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The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related peptide amyloid-beta (A beta) has a propensity to aggregate into various assemblies including toxic soluble A beta protofibrils. Several studies have reported the existence of anti-A beta antibodies in humans. However, it is still debated whether levels of anti-A beta antibodies are altered in AD patients compared to healthy individuals. Formation of immune complexes with plasma A beta makes it difficult to reliably measure the concentration of circulating anti-A beta antibodies with certain immunoassays, potentially leading to an underestimation. Here we have investigated anti-A beta antibody production on a cellular level by measuring the amount of anti-A beta antibody producing cells instead of the plasma level of anti-A beta antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first time the anti-A beta antibody response in plasma has been compared in AD patients and age-matched healthy individuals using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) technique. Both AD patients and healthy individuals had low levels of B cells producing antibodies binding A beta(40) monomers, whereas the number of cells producing antibodies toward A beta(42) protofibrils was higher overall and significantly higher in AD compared to healthy controls. This study shows, by an alternative and reliable method, that there is a specific immune response to the toxic A beta protofibrils, which is significantly increased in AD patients.

The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related peptide amyloid-beta (A beta) has a propensity to aggregate into various assemblies including toxic soluble A beta protofibrils. Several studies have reported the existence of anti-A beta antibodies in humans. However, it is still debated whether levels of anti-A beta antibodies are altered in AD patients compared to healthy individuals. Formation of immune complexes with plasma A beta makes it difficult to reliably measure the concentration of circulating anti-A beta antibodies with certain immunoassays, potentially leading to an underestimation. Here we have investigated anti-A beta antibody production on a cellular level by measuring the amount of anti-A beta antibody producing cells instead of the plasma level of anti-A beta antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first time the anti-A beta antibody response in plasma has been compared in AD patients and age-matched healthy individuals using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) technique. Both AD patients and healthy individuals had low levels of B cells producing antibodies binding A beta(40) monomers, whereas the number of cells producing antibodies toward A beta(42) protofibrils was higher overall and significantly higher in AD compared to healthy controls. This study shows, by an alternative and reliable method, that there is a specific immune response to the toxic A beta protofibrils, which is significantly increased in AD patients.

The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related peptide amyloid-beta (A beta) has a propensity to aggregate into various assemblies including toxic soluble A beta protofibrils. Several studies have reported the existence of anti-A beta antibodies in humans. However, it is still debated whether levels of anti-A beta antibodies are altered in AD patients compared to healthy individuals. Formation of immune complexes with plasma A beta makes it difficult to reliably measure the concentration of circulating anti-A beta antibodies with certain immunoassays, potentially leading to an underestimation. Here we have investigated anti-A beta antibody production on a cellular level by measuring the amount of anti-A beta antibody producing cells instead of the plasma level of anti-A beta antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first time the anti-A beta antibody response in plasma has been compared in AD patients and age-matched healthy individuals using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) technique. Both AD patients and healthy individuals had low levels of B cells producing antibodies binding A beta(40) monomers, whereas the number of cells producing antibodies toward A beta(42) protofibrils was higher overall and significantly higher in AD compared to healthy controls. This study shows, by an alternative and reliable method, that there is a specific immune response to the toxic A beta protofibrils, which is significantly increased in AD patients.

The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related peptide amyloid-beta (A beta) has a propensity to aggregate into various assemblies including toxic soluble A beta protofibrils. Several studies have reported the existence of anti-A beta antibodies in humans. However, it is still debated whether levels of anti-A beta antibodies are altered in AD patients compared to healthy individuals. Formation of immune complexes with plasma A beta makes it difficult to reliably measure the concentration of circulating anti-A beta antibodies with certain immunoassays, potentially leading to an underestimation. Here we have investigated anti-A beta antibody production on a cellular level by measuring the amount of anti-A beta antibody producing cells instead of the plasma level of anti-A beta antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first time the anti-A beta antibody response in plasma has been compared in AD patients and age-matched healthy individuals using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) technique. Both AD patients and healthy individuals had low levels of B cells producing antibodies binding A beta(40) monomers, whereas the number of cells producing antibodies toward A beta(42) protofibrils was higher overall and significantly higher in AD compared to healthy controls. This study shows, by an alternative and reliable method, that there is a specific immune response to the toxic A beta protofibrils, which is significantly increased in AD patients.

The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related peptide amyloid-beta (A beta) has a propensity to aggregate into various assemblies including toxic soluble A beta protofibrils. Several studies have reported the existence of anti-A beta antibodies in humans. However, it is still debated whether levels of anti-A beta antibodies are altered in AD patients compared to healthy individuals. Formation of immune complexes with plasma A beta makes it difficult to reliably measure the concentration of circulating anti-A beta antibodies with certain immunoassays, potentially leading to an underestimation. Here we have investigated anti-A beta antibody production on a cellular level by measuring the amount of anti-A beta antibody producing cells instead of the plasma level of anti-A beta antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first time the anti-A beta antibody response in plasma has been compared in AD patients and age-matched healthy individuals using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) technique. Both AD patients and healthy individuals had low levels of B cells producing antibodies binding A beta(40) monomers, whereas the number of cells producing antibodies toward A beta(42) protofibrils was higher overall and significantly higher in AD compared to healthy controls. This study shows, by an alternative and reliable method, that there is a specific immune response to the toxic A beta protofibrils, which is significantly increased in AD patients.