation suggest that Norwegian chooses coordination more often than English, thus displaying less syntactic complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wikipedia is a multilingual, user-driven online encyclopaedia available in 325 languages and language varieties. Such linguistic diversity has drawn the attention of translation scholars over the past decade. Previous research has addressed, among other issues, the quality of translated Wikipedia entries, the motivations driving editors-translators, and the taxing negotiations behind editorial changes. Nevertheless, the processes underpinning translation practices in the encyclopaedia have often been overlooked. Consequently, this paper adopts a praxeological approach to translation by analysing documented standards across four Wikipedia language communities and the extent to which 16 experienced translators have assimilated them. The findings suggest that Wikipedia guidelines on translation have slight but tangible differences across the communities under investigation. Moreover, the interview data showed a tendency among participants to attach more importance to cross-wiki editing policies than to any local translation guidelines. This preference ultimately reinforces previous claims that translation and editing in Wikipedia form a continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rate-setting is a problematic area for newcomers to translation and established practitioners alike. Survey data generally support the view that translators feel underpaid and that money matters remain a chief ethical and pragmatic concern, but appropriate guidance is almost entirely absent from introductory textbooks on the translation profession and documentation prepared by industry associations remains unsatisfactory. Focusing on the translation industry in the United Kingdom, this conceptual paper explores constraints that limit price formation practices, and argues that translators feel under threat from disruptive technologies, Uberisation, and non-professional translation, now more than ever. We explore the complex interaction between status, internal and external perceptions, and regulation, and illustrate their push-pull relationship with rate-setting within a range of industry 'educators', uncovering the ways in which translators themselves, translation associations, and academic institutions directly and indirectly impact upon rate-setting practices. The article concludes by considering potential channels to buoy status and improve rate-setting practices in the translation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased visibility of the non-binary community is reflected in the media, with trans and non-binary characters becoming more common in film and series. This provides a great opportunity to raise global awareness of non-binary people, but the exporting of this media usually comes with translations done by people who do not specialize in queer, trans, or non-binary sociolects. This paper gives an overview of different linguistic gender strategies in present-day Spanish, and uses two examples of popular Netflix series with trans or non-binary characters as Spanish translation case studies to illustrate the different linguistic challenges and approaches to representing non-binary identities in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aim to determine whether temporal clauses can be shown to be insubordinate in everyday American English interaction. In order to investigate grammatical insubordination in conversation, we operationalize the notion of 'insubordination' as a specific practice for designing a turn-at-talk and implementing a social action. That is, we treat as 'insubordinate' a clause with a grammatically subordinate form that (a) is freestanding, that is, forms a prosodic unit of its own, (b) implements a discrete social action in its sequential context, and (c) has an independent interpretation, that is, is interpretable and actionable in the absence of a main clause. We then examine five different types of freestanding temporal clauses in conversation which might be considered candidate insubordinate uses. Our data show that in some cases both criteria (b) and (c) are lacking, while in others it is criterion (c) that is absent. In none of these cases are all three criteria satisfied at once. We conclude that temporal clauses do not exhibit insubordination in English conversation as do other adverbial clauses such as those with 'if'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the motivation of translators has attracted attention from TS scholars but there is a clear gap about the Chinese context. This paper explores the motivating factors of a Spanish-Chinese fansubbing group of volunteer translators that constitute a community nicknamed The Burrow. It probes into their perceptions in relation to their task and the public, and hints at the possible link between motivation, collaborative translation, and audiovisual content production by fans. A netnographical method was adopted for data gathering, via two questionnaires, a self-designed open-probe survey (OPS) and a modified version of the Volunteer Function Inventory (VFI) proposed by Clary et al (1998). Most fan translators think of themselves as consumers-producers and show traits similar to those of their readers. They believe producing content by themselves is related to higher motivation and also consider a relation between collaborative translation and higher motivation to exist. Self-determination theory was used for the analysis of motivations, and the emerging key motivating factors were understanding, enhancement and values. Passion and attaining experience were the two most important motivators before starting to fansub, and finding friends and having a volunteering platform were the two key motivating factors after becoming fansubbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics / Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada (John Benjamins Publishing Co.) is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The last few years have witnessed a surge in the interest of a new machine translation paradigm: neural machine translation (NMT). Neural machine translation is starting to displace its corpus-based predecessor, statistical machine translation (SMT). In this paper, I introduce NMT, and explain in detail, without the mathematical complexity, how neural machine translation systems work, how they are trained, and their main differences with SMT systems. The paper will try to decipher NMT jargon such as "distributed representations", "deep learning", "word embeddings", "vectors", "layers", "weights", "encoder", "decoder", and "attention", and build upon these concepts, so that individual translators and professionals working for the translation industry as well as students and academics in translation studies can make sense of this new technology and know what to expect from it. Aspects such as how NMT output differs from SMT, and the hardware and software requirements of NMT, both at training time and at run time, on the translation industry, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the relationship between practice and knowledge in translation. It employs practice theory to conceptualize 'knowing-in-practice', introducing a theoretical approach to translation studies that enables an analytical focus on the practice of translating, rather than on the cognitive processes of translators or the textual features of translations. Against this practice-theoretical backdrop, knowing is construed as an emergent phenomenon that is sited in translation practice. Drawing on an empirical analysis of translating in a research organization, the paper then illustrates how this situated and embodied knowing is materially and discursively mediated and transpires in translation practice. Through its interdisciplinary approach, this research offers new sociological perspectives on the human and material interdependencies constituting translation in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an affective approach to examining the interpreter's role. More specifically, it suggests that, by considering the interpreters' subjective feelings of involvement and detachment related to an interpreted event, we can examine the ways in which their role is constructed, within and through a combination of personal, social, and material factors related to the setting and the interpreter's working conditions. As an example, I take the case of simultaneous interpreting in two religious settings, which I have studied with autoethnography. Thus, I analyze my experiences of interpreting in two religious settings and contrast these experiences to an "ideal" model of the interpreter's role in such settings: that of the fully involved participant. The analysis indicates that, while an internalized ideal model of role may provide a point of reference for reflection, the actual experience of role emerges in a complicated interaction between personal, social, and material aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of technology, in particular, innovations in natural language processing and means to explore big data, has influenced different aspects in the training of translators and interpreters. This paper investigates how learner corpora and their research contribute to the teaching and learning of translation and interpreting. It starts with a review of the evolvement of learner corpora in translator and interpreter training. Drawing on data from the Chinese/English Translation and Interpreting Learner Corpus (CETILC), a learner corpus developed for the study of lexical cohesion, the paper introduces three case studies to illustrate the possibilities of exploring learner data through human annotation, machine-facilitated human annotation, and finally human-supervised/edited machine annotation. The findings of the case studies suggest the complexity of learner language and its intricate relationships with various factors concerning the learner, text, and task. The paper ends with a discussion of the great potentials of purposely made learner corpora such as the CETILC in translator and interpreter training, as well as the application of learner corpora in (semi-) automatic processing of learner texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in neural machine translation, and especially speech translation, are gradually but firmly entering the field of audiovisual translation (AVT). Automation in subtitling is extending from a machine translation (MT) component to fully automatic subtitling, which comprises MT, auto-spotting and automatic segmentation. The rise of this new paradigm renders MT-oriented experimental designs inadequate for the evaluation and investigation of automatic subtitling, since they fail to encompass the multimodal nature and technical requirements of subtitling. This paper highlights the methodological gaps to be addressed by multidisciplinary efforts in order to overcome these inadequacies and obtain metrics and methods that lead to rigorous experimental research in automatic subtitling. It presents a review of previous experimental designs in MT for subtitling, identifies their limitations for conducting research under the new paradigm and proposes a set of recommendations towards achieving replicability and reproducibility in experimental research at the crossroads between AVT and MT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing training programmes in the field of public service interpreting and translation (PSIT) do not to focus on how best to develop students' lexical competence and corpora-based search skills. This paper reports the design, implementation and evaluation of a novel corpus-based module intended to develop Spanish postgraduate PSIT students' lexical competence and search strategies. Adopting a mixed-methods quasi-experimental design, we administered a pre- and post-test to both an experimental group and a control group to collect quantitative data and determine whether the corpus-based module contributes to improving participants' lexical competence and search strategies. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted to collect qualitative data, which were thematically analysed. The findings indicate that a corpus-based methodology significantly improves PSIT students' skills in these areas, leading to the conclusion that such an approach should be adopted more widely in PSIT pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphoric proverbs represent interesting cultural instances of conventional metaphors (Belkhir 2014, 2012). The ubiquity of metaphoric proverbs in language and the problems this phenomenon causes in translation is an issue that requires close attention. Translation aims at providing semantic equivalence between two languages. According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), equivalence constitutes the adequate method that should be used by translators when dealing with proverbs. However, no translator can provide perfect translation of a source text due to cultural specificities. The present paper offers a modest report of an experimental study conducted with a group of EFL students who have been taught translation as a subject in a higher education context (Mouloud Mammeri University). A set of English proverbs has been collected to build up the experiment that was administered to the subjects who were asked to translate them into Arabic, then into their first language, Kabyle. The question raised is whether these students are able to translate the proverbs appropriately. The study aims (1) to investigate translation strategies used by EFL learners; and (2) to show how learners' L1 (Kabyle) and L2 (Arabic) interfere in the translation of English proverbs. The results showed that the more the students were acquainted with proverbs, the more they used equivalence in their translation. Similarly, the lesser they were acquainted with proverbs, the more they used literal translation or paraphrase. In addition, some translations provided by the participants revealed the presence of language interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]