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As a new type of feed additive, probiotics have the characteristics of environmental protection, no pollution, no toxicity and no side effects, and can inhibit the growth of intestinal pathogens in livestock and poultry, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, improve immunity and feed utilization. In this paper, the definition, species, mechanism of action and application of probiotics in sheep production were reviewed, providing some theoretical and practical references for the research of probiotics and the application of sheep production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese is one of the essential trace elements in the process of animal growth and develop‐ ment, which affects animal immunity, metabolism, reproduction and bone development, and participates in the metabolism of various substances as an enzyme composition and enzyme activation factor in ani‐ mals. In this paper, the circulation process of manganese in ruminants and its influence on sheep physiol‐ ogy and production were reviewed, in order to provide some theoretical reference for the application of manganese in sheep production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]