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This paper presents system simulation and parametric study of the demonstration system of decentralized cooling in district heating network. The monitoring results obtained from the demonstration were calibrated and used for parametric studies in order to find improved system design and control. This study concentrates on system simulation studies that aim to: reduce the electricity consumption, to improve the thermal COP's and capacity if possible; and to study how the system would perform with different boundary conditions such as climate and load. The internal pumps inside the thermally driven chiller (TDC) have been removed in the new version TDC and implemented in this study to increase the electrical COP. Results show that replacement of the fourth with the fifth generation TDC increases the system electrical COP from 2.64 to 5.27. The results obtained from parametric studies show that the electrical and thermal COP's, with new realistic boundary conditions, increased from 2.74 to 5.53 and 0.48 to 0.52, respectively for the 4th generation TDC and from 5.01 to 7.46 and 0.33 to 0.43, respectively for the 5th generation TDC. Additionally the delivered cold increased from 2320 to 8670 and 2080 to 7740. kWh for the 4th and 5th generation TDC's, respectively., QC 20110408

Energy recovery from flue gases in thermal treatment plants is an integral part of municipal solid waste (MSW) management for many industrialized nations. Often cogeneration can be employed for both enhancing the plant profitability and increasing the overall energy yield. However, it is normally difficult to justify traditional cogeneration in tropical locations since there is little need for the heat produced. The main objective of this article is to investigate the opportunities and potentials for various types of absorption technologies driven by MSW power plants for providing both electricity and cooling. Results show that cogeneration coupling with thermally driven cooling is sustainably and economically attractive for both electricity and cooling production. The thermally driven cooling provides significant potential to replace electrically driven cooling: such systems are capable of providing cooling output and simultaneously increasing electricity yield (41%). The systems are also capable of reducing the fuel consumption per unit of cooling in comparison with conventional cooling technology: a reduction of more than 1 MWfuel/MWcooling can be met in a small unit. MSW power plant coupled with thermally driven cooling can further reduce CO2 emissions per unit of cooling of around 60% as compared to conventional compression chiller and has short payback period (less than 5 years)., QC 20110405

Enhanced energy security and renewable energy development are currently high on the public agenda in Southeast Asia, which features large populations and expansive economies. Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) have widely been accepted as important locally-available renewable energy sources and represent one of the largest renewable energy sources worldwide. This article presents an evaluation of the potential of MSW incineration for climate change mitigation and promotion of biomass-based electricity production in a more sustainable direction in Thailand. The energy recovery potential of MSW is analyzed by investigating various types of incineration technologies. Both conventional technologies and more advanced hybrid dual-fuel cycles (which combine MSW and natural gas fuels) are considered in analyses covering cycle performance and CO(2) emissions. Results show that MSW incineration has the ability to lessen environmental impact associated with waste disposal, and it can contribute positively towards expanding biomass-based energy production in Thailand. Hybrid cycles can be proposed to improve system performance and overall electrical efficiency of conventional incineration. The hybrid cycle featuring parallel interconnection is somewhat more attractive in terms of efficiency improvement: electrical efficiency increases by 4% and CO(2) emission levels are reduced by 5-10% as compared to the reference incineration case. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is even more attractive when methane gas emitted fro m existing landfill sites is to be compared., QC 20110408

This article presents the monitoring results of a thermally driven chiller (TDC) driven by district heat from a network supplied by a centralised combined heat and power (CHP) fired with municipal waste. The main objective of this article is to analyse the monitoring results obtained from the demonstration and calibrate a system model that is later used for parametric studies in order to find improved system design and control. The calibration of the system model was made in three stages and all the energy performance figures were within 4% of the measured values. Results show that the TDC system is capable of providing maximum thermal and electrical COP's of 0.50 and 4.6 respectively during the hottest period. For the complete monitoring period during the summer of 2008, the figures were 0.41 and 2.1. The lower figures were due to continuous pump operation inside the TDC even during periods of no cold production and a period when no cold was produced. However the internal pumps inside the TDC have been removed in the new version TDC to increase the electrical COP. System simulation and parametric studies will be employed to further determine how the electrical COP can be improved., QC 20110408

Finding environmentally benign methods related to sound municipal solid waste (MSW) management is of highest priority in Southeast Asia. It is very important to study new approaches which can reduce waste generation and simultaneously enhance energy recovery. One concrete example of particular significance is the concept of hybrid dual-fuel power plants featuring MSW and another high-quality fuel like natural gas. The hybrid dual-fuel cycles provide significantly higher electrical efficiencies than a composite of separate single-fuel power plant (standalone gas turbine combined cycle and MSW incineration). Although hybrid versions are of great importance for energy conversion from MSW, an economic assessment of these systems must be addressed for a realistic appraisal of these technologies. This paper aims to further examine an economic assessment and energy model analysis of different conversion technologies. Energy models are developed to further refine the expected potential of MSW incineration with regards to energy recovery and environmental issues. Results show that MSW incineration can play role for greenhouse gas reduction, energy recovery and waste management. In Bangkok, the electric power production via conventional incineration and hybrid power plants can cover 2.5% and 8% of total electricity consumption, respectively. The hybrid power plants have a relative short payback period (5 years) and can further reduce the CO2 levels by 3% in comparison with current thermal power plants., QC 20101209

Rapid expansion of industry, urbanization and increasing population, especially in high economic growth regions of Southeast Asia, has dramatically increased the amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Solid waste management has become a critical issue since the most popular form for waste disposal still employs open dumping. Although the proper handling of MSW is high on the public agenda, issues related to sound MSW management – including recycling programs, waste reduction, and disposal – have not been addressed adequately. Improper waste management causes severe environmental impacts, including groundwater contamination, air quality deterioration, and greenhouse gases emissions. Finding environmentally benign methods related to sound MSW management is of highest priority for this region. In this context waste to energy facilities can play a key role in ensuring a swift and economically viable shift to improved MSW management in Thailandand other areas of Asia. Positive environmental benefits can be achieved in parallel (i.e. reduction of greenhouse gas emissions via minimizing open dumping and expansion of a biomass-based electricity production method). The general objective of this study is to establish sustainable development of MSW management as well as to promote an expansion of biomass-based electricity in Southeast Asia. The energy recovery potential of MSW is analyzed by investigating various types of incineration technologies. Both conventional and more advanced hybrid dual-fuel cycles are considered in this study to evaluate cycle performance (electrical efficiency), CO2 emission and economic evaluation. This study will further construct energy model in order to explore the impact and refine the expected potential of MSW incineration with regard to energy recovery and environmental issues. Electricity demand by the end-user should be formulated and modelled to predict the trend of electricity consumption over the next twenty five years., QC 20120127

Increasingly intensive efforts are underway for employing renewable energy resources, especially when oil prices are unpredictable like today. Southeast Asia, which features large populations and expansive economies, already has a high energy demand and will grow even more in the future. Biomass is an important renewable energy source in this region, and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is an excellent candidate in this context. With industrialization, there has been an increase in the amount of MSW, particularly in large cities like Bangkok and Hanoi. While the need for a complete sustainable energy solution is crucial, solid waste management is also critical for these cities. Energy recovery from flue gases in thermal treatment plants is an integral part of MSW management for many industrialized nations. Often cogeneration can be employed for both enhancing the plant profitability and increasing the overall energy yield. However, it is normally difficult to justify traditional cogeneration in tropical locations since there is little need for the heat produced. The implementation of heat-driven cooling processes like absorption chillers is extremely attractive in this setting. In this paper, the energy applications from MSW in tropical urban areas have been investigated. Also investigated are the opportunities and potentials for various types of MSW power plants for providing both electricity and cooling in an innovative fashion. Results show that there is significant potential for various energy applications i.e. electricity, heatingand cooling from MSW in Southeast Asia. For example, electricity production via conventional incineration of MSW can achieve up to 2TWh per year in Bangkok and nearly this same amount in Hanoi. For heat-driven cooling, absorption chillers provide significant potential to replace electrically driven cooling: such systems are capable of providing 77 MWcooling and 22 MWel from CHP plant using MSW incineration. Heat driven chillers are also cap, QC 20110408

QC 20111116. Abstract and Poster

This paper presents an evaluation of the potential of municipal solid waste incinerationfor greenhouse gas mitigation and promotion of biomass-based electricity productionin a more sustainable direction in Southeast Asia. Beyond political and environmentalpressures, renewable energy sources are inherently attractive and have become a globalconcern. Resource constraints and rapid growth in world energy demand have alreadybrought oil prices over record levels. Developing countries – especially in high economicgrowth regions of Southeast Asia – often have strained resources and suffer as a result.Enhanced energy security and renewable energy development is high on the publicagenda in Thailand and other countries in Asia. Biomass and municipal solid waste(MSW) have widely been accepted as important renewable energy sources because theymay be used as carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation concepts. Solid waste management hasbecome a crucial issue in Southeast Asia since the most popular form for waste disposalstill employs open dumping. The overall objective of this investigation is to promotesound MSW management practices including waste-to-energy (WTE) recovery, as wellas to promote an expansion of biomass-based electricity. The energy recovery potentialof MSW is analyzed by investigating various types of incineration technologies. Bothconventional and more advanced hybrid dual-fuel cycles are considered to evaluate cycleperformance (electrical efficiency), CO2 emission and economic aspects. Results show that there is significant potential for environmental and waste management improvements viaMSW incineration. In Bangkok only, power production via hybrid power plants employingintegrated natural gas-fired topping cycles can achieve up to 4 TWh and 10 TWhin 2008 and 2030, respectively. The reduction of CO2 emissions is even more attractivewhen hybrid dual-fuel cycles are combined. CO2 reductions of 670 and 1,800 thousandtons, respectively, can be met in comparison with current, QC 20110408

The energy sector is one of the most sensitive base industries inThailandsince almost half of the total energy supply relies on imported sources. Of these, fossil fuels currently dominate electricity production. Exploring underutilized fuels like municipal solid waste (MSW) are vital towards securing a sustainable energy supply while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, a shift from MSW landfilling to incineration, if done with proper environmental controls, can also have positive benefits. This paper investigates the opportunities and potential for new MSW power plants with a focus on theBangkokregion, which produces up to 5 million tons of MSW per year. The energy recovery potential from MSW is analyzed by investigating various types of incineration technologies. In particular hybrid dual-fuel cycles, which integrate MSW and high-quality fuels like natural gas in an innovative fashion, are considered to be promising solutions. Study of plant performance in terms of efficiency and natural gas consumption from different power plant configurations are analyzed. An economic evaluation has been performed in this work to demonstrate the economic impact of the systems under consideration. Preliminary results show that MSW incineration has the potential to cover 8% ofThailand’s electricity; this amount is sufficient to meet the growth of national electrical consumption during a seven year span. InBangkokonly, power production via conventional incineration of MSW can achieve up to 2 TWh of electricity per year and this amount can be increased up to 3 TWh/yr if hybrid power plants employing integrated natural gas-fired topping cycles are employed. The maximum electrical efficiency increased by up to nearly 5% points for all hybrid cycles with natural gas to MSW fuel ratios of 0.3-0.4 NG. All proposed cycles (conventional and hybrid) are economically viable. The economic evaluation results also reveal that hybrid dual-fueled cycles are more economically acceptable, QC 20111116

QC 20111116. Written in Thai

Rapid expansion of industry, urbanization and increasing population, especially in large cities likeBangkok, has dramatically increased the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated inThailand. However, issues related to sound municipal solid waste management – including recycling programs, waste reduction, and disposal – have not been addressed adequately. Landfilling is currently the most popular form of waste disposal for some 14 million tons of waste annually, although the majority of facilities do not employ modern techniques like landfill gas recovery. It is clear that there is a pressing need to develop and deploy new alternatives in order to minimize the environmental impacts at all links in the municipal solid waste chain. Waste to energy facilities can play a key role in ensuring a swift and economically viable shift to improved municipal solid waste management inThailandand other areas ofAsia. In addition, positive environmental benefits can be achieved in parallel (i.e. reduction of greenhouse gas emissions via minimizing open dumping and expansion of a biomass-based electricity production method). The objective of this work is to investigate municipal solid waste management and electric power production through incineration of municipal solid waste inThailand. This paper contains a survey of current municipal solid waste management practices along with the current energy situation inThailand. The energy recovery potential of municipal solid waste is analyzed by investigating various types of incineration technologies. In particular hybrid dual-fuel cycles, which integrate municipal solid waste and high-quality fuels like natural gas in an innovative fashion, are considered to be promising solutions. Results show that there is significant potential for environmental and waste management improvements via municipal solid waste incineration., QC 20111116