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High-quality animal protein, vitamins B1, B6, and B12, as well as minerals like zinc, selenium, and iron, can all be found in buffalo meat and milk. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been widely utilized for many years because of their long duration of action, low cost, and toxicity against a variety of pests. Despite being outlawed everywhere, OCPs are still being used illegally. One of the main responsibilities of the food safety and public health sectors is to guarantee the safety and wholesomeness of such food products before they are made available to the public. In order to determine the residual OCP contents in retailed buffalo meat, liver, kidney, milk, and kariesh cheese, this study was conducted. The obtained results in the current investigation revealed the detection of OCPs at 75%, 40%, 25%, 60%, and 80% in the examined buffalo raw milk, kariesh cheese, meat, kidneys, and liver. Different OCPs were detected at variable concentrations; however, such concentrations were within the established permissible limits in Egypt. In conclusion, OCPs are still in use in Egyptian agricultural activities and residual concentrations can be detected in the meat, offal, and dairies. Therefore, it is highly advised to continuously check for OCP residues in foods with both animal and plant origins. Additionally, it is strongly advised that farmers become more aware of the negative consequences of OCPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens causing diseases in humans and animals. Increased resistance to antibiotics necessitates the need for an alternative control strategy. This study aimed to screen, isolate and evaluate the bacteriophage characteristics for biocontrol of pathogenic Salmonella serovars. Twelve Salmonella isolates, including different Salmonella enterica serovars, were obtained from different sources of poultry farms. All isolates were screened for antibiotic sensitivity and showed multiple antibiotic resistance. Two lytic bacteriophages, vB_SalSph_WW1, and vB_SalM_WW2, were isolated from the sewage and characterized against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Morphological analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the vB_SalSph_WW1 phage belonged to the family Siphoviridae while the vB_SalM_WW2 phage belonged to the family Myoviridae. Both phages showed a broad host range within the Salmonella genus. Phages vB_SalSph_WW1 and vB_SalM_WW2 had a lytic effect on 3 (25%) and 4 (33.3%) of the 12 Salmonella isolates, respectively. The lytic cycle of each phage was determined by a onestep growth curve and both phages had the same short latent period (15 min). WW1 phage gave a burst size of 90 PFU/infected cell, while the vB_SalM_WW2 phage gave a higher burst size of 150 PFU/infected cell. The stability test revealed that vB_SalSph_WW1 and vB_SalM_WW2 phages were stable at pH 4-9 and pH 4-10, respectively. Both Phages exhibited high degrees of thermal tolerance with active titer as high as 42°C. However, they lost their stability and the titers declined when heated at 50°C for 30 min. This study revealed that vB_SalSph_WW1 and vB_SalM_WW2 phages have the potency to be used as an alternative strategy to control the infection of Salmonella in poultry farms and to prevent transmission of Salmonella infection to humans and spread of the pathogen into environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]