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A new Chinese truffle species, Tuber sinomacrosporum belongs to the Macrosporum group was illustrated and described, it is characterized by brownish-red ascoma, prosenchymatous peridium, dark brown gleba, 1(2) spored asci and large ellipsoid ascospores with 2–6 μm high reticulate-alveolate. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA supports this species is distinct from the known species within the Macrosporum group. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological differences between this new species and its related species are discussed.

A new hypogeous species, Choiromyces cerebriformis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Yunnan province, China. Both morphological evidence and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) support the species as new to science. C. cerebriformis differs from other Choiromyces species in having ascomata with larger lobes and light orange-brown gleba, and globose ascospores with short stick-like sparse spines ornamentation. Morphological differences and genetic distances with the similar species C. helanshanensis and C. alveolatus are discussed. A phenotypic key including related species is provided.

A new black truffle species with a basal cavity, Tuber melanoexcavatum, is identified and described. The new species is morphologically similar to T. pseudobrumale, T. pseudoexcavatum, and T. mesentericum in having a basal cavity. However, T. melanoexcavatum differs from T. pseudobrumale and T. pseudoexcavatum in having black pyramidal warts and 5 to 8 spored asci, and differs from T. mesentericum by having spiny ascospores and 1 to 5 spored (rarely 6 spored) asci. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that T. melanoexcavatum is most closely related to T. pseudobrumale, but the two still clearly differentiate. Tuber melanoexcavatum grows as a mycorrhizal association with Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides. Tuber melanoexcavatum is considered an edible black truffle species and is indigenous to China.

The Australian genus Reddellomyces comprises several closely related symbiotic ascomycetes with chambered gleba (solid ptychothecium), ornamented ascospores and cylindrical paraphyses that are sometimes difficult to identify based on morphological aspects. Several Reddellomyces species are spread with their Australian host plants (Eucalyptus and Acacia) worldwide including Mediterranean areas. Specimens of an unusual truffle were collected from Acacia saligna stands in Tunisian semi-arid lands and eucalypt forest of Antalya (Turkey) dominated by E. camaldulensis Dehnh. and E. grandis W. Hill. Based on morphological features, these fungi are affiliated to Reddellomyces genus, differing from other species of the genus mainly based on ascospore size. Further analysis based on nuclear rDNA LSU and ITS and digital RFLP of the ITS sequenced amplicons with selected restriction endonucleases showed the unique identity of Tunisian specimens within the genus Reddellomyces. Our results showed also that at least six Reddellomyces species are present including two unnamed species restricted to Australia.

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Tuber griseolivaceum sp. nov. is described and illustrated from southwest China based on molecular and morphological analysis. Morphologically, the new species is easily confused with T. caoi because both have olive gray ascomata and regularly globose ascospores with reticulate ornaments, but T. griseolivaceum is distinguished from T. caoi by its blackish to black gleba and 3–4 (–5) meshes across the spore width. ITS-based phylogenetic analysis also strongly supports the erection of the new species.

A new white truffle species Tuber shii is described and illustrated from China. Both the ML trees generated from ITS and the combined sequences of ITS and nrLSU revealed that T. shii is a distinct species and sister to T. jinshajiangense in phylogeny. Morphologically, the new species can be distinguished from T. jinshajiangense by its ascospore shape dominated with globose spores but often with the presence of subglobose ones. The pattern of relationship between T. shii and T. jinshajiangense is the same as that of European species T. sphaerospermum and T. oligospermum in morphology and phylogeny.