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Using sugarcane root soil as raw material, methanol reagent extraction and ultrasonic pretreatment were used to treat sugarcane root soil, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology was used for sample detection, the number of allelochemicals retrieved from the mass spectrometry database was used as the evaluation index, the effects of solid-liquid ratio, ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time on the pretreatment effect were investigated, the pretreatment process conditions were optimized through single factor and orthogonal experiments. The results showed that the optimal conditions for pretreatment were: the solid-liquid ratio was 1:5 (g: mL), the ultrasonic power was 210 W, the ultrasonic time was 100 min, and 17 allelochemicals were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]