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The upsurge of diarrhoea observed in children in Kosovo Mitrovica in the spring of 2001 led to a survey, jointly organized by the city health department, the GISPE association and the medical laboratory at the Val de Grâce Hospital (France). The available retrospective data showed an increase in cases of diarrhoea in which Giardia duodenalis was isolated. During the third week of August 2001, all children with diarrhoea consulting in the hospital south of city (n = 45) had a complete stool analysis. The analyses showed the presence of Giardia cysts and trophozoites in 40% of the cases, and no cases with helminthes or cryptosporidia. Moreover 3 strains of S. sonnei, a microorganism never previously identified, and different pathovars of E. coli in 11 patients were isolated. This "epidemic" appeared to be linked to the poor hygiene conditions that still prevailed 2 years after the events but not directly to the water supply, which was rehabilitated at the end of 1999. It is also necessary to strengthen the capacity of the public laboratories and health-care facilities of the province.