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BACKGROUND Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is defined as any bleeding that does not correspond with the frequency, duration or amount of blood flow of a normal menstrual cycle. It is the commonest presenting symptom and major gynaecological problem responsible for as many as one-third of all outpatient gynaecologic visit. Aim of the present study was to find out the histopathological pattern of endometrium in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB). METHODS Specimens received as endometrial curettage, and hysterectomy specimens were studied followed by correlation of histopathology with age, parity and clinical presentation. RESULTS The patients were mainly from the age group of 41 - 50 years (43.25%). Most of the patients were multiparous (81.2%). The most common menstrual disorder was menorrhagia (57.12%). In abnormal uterine bleeding the most common histological pattern of endometrium was proliferative endometrium (38.7%) followed by secretory phase (22.1%) and disordered proliferative endometrium (13.3%). Endometrial carcinoma cases were 0.5% and there was one case (0.2%) of carcinosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS Histological study of endometrium, along with a thorough clinical history and detailed physical examination, should be promptly done for every case of abnormal uterine bleeding, especially in peri- and post-menopausal women.

BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining is a cytochemical stain was the first step in morphological characterization of two basic types of Acute leukemia.1,2 Until recently when the procedure was eliminated from the diagnostic protocol because of the proven carcinogenic potentiality of Benzidine. In advanced laboratories the procedure is now replaced by immunocytochemical demonstration of MPO. The main disadvantage of immunocytochemical stain is cost associated with the procedure, hence it is not possible for use in developing and under-developed countries. Besides the carcinogenic threat, the routine MPO staining procedure is also time consuming. The present study was aimed at, evaluating the new method that, successfully removes the use of the benzidine by DAB which has uncertain carcinogenic potentiality. MATERIALS AND METHODS 130 blood smears both peripheral blood smears and bone marrow aspirate smears were stained by the routine benzidine method and new DAB method and evaluated for stain intensity, cell morphology and background by two pathologists and each parameter was graded from 1 to 3. The total score for each case was calculated and compared using statistical formulae. RESULTS The new test has the additional advantage of being simple and less time consuming with excellent staining properties. CONCLUSION The newer technique using DAB was found to be a better procedure with good staining qualities, easy to perform as the liquid solution is stable and it is not an established carcinogen.

BACKGROUND Among the unexpected and undiagnosed sudden deaths, incidence of Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) is very high. Appearance of characteristic morphological and histopathological changes in the myocardium due to IHD is often delayed. As such, opining as to the cause of death at autopsy also becomes very difficult. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the role of gross morphological, histopathological and biochemical (Cardiac Troponin I) parameters in ascertaining the cause of death to IHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was a prospective study carried out on a total of 63 consecutive bodies received for post-mortem examination with the history of sudden deaths. After opening the thoracic cavity, blood sample was collected from the cardiac chambers and used for cardiac Troponin I level estimation. A thorough gross examination was done in all the cases and tissue bits from representative sites were histopathologically evaluated. RESULTS Out of the total 63 cases, 38 had past history suggestive of IHD. Characteristic gross morphological changes were found only in 58% of cases whereas with the addition of histopathological findings 84% cases could be diagnosed. Cardiac Troponin I level was elevated i.e. tests positive in all the 38 cases with history suggestive of IHD whereas the remaining 25 cases without prior history of IHD were found to be negative. CONCLUSION Estimation of serum Cardiac Troponin I levels has been found to be a very useful and sensitive marker of early ischaemic damage to the heart particularly when there is lack of gross morphological and histopathological findings. This could be a significant diagnostic parameter coupled with gross morphological and histological changes in sudden deaths relating to IHD.

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma is the most common non-skin malignancy in women. More recently, it has been suggested that extracellular proteinase regulates growth factors and cytokines that might contribute to tumour progression. Since CD10 is a cell surface metalloproteinase which inactivates various biologically active peptides, it might facilitate cancer cell invasion and/or metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS 48 cases of Invasive Breast Carcinomas were taken up for the study along with 5 cases of benign tumour as a control group (fibro adenoma and phyllodes). Statistical Analysis: For all statistical data chi-square test was applied using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. RESULTS CD10 was found to be positive in 89% (n=43) cases of which 30.3% (n=13) cases showed weak immunoreactivity whereas strong immunoreactivity was observed in 69.7% (n=30) cases. Stromal CD10 expression correlated with well-established prognostic markers, i.e. higher tumour grade (P

BACKGROUND Anaemia is the most common symptom in the developing countries including India where under nutrition is prevalent besides haemoglobinopathy is also prevalent in this geographic region. Haemoglobinopathies especially thalassaemia minor present in the paediatric age group with microcytic hypochromic anaemia and hence often misdiagnosed and treated wrongly as iron deficiency anaemia. Simpler cost-effective techniques like study of haematological indices by performing Complete Blood Count (CBC) and in suspicious cases haemoglobin electrophoresis the exact diagnosis can be established at the earliest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Under aseptic condition, 5 mL of blood collected in K2EDTA Vacutainer. One part was analysed in cell count analyser. Other part was used to prepare hemolysate and subsequently gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Gel Electrophoresis is done in 210 cases of microcytic hypochromic anaemia which is detected by haemogram assay, 21% of cases were diagnosed to be thalassaemia and 79% were iron deficiency anaemia. CONCLUSION Iron-Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is the commonest cause of microcytic hypochromic anaemia, the second being thalassaemia. Differential diagnosis is based on complete haemogram and peripheral smear. Serum iron profile study and haemoglobin electrophoresis are must for confirmation of diagnosis.

BACKGROUND Infertility continues to be a significant problem since ages. Studies suggest that the problem affects 8-12% of couples across the globe, and among these affected couples, approximately 50% cases are contributed by the male partner. Semen analysis is the first investigation that indicates towards male factor in infertility. Finding the cause of infertility in cases of severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia by evaluating testicular biopsies has now become essential with the availability of Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART), which gives information about the level of spermatogenesis. The present study was undertaken to detect the histological findings in cases of male infertility in this geographic region. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken in which testicular biopsies received from 52 infertile male patients with seminogram impressions of very severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia constituted the study group. Detailed clinical data including the LH. FSH and testosterone hormone levels were recorded. Tissue samples were routinely processed and Haematoxylin and Eosin stained were made. Modified Johnsen scoring was used to categorise each case. RESULTS 86.5% cases in the study group were found to have azoospermia and rest 13.5% cases had severe oligozoospermia. All the cases were histologically classified into six categories- obstructive pathology 25 of 52 cases (48.1%), pure germ cell aplasia 14 of 52 cases (26.9%), maturation arrest 7 of 52 cases (13.5%), atrophic testis 4 of 52 cases (7.7%), hypospermatogenesis 1 of 52 cases (1.9%) and inconclusive in 1 of 52 cases. Serum FSH and serum LH levels were found significantly raised in cases of pure germ cell aplasia and atrophic testis in contrast cases of obstructive aetiology had normal levels. Modified Johnsen scoring values were 9 in cases with obstructive pathology, 1/2 only in cases of pure germ cell aplasia and atrophic testes and 3 to 6 in cases of maturation arrest. CONCLUSION The present study concludes that testicular biopsy is of value in determining the level of spermatogenesis as well as the cause of infertility. The former information will help in deciding the mode of assisted reproductive technology suitable for the individual.