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An essay is presented on the idea of Europe as a single entity. The author presents an "eurosceptic" approach in discussing the different images of Europe including Old Europe, New Europe and Eastern Europe. Particular focus is given on Rainer Werner Fassbinder's film "Ali, Fear Eats the Soul" and how it shows everyday fascism toward immigrants. The state of Eastern European women, related texts signed by Habermas and Derrida and the meaning of Eastern Europeanness are also discussed.

Revisits Kate Chopin's novel "The Awakening" and compares its text to that of "Inner Experience," by George Bataille. Reconsideration of the apparently familiar notion of awakening; Consideration of consequences for feminist theorizing; Examination of the desires of the character Edna; Moment of laughter as the time when awakening acquires communal dimensions.

Pamuk in Istanbul In 2003, in the midst of the US-based Comparative Literature debate on the Istanbul narrative, Orhan Pamuk published. (Mufti, "Auerbach" 124-25) 4 For a review of Said's complex and ambivalent relation to Auerbach's exile in Istanbul, which included Said's statement that "There was no discernable connection between Auerbach and Istanbul at all" (Said, Power 127), see Lindenberger. Anca Parvulescu MLN, Volume 135, Number 5, December 2020, pp. 1232-1257 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press For additional information about this article [ Access provided at 13 Mar 2021 10:54 GMT from Ebsco Publishing ] https://muse.jhu.edu/article/784637 MLN 135 (2020): 1232-1257 © 2021 by Johns Hopkins University Press Anca Parvulescu, W ashington University in St Louis "World literature needs to be studied on location, Goethe is telling us, and this is what we are doing here, in Istanbul, the city that keeps haunting world literature to this day. Spitzer in Istanbul In 1968, Levin had proposed that Istanbul constituted a "parting of the ways" for Auerbach and Spitzer (472). (Pamuk, Istanbul 6) Having lost its power as an imperial capital, Istanbul - to which Pamuk refers to as both Constantinople and Istanbul - lost its symbolic capital as well. [Extracted from the article]