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Polyaniline (PANI) is a kind of conductive polymer, which has some special optical and dielectrical properties due to its specific doping mechanism varied structures. PANI also is easy to combine with other organic or inorganic materials, which extends its function and application. Therefore, PANI is always the research focus of conductive polymers. In this paper, the research progress in the synthesis, characterization, and modification of PANI were reviewed; Then the the characteristics of PANI in the visible, infrared and radar waves were analyzed. At last, PANI research and improvement in molecular structure design, nanomaterial composite, device structure were forecasted, to solve practical difficulties in flexibility, compatibility, longevity, power consumption. The PANI will play an important role in the field of intelligent camouflage such as optical adaptive camouflage and multi-band composite stealth camouflage.