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This discussion note compares several current linguistic theories: at the extreme ends of the cur-rent views are MINIMALIST theories, which restrict themselves to the binary branching operations Move and Merge, and SIMPLER SYNTAX, which assumes flat structures and a surface-oriented map-ping between syntactic structures and grammatical functions. I show that purely surface-oriented theories have problems in accounting for the relatedness of syntactic and morphological structures and for the iteration of valence-changing processes, and I argue for a lexical analysis, as can be found in current minimalist theories, HEAD-DRIVEN PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR (HPSG), and CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR. I furthermore show that the Chom-skyan view on label computation is problematic for several reasons and should be given up in favor of explicit accounts like the one used in HPSG. I discuss problems for the analysis of com-plements and specifiers in minimalist theories with special focus on Stabler's minimalist gram-mars. I argue that once all problems are fixed, the resulting combinatorial rules are rather similar to what HPSG does. As various proponents of more surface-oriented theories like CONSTRUCTION GRAMMAR, SIM-PLER SYNTAX, and HPSG have pointed out, two types of binary branching, headed rules are not sufficient to account for the entirety of language, which leads to the conclusion that both research directions are right to a certain extent: there is need for (constraint-based versions of) Move and Merge and there is need for special phrasal constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]