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Ixodid ticks are in varying distribution patterns throughout Pakistan. They cause substantial losses to livestock industry in terms of hide loss and vector-borne disease transmission. This study was conducted in three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) from March 2018 to February 2019 with the aim of determining the prevalence and seasonal variation in tick species belonging to Ixodidae family in cattle population. A total of 1145 adult ticks were collected by a convenient method of sampling from 434 infested cattle of various breeds, age groups and sexes. Identification of ticks up to genus and species level was done with the help of specific morphological keys. The results showed higher prevalence of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (77%) followed by R. (B) annulatus (70%), R. (B) decoloratus (54%), H. anatolicum (52%) and the leastprevalence was recorded inR. (B) turanicus (12%). The prevalence of all ixodid tick species with exception of R. (B) annulatus and R. (B) decoloratus was significantly associated (p<0.05) with districts, breed, age and sex of cattle. Tick prevalence was higher in Achai and Friesian breeds, young stock and male animals. Prevalence of tick infestation was at its peak during summer and rainy seasons and remained low during winter season. In conclusions, that cattle tick R. (B) microplus was the dominant tick species infesting cattle population of KPK province and tick burden presented the highestrecord in summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ongoing paper draws upon the role of A.V aids in the schooling learning process usually used at Elementary level in education. The on hand study was a survey by type. The entire teaching staff and learners at Elementary level in District Bannu comprised of the population while 366 Elementary level teachers including 2002 learners at the rate of 25 percent & five percent respectively were engaged arbitrary as a sample of this research work. Questionnaires of two different types were designed for the collection of data. Objectives of this present study were: a) To explore the accessibility, usability and efficiency of the helping teaching materials at Elementary level b) To investigate how much the teaching staffs have potentialities to use effectively these materials at elementary level c). To identify how much the learners like these helping materials d) To scrutinize the usefulness of A.V aids during the learning activities at elementary level e) To search out the troubles in using A.V aids at elementary level. In the end it came out as an outcome that these helping materials (HTM) play significant function in the learning activities, it makes it successful, provide detailed information and provide attractive learning atmosphere in class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic diversity of Clavariod fungus; Clavariadelphus subfastigiatus from Pakistan was examined at the Internal Transcribed Space of rDNA level. From seven (07) investigated strains of C. subfastigiatus, two haplotypes with 0.5714 haplotype diversity were observed. These strains showed intraspecific variations in ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region at 10 sites with very little detectable genetic divergence. We propose these isolates as a C. subfastigiatus-Complex with some Indels and morpho-anatomic homogeneity. The topological distribution of this complex has also been discussed phylogenetically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive survey of medicinal plants during 2009 -2010 in Miranshah, revealed 30 medicinal species in the area. They belonged to 27 families. The dominant families were Asteraceae followed by Solanaceae. Most of the plants were wild as there is no trend of cultivation of such plants Datura alba, Allium cepa, Cannabis sativa, Fagonia cretica and Angelica sloula were the important medicinal plants of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]