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Nearly half of adult fracture patients are vitamin D deficient (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels <20 ng/mL). Many surgeons advocate prescribing vitamin D supplements to improve fracture healing outcomes; however, data supporting the effectiveness of vitamin D 3 supplements to improve acute fracture healing are lacking. We tested the effectiveness of vitamin D 3 supplementation for improving tibia and femur fracture healing. We conducted a single-center, double - blinded phase II screening randomized controlled trial with a 12-month follow-up. Patients aged 18-50 years receiving an intramedullary nail for a tibia or femoral shaft fracture were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive (i) 150,000 IU loading dose vitamin D 3 at injury and 6 weeks ( n  = 27); (ii) 4000 IU vitamin D 3 daily ( n  = 24); (iii) 600 IU vitamin D 3 daily ( n  = 24); or (iv) placebo ( n  = 27). Primary outcomes were clinical fracture healing (Function IndeX for Trauma [FIX-IT]) and radiographic fracture healing (Radiographic Union Score for Tibial fractures [RUST]) at 3 months. One hundred two patients with a mean age of 29 years (standard deviation 8) were randomized. The majority were male (69%), and 56% were vitamin D 3 deficient at baseline . Ninety-nine patients completed the 3-month follow-up. In our prespecified comparisons, no clinically important or statistically significant differences were detected in RUST or FIX-IT scores between groups when measured at 3 months and over 12 months. However, in a post hoc comparison, high doses of vitamin D 3 were associated with improved clinical fracture healing relative to placebo at 3 months (mean difference [MD] 0.90, 80% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 1.79; p  = 0.16) and within 12 months (MD 0.89, 80% CI, 0.05 to 1.74; p  = 0.18). The study was designed to identify potential evidence to support the effectiveness of vitamin D 3 supplementation in improving acute fracture healing. Vitamin D 3 supplementation, particularly high doses, might modestly improve acute tibia or femoral shaft fracture healing in healthy adults, but confirmatory studies are required. The Vita-Shock trial was awarded the Orthopaedic Trauma Association's (OTA) Bovill Award in 2020. This award is presented annually to the authors of the most outstanding OTA Annual Meeting scientific paper. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research., Competing Interests: Dr. Slobogean sits on the editorial or governing board of the Journal of Orthopedic Trauma, serves as a paid consultant for Nuvasive, is a board or committee member for the Orthopedic Trauma Association, receives research support from the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, serves as a paid consultant for Smith & Nephew, receives research support from the US Department of Defense, and serves as a paid consultant for Zimmer, outside the submitted work. Dr. O'Hara reports stock or stock options from Arbutus Medical Inc., outside the submitted work. Dr. Adachi reports personal fees and research support from Amgen Co., serves as a board or committee member for the International Osteoporosis Foundation, sits on the editorial or governing board for Osteoporosis International, and receives research support from Radius, outside the submitted work. Dr. Sprague serves as a board or committee member for the Orthopedic Trauma Association, is employed by Global Research Solutions Inc., and receives consultant fees from the University of Sherbrooke and Platform Life Sciences, all outside the submitted work. All other coauthors have nothing to disclose., (© 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)