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Because nineteenth-century paper was made from rags, the materiality of paper money became a likely ground from which to debate the nature of value in modern capitalism. On one hand, if paper money was backed by nothing but itself, then it was worth little more than itself: a gathering of lowly rags. On the other hand, the process of turning trashed rags into valuable paper modeled how capital could seem to grow out of nothing. Two nineteenth-century literary narratives provide examples of how rags performed considerable social and metaphorical work in the construction of an epistemology of capitalism and its "paper technologies." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism is presented of the English novel "Bleak House," by Charles Dickens. Particular focus is given to the characters of the book's scavenging through rubbish, including in search for waste paper. An overview of the book's representation of the England's economic and social conditions in the 19th century, including of the slums of London, England, is provided.

This paper examines the production of local maps of Qing Khalkha Mongolia in the 19th century. In 1864, the Zongli Yamen initiated a mapping policy that aimed at designing a coherent system of geographical correspondences to record places, distances, and boundaries on the Mongol steppe. This system departed from the longitude and latitude system and enabled the correspondences of boundary markers on the maps and in situ. The producers of geographical knowledge were local Mongol banner and aimag rulers who had to coordinate with neighbors to set the location of obuγas or boundary-markers, draw maps, and record the set boundary-markers on an addendum accompanying the maps. The mapping standards issued by the central state elicited expressions of resistance among local Mongols who actively negotiated the mapping aesthetics and advocated for their own ways of representing the land. The result was a localized form of geographical knowledge that rendered visible the gap between a prescriptive state view on steppe geography and local practices of territorial administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By culling through a history of computing technologies and racial capitalism from the last 150 years, this paper identifies a trans-historical figuration at work. Following, as case studies, the metaphorical lives and afterlives of the Mechanical Turk—a chess-playing automaton from the nineteenth century—and Maxwell's Demon—a scientific thought experiment first conceived in 1867— in technical and cultural discourses, it traces the figure of a cyberhomunculus, a tiny science-fictional subject laboring underneath the machinic hood, that animates para-cybernetic discourse and makes computational work palpable. In doing so, it outlines the entangled origins of atomization, automation, and outsourcing, and demonstrates how racialized and classed social relations get miniaturized into the computer, resulting in the simultaneous valuation and erasure of posthuman labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical auxiliary Mahboub al-Mahmoud (Tangier, 1888–ca. 1970) remains a neglected figure in the history of Morocco's medical modernization. However, his life and professional trajectory can provide a fruitful standpoint from which to question the persisting nationalist bias that has pervaded the modest postcolonial medical historiography about that farthest corner of North Africa. Mahboub's multiple mobilities—temporal, social, geographical, professional—transcend the "colonial fractures" created by the complex European partition of Morocco, which have resulted in Moroccans playing no significant role in the narratives of the origin and development of modern medicine in the country. This paper is divided into three sections, each of which deals with a distinctive phase of Mahboub's itinerary, his connections with various groups of irregular medical practitioners, and the modernizing initiatives they embodied from the times of Hassan I's late nineteenth-century reforms to the rise of Moroccan anticolonial nationalism in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The affective turn in the humanities and social sciences seeks to theorize the social through examining spheres of experience, particularly bodily experience and the emotions, not typically explored in dominant theoretical paradigms of the twentieth century. Affective and immaterial labor is work that is intended to produce or alter emotional experiences in people. Although it has a long history, affective labor has been of increasing importance to modern economies since the nineteenth century. This paper will explore the gendered dimensions of affective labor, and offer a feminist reading of the production of academic subjectivities through affective labor, by specifically examining the pink-collar immaterial labor of academic reference and liaison librarians. It will end by exploring how the work of the academic librarian may also productively subvert the neoliberal goals of the corporate university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how and why Walter Scott's Waverley Novels remain outside of the canon despite a burgeoning Scott studies subfield on the rise in the literary studies community. The article identifies the disconnect between Scott scholarship and Scott pedagogy as a way into a larger set of problems involving how late nineteenth-century and modernist aesthetics set enduring standards for "good writing." If we take Scott's de-canonization as a test case, we gain insight into how literary interiority—itself a carefully disguised construct—obfuscates and displaces older standards of writerly quality and learn how to find new, twenty-first-century applications for now forgotten novels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I advance our knowledge about women's contributions to nineteenth-century British philosophy by setting out the views of mind of Frances Power Cobbe, Constance Naden, and the theosophists Helena Blavatsky and Annie Besant. Cobbe espoused dualism, Naden materialism, and Blavatsky and Besant a form of panpsychism. Each woman's view was bound up with her position on religion and immortality, and each has problems as well as interesting features and understandable intellectual motivations. My aim is to help to restore these women to the historical record by reconstructing their views of the mind clearly and by exploring the relations between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the scientific romance as a thought experiment. Following Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer's account of the rise of experimentation as a collective practice that can occur either physically or in the virtual space of print, it suggests that scientific romance is such a "laboratory of the mind's eye." With the rise of industrialization in the nineteenth century, technoscience drastically reshaped human life and became a collective concern; drawing a parallel between two collective virtual spaces newly constituted through print at this moment—the imagined community of the nation and the imaginary spaces of fiction—it argues that the scientific romance emerged in this period as a collective virtual laboratory for the nation to interrogate the role of techno-science in its shared life. Using Jules Verne's Extraordinary Voyages as a case study, I suggest that his adoption of scientific discourses positions his novels as experimental records that document examinations of the social effects of technoscience within a virtual laboratory. I then read Verne's 1886 novel Robur the Conqueror as a manifesto in favor of just such a model of collective experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues that Charles Dickens' "Household Words" journal's proximity to the format of the cheap journal, combined with the vision and nature of its conductor, enabled it to reach beyond Wilkie Collins' "The Unknown Public" article. Creation of a new sort of middle-class audience; State of the periodical marketplace in the mid-19th century; Unusual format of the journal.

(From our own correspondent)", I The Times i [London], 10 June 1861, 10. 13 In addition to the I Times i article of June 10 that gave rise to Fontane's false correspondence, these two articles mention the "Kreuz-Zeitung": "The Insurrection At Warsaw", I The Times i , 6 March 1861, 12; "Those who can divert from the American crisis", I The Times i , 6 June 1861, 8. In one of his most polemical and least-read books, I Herr Vogt i (1860), Karl Marx devotes a few caustic lines to the description of his contemporary Karl Abel, the then Berlin correspondent for the London I Daily Telegraph i . The gesture of Fontane's false correspondent thus not only tapped into an established self-referential newspaper discourse on speediness and anticipation, but also strengthened the fiction of the London correspondent by making him participate in the public competition to be the first to deliver the news to the readers. [Extracted from the article]

During the 1870s and 80s, the Jamaican colonial government encouraged the institutionalization of juvenile delinquents in industrial schools as an alternative to their incarceration in prisons. Much of this effort was driven by concerns about the inability to control the potential labor of children, maintaining the social order, and the "perceived" instability of the black family. Through the Reformatories and Industrial Schools Law (1881), the Poor Relief Law (1886), and later the Young Criminals Punishment Law (1904), the colonial state funded the development of industrial schools and channeled boys and girls into these institutions through the courts and poor relief infrastructure. These laws linked industrial schools to the existing coercive social, legislative, and economic infrastructure that sought to control the labor of black Jamaicans. Gender as well as the type of crime committed determined where children were institutionalized in industrial schools. This paper contributes to the existing historiography on children in the Caribbean as well as reformatories and industrial schools in the colonial world by examining the legislation that shaped the development of industrial schools and the ways in which these institutions were integrated into existing coercive structures in Jamaica between 1881 and 1904. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giustina Renier Michiel, one of the most prolific female authors of early nineteenth-century Italy, is often remembered and celebrated as a Venetian patriot. During her lifetime, however, her literary identity was neither singular nor completely cohesive. Indeed, reading her manuscript writing alongside her more famous publications (including her history of Venetian festivals) illustrates the delicate balance Italian authors needed to maintain in order to ensure their continued literary success in a period marked by multiple and rapid regime changes. While obliged to work within the power structures established by their new political overlords, they nonetheless needed to remain sensitive to the tastes of Italian readers, who were subjected to the political occupation of their territory. Renier Michiel's experience demonstrates how it was possible to balance patriotism, political deference, and professional self-promotion with the goal of establishing a lasting cultural legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A year after Joseph Weigl's sentimental Viennese Singspiel, Die Schweizerfamilie , premiered in 1809, it appeared in translation as La famiglia svizzera at the summer palace of the King of Saxony, Frederick Augustus. It soon became a mainstay of Dresden's Italian opera company. When a version of this adaptation appeared at Milan's La Scala in 1816, however, it was a catastrophic failure. The stark contrast between the two productions emphasizes the different ideals of the opera's creators, adapters, and audiences. The linked processes of transmission, adaptation, performance, and reception are a growing topic in opera scholarship, although studies of the early nineteenth century have generally considered cultural translations into German, rather than the other way around. La famiglia svizzera provides a valuable addition to our understanding of how operatic genre and its implications were conceived. In this essay, I trace how Dresden's adapters Italianized this opera and explain its divergent reception. The adapters—most likely Adolph Wagner and Franz Anton Schubert—barely changed Weigl's music but dramatically altered the tone, imagery, and characterization of the opera through a thoughtful Italian translation and newly composed recitatives. A reviewer nevertheless praised the opera's artistic unity and hoped for more such translations, "since German art agrees with German feelings." Milanese critics, however, specifically identified aspects of the adaptation that contributed to the opera's failure. These reviews fit within contemporary debates in the musical press about national operatic genre. I argue that La famiglia svizzera offers a microcosm of these debates, which mirrored both its creators' and its viewers' preconceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 1863 marriage of circus performers General Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren, focusing on how the wedding helped negotiate white supremacy and political division in the Northern U.S. during the Civil War. Other topics include the linking of the Tom Thumb wedding with the Emancipation Proclamation by newspapers, information on Thumb and Warren's performances in freak shows, and how Thumb and Warren's small bodies reflect the bodies of those killed and maimed in battle.

This article reconsiders the role of compiling in the modern history of authorship. Nineteenth-century readers viewed compiling as the purest form of "book-making," a mechanistic, market-oriented model of authorship that stood in opposition to authorial genius. The article examines these authorial models' intertwined origins in emergent industrial capitalism, and argues that book-making retained currency as a model into the early twentieth century partly because unattributed text reuse remained common. It also argues that in the aggregate, unattributed text reuse had epistemic and informational effects that anticipated challenges we are grappling with following the development of large language models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reads Charles Dickens's "The Chimes" through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu's study of class ethics and his problematization of working-class disinterest. Arguing that nineteenth-century British literature tends to characterize working people as either obsessed by financial schemes or economically disinterested, it suggests that Bourdieu's non-dualistic epistemology can change the way we understand class in literature, and indeed in any discipline that offers images of working people along the lines of an economic/ethical split. Bourdieu's way of seeing economic practices in ostensibly non-economic activity, while seeing in that economic activity a deep stratum of ethics, rectifies representations or interpretations of class where a simple working-class pragmatism that capitulates to the economic alternates with an inherent working-class moral superiority. Dickens's Christmas story, "The Chimes," is interpreted using Bourdieu's materialist ideas so as to model how other representations of class can be rethought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacan and Winnicott are both profoundly psychosocial thinkers who shared an interest in the modern psyche and the alienation often considered endemic to it. From Freud, Lacan took the theory of narcissism (Borch-Jacobsen, 1991), which he developed into a wide-ranging critique of the psychosocial constitution of the modern subject. Winnicott, on the other hand, trained his eye on the environmental conditions necessary for feeling authentic, or 'real,' and the experiences that might produce alienation from this 'true' self, and encourage the formation of a narcissistic 'false' self (Donald W. Winnicott, 1990). In this context, Lacan and Winnicott's shared interest in the metaphor and function of the mirror, which has long provided an entry point for clinical and academic comparisons of their work, is a key point of orientation. This article seeks to explore and unpack the relationship between Lacan and Winnicott's interest in narcissism, alienation and the mirror, locating their thinking in relation to dominant philosophical conceptions of subjectivity and sociological understandings of modernity, dating from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. Situating Lacan and Winnicott on this terrain throws their theories of the mirror into relief in important ways. Not only is the 'modern' character of psychoanalysis foregrounded, the contribution it can make to social transformation is also affirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article interprets a series of aborted transcriptions of "The Raven" undertaken by Charles Sanders Peirce and named by him "Art Chirography" as a species of re-mediation of Poe's poem. Attending to Peirce's knowledge of Poe's works (real and faked), the relation between sound and inscription, the power of handwriting as media phenomenon in the nineteenth century, and Peirce's evolutionary metaphysics, the essay concludes that Peirce's "art chirography" is an attempt to image the play of chance and habit-taking that lies at the heart of both Poe's poem and Peirce's metaphysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the relationship between hydraulics and history in the nineteenth century, often described as a period when the humanities and the sciences split into "two separate cultures." Venice, amphibious city par excellence, is a good starting point for exploring the use of history in water management debates. In the early nineteenth century, humanists and hydraulic engineers came together through multiple disciplinary approaches and in constant confrontation with the Republic of Venice's water policies. In the following decades, while making extensive use of history, these engineers realized and emphasized the diversity of both disciplines' methodologies. This evolution—seen through the writings of renowned hydraulic engineer at the time Pietro Paleocapa—illustrates how history was no longer a source of empirical knowledge but came to be used for rhetorical and political purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a long-standing question in the history of technology concerning the trope of the living machine. The authors do this by using a cutting-edge computational method, which they apply to large collections of digitized texts. In particular, they demonstrate the affordances of a neural language model for historical research. In a deliberate maneuver, the authors use a type of model, often portrayed as sentient today, to detect figures of speech in nineteenth-century texts that portrayed machines as self-acting, automatic, or alive. Their masked language model detects unusual or surprising turns of phrase, which could not be discovered using simple keyword search. The authors collect and close read such sentences to explore how figurative language produced a context that conceived humans and machines as interchangeable in complicated ways. They conclude that, used judiciously, language models have the potential to open up new avenues of historical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism is presented of the 1852 nonfiction fiction essay series titled "The Heads of Colored People," by James McCune Smith, or Communipaw, published in the newspaper "Frederick Douglass Paper." An overview of the abolitionist Frederick Douglass's criticism of Smith's work and perspective on African American Americans is provided. Smith's depiction of anti-heroism in his essays, contrasting it with the portrayal of heroism in the book "The Heroic Slave," by Douglass is discussed.

The article focuses on Charles Dickens's shorthand manuscripts which was used only for text written by Dickens and that have never been read. Topics discussed include the views of David Copperfield on Dickens's shorthand manuscripts which was difficult to understand, challenge of savage stenographic mystery faced by Copperfield as a shorthand writer, and number of manuscripts of shorthand written by Dickens in museum and library around the world.

This article explores a poorly understood smallpox vaccination campaign targeting Native Americans in the 1830s. While previous scholars have addressed the motivations of U.S. officials in launching the campaign, the author focuses on Indigenous people's interest in disease prevention and their reception of American physicians and vaccine technology across a broad swath of North America. Resistance to vaccination was not uncommon among Native people, yet many were open to the new form of preventive medicine, including some who sought it out and others who demanded it from the government. Departing from a scholarly consensus, the author argues, first, that the federal vaccination program should be viewed as a successful public health intervention in Indian Country and, second, that this success owed to Indigenous nations' desire for protection against a singularly destructive pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of obstetric anesthesia in the second half of the nineteenth century was preceded by a transformation in the medical conceptualization of women's pain. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, physicians described pain in physiological terms as natural and unproblematic, but in the second half of the nineteenth century they adopted a newly emotional language that emphasized women's subjective experiences of suffering. Middle-class and elite white women shaped this transition by insisting that their physical and emotional anguish was extreme. Women's attitudes, combined with a growing perception that sensibility to pain was a marker of "civilization," pushed physicians to view suffering as real and problematic. As they began to depict pain relief as an urgent medical concern, physicians envisioned refined white women as the primary beneficiaries of their new technology; this perspective paved the way for the increasingly routine use of anesthesia for middle-class and elite white women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Orthodox commonwealth, faith has been an important variable of national identity since the Balkan national movements of the nineteenth century. Part of the literature highlights how local Churches stood by and assisted self-determination efforts. Later, during the Cold War, political and national aspirations were transferred via the Church and immigrant institutions into North America. More precisely, Greek-, Bulgarian-, and Slav-Macedonian communities, with the support of their respective Churches, created an environment of antagonism regarding the ownership of the geographic area of Macedonia. In the aftermath of World War II, the aforementioned diasporas mobilized to defend their political ambitions and mother Churches and their eparchies coordinated their efforts to exert influence on immigrants originating from all three parts of Macedonia and to increase support for their national claims among the US and Canadian publics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of the postal system on Vincent van Gogh's artistic practice. Van Gogh relied on the postal system to acquire art, literature, and supplies, regardless of his location. The establishment of the Universal Postal Union in 1880 enabled global shipment of small packages, allowing Van Gogh to feel connected to the art world wherever he lived. The article argues that the postal system influenced Van Gogh's development as a painter, his work's symbolism, and his perception of his work's destination. It also explores how the postal system transformed the art world in the late 19th century. Additionally, the article discusses Van Gogh's alternative artistic education, which involved using the postal system to receive copies of prints and manuals. Unlike traditional academic artists, Van Gogh aimed to create his own original works to send back. The article also examines Van Gogh's use of frames and perspective in his paintings, as well as his relationship with the Roulin family, particularly Joseph Roulin, a postal worker. The postal service played a significant role in Van Gogh's artistic practice, allowing him to send portraits and completed canvases to various recipients. The expanding postal networks of the time were changing the dynamics of the art world and promoting greater artistic independence. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates the Western Australian colonial authorities' attempts at defining and categorising a "politically relevant" Aboriginal population from first settlement in 1829 until 1850. Studies of colonial enumeration allow us to understand how colonial authorities viewed the spaces and boundaries of settlement and beyond, and who would be included as part of the community inhabiting that space. Enumeration of Aboriginal people in this period mirrored the Western Australian colonial authorities' conception of their sovereignty: the territory which they could effectively control was not the entire western third of the continent, as the map dictated, but rather the surveyed country, within the "limits of settlement." While other studies of colonial census making reveal enumeration as an instrument of control, this paper identifies colonial census making about Indigenous Western Australians in this period as an instance of state incapacity to govern and control. While "control" was the colonial authorities' key objective in their enumerations, the census reports reveal their inability to know the Aboriginal population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the European invasion, the pre-colonial Native South underwent a fundamental transformation. The pre-colonial Mississippian chiefdoms fell, and the people restructured themselves into new kinds of societies adapted to living on the edge of an expanding European empire. We call these new societies "coalescent societies" because they were all coalescences of varying people, languages, and so on. This essay takes a close look at the origins of the coalescence of the Creek (Muscogee) Confederacy of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In this essay, I collate the most recent archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence into a single, coherent account of the Creek coalescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German anatomist and pathologist Jakob Henle's essay on miasma and miasmatic-contagious diseases is considered a medical classic. Nevertheless, it has rarely been analyzed in depth. If at all, it has been read as foreshadowing Robert Koch's "postulates," the famous set of criteria for identifying pathogens. This reading has created misunderstandings of Henle's own work on miasma and miasmatic-contagious diseases and impeded our understanding of the broader experimental tradition on which later nineteenth-century medical research was grounded. I place Henle's work in the context of early nineteenth-century research on infectious diseases and disease causation. Moreover, I show how it resonates with experimental research on invisible causal agents in other fields, including chemistry, pharmacology, physiology, veterinary science, and natural history. The strategies encapsulated in Koch's "postulates" were commonly used in these fields; Koch and Henle were both part of a broader experimental tradition that was well established in the early 1800s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have recognized the importance of enslaved African American healers, including conjure practitioners who drew on herbal and ritual remedies, in providing a "dual system of health care" for enslaved people in the American South. Planters' journals and narratives by formerly enslaved people alike include accounts of antebellum conjurers as health practitioners. After Emancipation, African American conjurers remained integral, particularly in rural Black communities where people had little contact with orthodox physicians. However, because these practitioners left few written accounts, African American conjurers in the post-Emancipation South have received less scholarly attention. Focusing on the 1887 trial of Sarah Evans, a freedwoman, for practicing medicine without a license, this essay demonstrates that court records shed light on health practitioners who are less visible in other archives and provide insight into how conjurers, particularly female conjurers, performed their unique roles as healers who also presented themselves as capable of inflicting harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how and why the nineteenth-century Nubian mutiny in colonial Uganda was not only a military mutiny as widely perceived by many scholars but a social uprising as well. Recognised for their military skills and discipline by the British in the early nineteenth century, in 1897, the Nubian soldiers serving in the British army mutinied against their British masters whom they accused of breach of a social contract made between themselves, under their leader Selim Bey, and Fredrick Lugard on behalf of the British at Kavali in the southwestern corner of Lake Albert in 1891. I use archival written materials augmented with oral histories of both the Nubian and non-Nubian participants, to provide an in-depth socio-historical account of the nineteenth-century Nubian mutiny in Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the career trajectory of Ding Gongchen (1800–1875), a Muslim maritime merchant and amateur military technologist from Fujian, to shed light on the changing social landscape of military technological learning in China from the first decades of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the Self-Strengthening Movement in the 1860s. The gradual loosening of state control on military knowledge in the early nineteenth century facilitated the rise of a transprovincial literati network centered on cannon technology during the Opium War (1839–42). An active member of this network, Ding Gongchen participated in local militia training, engaged in textual research and hands-on experimentation with cannons, and established connections with Manchu and Han officials and nonofficeholding literati and gentry. Tracing the production and circulation of Ding's cannon manuals shows how Ding leveraged his maritime experiential knowledge and native-place ties to establish his authority as a cannon expert, which led to his remarkable rise in midcentury officialdom and statecraft circles. However, Ding's involvement in the Self-Strengthening military industrialization of the 1860s was limited and short-lived. The latter stages of Ding's career illustrate how the Opium-War network of cannon technology, which drew on an earlier tradition of military statecraft traceable to the Ming, became rapidly marginalized by an industrializing scheme that privileged the direct importation of foreign machines and expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focused on the production of genealogies in southern Zhejiang's Longyou County, this article investigates the relationship between local politics and book production in China between the 1750s and the 1920s. During that era, the major social groups in Longyou—native residents and Fujianese immigrants—actively participated in the production of genealogies. Analyzing fifty-nine genealogies from that county, this article shows that by the early twentieth century, book production had become a widely available strategy for identity construction and political control in local society. Over the course of the long nineteenth century, the right to be recorded through publishing moved down the social ladder to include most Chinese males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Buddhist monastic reconstruction has long focused on the leading role played by well-connected literati and charismatic monks in periods of fervent Buddhist revival in the late Ming and late Qing respectively. This article seeks to redirect scholarly focus and give voice to clerics and institutions that are so far marginalized in the history of Chinese Buddhism. By using legal archives, this article examines how ordinary clerics, including Daoists, used locally available resources to finance temple reconstruction in nineteenth-century Sichuan. In particular, since Sichuan had rich coal deposits and timber reserves, they routinely tapped into these resources to fund reconstruction projects. However, such efforts tended to aggravate the clergy-laity relationship due to ecological and fengshui concerns. In this regard, reconstruction did not always build upon and lead to community consensus. By foregrounding the experience of less-known Buddhist clerics, the article questions the dominant narrative of monastic reconstruction and deepens our understanding of the complexity of institutional Buddhism in imperial China. 學界關於佛教寺廟重建的研究長期聚焦在明末或清末佛教復興時期士紳和高僧的領導作用。與之相對，本文把目光轉向在佛教研究中被長期邊緣化的底層僧侶。通過利用檔案材料，本文探討十九世紀四川底層佛教和道教僧侶如何利用地方資源來籌措資金進行寺廟重建。尤其值得注意的是，因為四川煤炭和木材資源豐富，當地僧侶充分利用這些資源來為重建提供資金支持。但是，由於生態和風水因素的影響，這種做法有可能導致僧俗關係的惡化。因此，寺廟重加並不一定建立在地方社會共識的基礎上，也不一定必然會促進僧俗關係的改善。通過視角轉移，本文對現有寺廟重建的敘事提出質疑，藉此加深學界對於帝製晚期製度性佛教的認識。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying a gendered lens to the torpedo boat's adoption (ca. 1860–1900) in the United States and Britain, this article explores the cultural dynamics of military innovation. In the nineteenth century, armored or "ironclad" warships disrupted the ideals of elite "naval manhood": an emphasis inherited from preindustrial officers on physical bravery, seamanship, and endurance. In response, a group of Anglo-American officials, artists, and authors repurposed the torpedo boat to prop up masculine heroism under threat from technical shifts. Ironically, it was a radical technology that preserved old values. This nostalgic effort explains how, in under a generation, the torpedo morphed from an "unchivalrous" weapon into an attractive investment. By refashioning cultural representations of the torpedo boat, advocates both insulated elite "naval manhood" from industrialization and upended modern naval force structures. The adoption of the torpedo boat was as much a gendered reaction to the ironclad revolution as a tactical calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions of nineteenth-century letterpress design typically follow a narrative of loss and restoration: the explosion of typographic materials and machines made possible by industrialization led to a decline in the visual quality of letterpress production, which was reversed only at the end of the century by William Morris and the advent of modern graphic design. Many specimens of Victorian letterpress printing—especially job printing, which was constrained by fewer conventions than book or newspaper printing—seem to confirm this narrative. Nineteenth-century British printing manuals, however, often depicted the practice of display composition not as declining or fallen, but as entering an exhilarating moment of reformation. In the printing manuals I examine here, authors attempted to guide this reformation by offering printers a rudimentary theory of letterpress page design, one based largely on the tenets of Victorian design reform. Design reform, begun in the 1830s in response to fears that British industrial commodities were being outsold by better-designed foreign products, established graphic principles for designers and created a body of theoretical literature that was remediated by printers looking for a fixed definition of visual excellence upon which letterpress design could be premised. While modern viewers might question the design principles underlying much "artistic" job printing of the late-Victorian era, the aesthetic rules explained in printing manuals of the time do much to turn what can sometimes appear to be a bewildering profusion of archaic visual elements back into a legible architecture of the page. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews of the articles "The Geographic Imagination of Civil War-Era American Fiction" by Matthew Wilkens, which appeared in the "American Literary History," and "Space, Nation and the Triumph of Region: A View of the World from Houston" by Cameron Blevins are presented.

The article offers the author's insights on her British Literature since 1780 course, in which she taught her students about 19th-century reading strategies, giving them an opportunity to imagine themselves as 19th-century readers. These strategies are reading aloud to each other and creating a page from a commonplace book. She says that assignments based on these reading strategies leads students to deeper understanding of history, literature and themselves.

The article discusses the impeachment of then-U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase during the first term of American President Thomas Jefferson in the early 19th century, and it mentions the views of Jefferson and his Republican allies regarding the nation's judiciary and Chase in particular. The treatment of Chase's impeachment in Jefferson's presidential newspaper, the "National Intelligencer," is examined. Chase's anti-Republican views are assessed, along with his trial and acquittal.

This work examines the modeling of serial publications in Anglo-American cataloging practice from the cataloging codes of the nineteenth century to the IFLA Library Reference Model, focusing on the challenges and implications of the various models. Its coverage moves from the models implicit in earlier cataloging codes, through the explicit models extracted from catalog records in the late twentieth century, to current models that attempt to align with models in neighboring domains. Some complementary and competing models from outside of library cataloging are also included. Then, it addresses the evolving impact of online serials and their displacement of their print analogs as a "canonical" version. It, then, finishes with a modest proposal for realigning the modeling of serials with that of other bibliographic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In H. G. Wells's The Time Machine , the Time Traveller visits a museum. The episode does little more than supply the Time Traveller with a new box of matches, yet the text is structured to suggest that the Palace of Green Porcelain will provide important information. A vast museum, the Palace houses paleontological, geological, chemical, military, ethnographic, and classical collections, as well as a colossal library. Universal survey museums like the Palace were the dominant form of museum after the mid nineteenth century and were intended to display the totality of human history. This was supposedly achieved through the application of the structures of literary narrative to the museum, in order to construct a bildungsroman of the world. This narrative was intended to provide complete and universal knowledge of the past, but also to allow that "the Present and the Future be interpreted or guessed at," according to Thomas Carlyle. A universal collection like the Palace, therefore, should contain vital information about the past, the present, and the future. The fact that it doesn't is key to understanding The Time Machine. The Palace represents the foibles of Victorian historicism, with its claims to cohesion and universality, and is a material testament to its result: mere fragments left behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the writing of Lady Florentia Sale, an eyewitness of the First Anglo-Afghan War, focusing on how she described the war in her letters to newspapers and her book "A Journal of the Disasters in Affghanistan, 1841-2." Other topics include information on the Anglo-Afghan War, information on how people reacted to her detailed accounts of the war, and information on the book "The Military Operations at Cabul Which Ended in the Retreat & Destruction of the British Army 1842" by Vincent Eyre.

In the U.S.-Mexico borderlands during the late nineteenth century, concern about the existence of mining fraud--be it stock manipulation, salting, or straight-up false advertising--was prevalent in the mining community. The belief that fraud was endemic in the region forced the small community of mining engineers working there to tailor their presentation of themselves as technical professionals in relation to these pervasive concerns about fraud. The ways in which mining engineers in this time and place addressed the problem of fraud illustrates how technical-knowledge claims are mediated through the local concerns of professional engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the trajectory of a debate, from the East India Company's occupation of Delhi (1803) until about the end of the Wahhabi Trials (1864-1871), on the Islamic-legal status of British India amongst three generations of Hanafi jurisconsults based in northern India and Bengal. The questions at stake were whether the political space that constituted British India was a "domain of Islam" or a "domain of war," whether Muslims could live on in the Company's dominion and continue to perform rituals such as the Friday and Eid prayers, or whether they were required under the legal tradition to migrate from the territory and organize jihad against the colonial government. I demonstrate how changes in institutional politics, social imaginaries and sectarian conflicts impacted the disciplinary practice of the Islamic law within the disciplic lineage of Shah Waliallah Dihlawi (1703-1762). The paper argues that an exploration of how the British Indian imperial space was imagined in the register of Islamic jurisprudence helps us to understand better the ethical vision of Islamic scholars who sought to actualize the shari'a within the political framework of colonialism. It highlights both the potency of empire as political form and the vitality of Islamic legal thought in the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While nineteenth-century regular physicians were expected to project a circumscribed affect in the exercise of their duties, they were not always successful in maintaining this performance. Archival sources, particularly the manuscript casebook for private practice, reveal the slippage between the performance of appropriate affect and the felt, interior emotions of the physician. This essay frames the casebook as an affective genre, building on Gianna Pomata's concept of epistemic genre. I argue that the nineteenth-century casebook, particularly when compared with the published case narrative, can reveal the disjunction or slippage between the expected performance of affect—that which Osler and others wished to prescribe for medical practitioners—and the felt reality or interiority of the physician. This article proposes the concept of affective genre and then explores its utility through close analysis of the casebook of a single practitioner, Andrew Bowles Holder, and selected examples from the casebooks of his contemporaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the challenge that census data represented to the Black press as both critical information and intrusive surveillance of minoritized people. Studying the United States Census in the nineteenth century as a history of popular reading reveals that census reading—either in the form of reading the census directly or reading about the census in the periodical press—provided its own form of nationalism, but it could be one based on a feeling of personal connection to its crowds or on fantasies of surveillance and voyeurism of its outliers. This split provided very different experiences of census data for white and Black readers. The essay tracks this split in three approaches: the widely circulated and controversial publication of the 1850 Census, newspapers written by predominantly white journalists aimed at predominantly white audiences, and the Black press. All offer reading strategies for the census focused on how readers imaginatively place themselves within its numbers. However, while official census publications and majority-white newspapers emphasize the census as an opportunity for "data tourism," or an imaginative experience of seeing marginalized lives through the eyes of government workers, Black periodical writings created their own form of census reading focused on registering citizenship, nongovernmental authority, and collective survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]