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The extent of natural weathering of phiogopite crystals in a karstic environment and the composition of its weathering products have been examined through a multi-method investigation carried out on a volcanoclastic deposit discovered in the Grotta del Cervo cave, Pietrasecca, central Italy. Phlogopite crystals are a mixture of 1M and 2M1 polytypes and show mixed- layering with a low amount (1-4%) of smectite in the glass groundmass. Phiogopite crystals vary in composition from phlogopite to ferroan phiogopite. Their average structural formula is (K0.92Na0.03Ba0.03Ca0.02) (Mg2.05Al0.01Fe2+0.19Fe3+0.04Mn0.01Ti0.15 0.19 (Si2.63Al1.37)O10.16(OH1.57F0.27). Micromorphological, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and microprobe analyses (EMPA) showed that the mineralogical evolution of phiogopite crystals is consistent with in-situ pseudomor- phic weathering of mica to Al-rich dlioctahedral (rather than Mg-rich) clay minerals (beideffite-like) via phlogopite-smectite mixed-layer phases. The main mechanism of transformation is a layer-by-layer modification in which water composition, enriched in Si and Al from glass dissolution, is a major control. Mg loss, Ca and Na exchange for K, enrichment in Si and Al are the main processes required for beidellitization of phiogopite. Glass alteration produced sequentially smectite, chabazite, phillipsite and analcime, as leaching progressed and the interstitial fluids became increasingly alkaline. The type of zeolite found in the several samples (in the chabazite, phillipsite, analcime series) indicates that the alteration extent increases from wall to the ceiling and to the floor of the cave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the formation of smectite under hydrothermal conditions in the aluminum-magnesium series. Types of smectite clays based on their charges; Models rationalizing kaolinite and smectite growth; Chemical analysis of gels; Difference in the growth rate of trioctahedral and dioctahedral smectite; Precursors to the growth of smectite.

Analyzes iron segregation in the octahedral sheet of bentonitic illite-smectite (I/S). Cation arrangement and order-disorder in minerals presenting isomorphous distributions; Existence of medium- or long-range ordering of cations in the octahedral sheets of the most illitic I/S samples.

Reports on the performance of BET surface area measurements and XRD and TG analysis on a mixed-layer illite/smectite with 11 percent illite. Effects of the exchange cation on the surface area of clays; Information on the exchanged samples studied.