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Purpose: To report the clinical features, possible associations and treatment outcomes of patients with macular hole after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) (single or multiple) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD)., Methods: Retrospective consecutive case series from July 2009 to July 2014., Results: In the 15 study patients, the average time from RD surgery to macular hole diagnosis was 119 days (range: 41-398 months). Possible associations include epiretinal membrane (73%, 11/15 patients), macula-off RD (60%, 9/15 patients), recurrent RD (47%, 7/15 patients), and high myopia (56%, 5/9 patients). Single surgery was successful in hole closure in 8/15 patients (Group A) while 7/15 patients underwent multiple surgeries (Group B). Macular hole closure was achieved in 7/8 (87.5%) patients in Group A compared to 4/7 (57.1%) patients in Group B. Improvement of at least two lines of Snellen's visual acuity was achieved in 4/8 (50.0%) and 4/7 (57.1%) patients in Group A and B, respectively., Conclusion: In patients with macular hole formation after pars plana vitrectomy for RD, possible associations were epiretinal membrane, macula-off RD, recurrent RD, and high myopia. Even when macular hole closure was achieved, limited visual improvement occurred.

Purpose: To test the therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide antibiotic for prolonging murine "high-risk" corneal allograft survival., Methods: Fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched corneas were transplanted from C57BL/6 donors to BALB/c recipients with suture-induced vascularized high-risk corneal beds. Recipient mice were either not treated or treated with topical AZM, oral AZM, or both. Evaluation of graft vascularization and clarity was performed in a masked fashion. Lymph nodes were excised and analyzed for CD4, FoxP3, and CD44 by flow cytometry, and for T-cell priming by proliferation and cytokine production in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Corneal whole mounts were evaluated by confocal microscopy., Results: The incidence of graft rejection in the control group (81.8%) was significantly reduced by AZM treatment (18.2% topical, 21.7% oral, 33.3% topical + oral), although corneal vascularization was not affected by the treatment. The frequency of corneas that retained complete clarity after transplantation was higher in the AZM-treated groups. Reduced graft rejection in the AZM-treated groups was not associated with a reduced allospecific T-cell response or increased frequency of regulatory T cells., Conclusions: AZM is effective in prolonging survival of high-risk corneal allografts by an as yet undefined mechanism that does not seem to involve modulation of corneal neovascularization or allospecific T-cell priming.

Objectives: This study aimed to measure the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) agonist GW501516 (GW) and zinc sulfate (ZS) on ovariectomized rats' vaginal histomorphology and collagen expression., Methods: Two weeks after ovariectomy, rats received daily treatment with vaginal suppositories containing placebo, ZS, GW, ZS with GW, or estradiol for 2 weeks. Macroscopic measurements were taken and the midsection of the vagina was used for histology. Immunofluorescence was performed with antibodies against collagen I, III, and anti-actin or collagen I and V and anti-actin. Gene expression analysis of 3 collagen genes was performed by qRT-PCR., Results: Macroscopic measurements revealed that the genital hiatus was narrower in the ZS and ZS with GW groups, and the vagina was significantly longer in the animals treated with GW, ZS with GW, and estradiol compared to the placebo group. Microscopic measurements of the vaginal layers showed that the lamina propria and the vaginal muscularis were significantly thicker in the ZS and ZS with GW group compared to the placebo.The ratio of vaginal Col1a1/Col3a1 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated by ZS with GW compared to placebo, whereas the ratio of vaginal Col1a1/Col5a1 expression was significantly up-regulated by ZS, GW, and ZS with GW. The ratio of vaginal collagen I/III protein expression was significantly up-regulated by ZS and ZS with GW, whereas the ratio of vaginal collagen I/V expression was significantly up-regulated by estradiol, ZS, and ZS with GW compared to control., Conclusions: Vaginal suppositories containing zinc and PPARδ agonist significantly altered the vagina of ovariectomized rats.

Background: Priapism of the clitoris is a rare condition associated with prolonged erection of the clitoris causing engorgement, swelling, and pain to the clitoris and immediate adjacent area., Case: A 47-year-old woman presented complaining of vulvar and clitoral pain. Self-reported findings of a swollen and tender clitoris had been confirmed by physical examination during an episode of priapism, otherwise there were no abnormal findings on routine evaluation. The history and findings of prolonged clitoral swelling, tenderness, and pain of the clitoris and adjacent area were considered consistent with clitoral priapism, and discovered to be attributed to the use of trazodone hydrochloride, a heterocyclic antidepressant. The patient was initially treated with imipramine hydrochloride; however, it was the withdrawal of the medication instigating the condition that was the focal point in its management., Conclusion: Priapism of the clitoris is a condition that may develop during therapy with certain medications, specifically those possessing a strong alpha-adrenergic blockade. Conditions altering blood flow to the clitoris may also predispose to developing this condition. Familiarity with this condition and a high index of suspicion are paramount in establishing a diagnosis.