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The European Union is undergoing important transformations on both the normative and the identity level. The «Others» in Europe are no longer merely those who do not hold citizenship of one of the member states of the Union. In the new European immigration context, «Otherness» as defined on a legal basis the foreigner has been complemented by a culturally and an ethnically coloured definition. This paper analyses the construction of categories and identity classifications underlying new forms of inclusion and exclusion that are to be found in the context of the emergence of Europe as a legal, political and cultural entity. It will 1 Este articulo es el resultado de discusiones y encuentros para la preparacion de una investigacion en el Centro Migrations, Asylum and Multiculturalism (MAM, www.ulb.ac.be/crt/mam), de la Universidad Libre de Bruselas. Quiero dar las gracias a A. Azzi, E. Bribosia, Ph. Debruycker, D. Jacobs, P. Petit, I. Rorive y M. Sanchez-Mazas. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.186 on Sun, 09 Oct 2016 04:23:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

In this article we analyze patterns of emigration and return to Mexican communities located in traditional migratory regions and in new emigration communities. The traditional communities of origin are located in the states to the far west of Mexico and the new origin communities are located to the south of Mexico City or in states near the Mexico.S. border. We estimate discrete time event history models predicting the likelihood of departure and return on first trips to the United States, and departure and return on subsequent trips. In both sets of communities we find that social capital is crit cal in raising the odds of departure on a first trip, but declines in importance in predicting the odds of departure on later trips, which are influenced more This content downloaded from 157.55.39.58 on Tue, 11 Oct 2016 04:55:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms .LAS S. MASSEY, JORGE DURAND Y FERNANDO RIOSMENA primer viaje, pero declina su importancia para predecir las probabilidades de partida de los viajes siguientes, que estan mas influenciados por el capital humano relativo a la migracion. Los migrantes de ambos grupos de comunidades usan la migracion internacional como medio para financiar la adquisicion de viviendas y de negocios, pero los migrantes de nuevas comunidades emisoras buscan primero negocio y luego las propiedades inmobiliarias, mientras que entre los de comunidades tradicionales es a la inversa. Los esfuerzos por parte de los Estados Unidos de impedir las migraciones entre Mexico y Estados Unidos militarizando la frontera han fallado, especialmente entre los migrantes de comunidades emisoras tradicionales que tienen tradiciones migratorias muy establecidas y acceso al capital humano y social especifico a la migracion. by migration-related human capital. Migrants from both sets of communities use international migration as a means of financing the acquisition of homes and businesses, but migrants from the new origin communities seek businesses first and then homes while among those from traditional communities it is the reverse. The efforts made by the United States to prevent Mexico-U.S. migration by militarizing the border have failed, especially among migrants from traditional sending communities with wellestablished migratory traditions and great access to migration-specific human and social capital.

Este articulo examina la contradiccion que esta en el fondo de las politicas de inmigracion italianas y espanolas entre las llamadas a la integracion y la marginalidad asociada con el estatus temporal y contingente de la inmigracion. Argumento aqui que esta tension es estructural y refleja una contradiccion subyacente en la economia politica de estas sociedades postfordistas. En la segunda parte de este articulo examino esta misma tension en la politica de inmigracion de los Estados Unidos, y exploro las formas en las que las propuestas actuales de reforma llevarian a la politica de inmigracion de este pais mas cerca de las de Espana e Italia. Hago notar que mientras que la tension entre marginalizacion de los inmigrantes e integracion ha caracterizado siempre la politica ABSTRACT