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Terna plants are used by Indonesians as raw materials for herbal and traditional medicine, including Phyllantus niruri L. and Phyllantus urinaria L. Therefore, this study aimed to explore, analyze and compile the activities and potential of Phyllantus niruri L. and Phyllantus urinaria L. as agents of hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors using a narrative review approach. It was conducted based on the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) by establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study selected and reviewed 15 out of 38 articles. The Phyllantus genus is a group of seasonal herbs containing bioactive compounds and activity as HBV Inhibitors. In this study, 23 compounds were identified in the two species, including Nirtetralin, Phyllanthin, Niranthin, Hinokinin, Ellagic acid, Ethanol, Phyllanthosterol, Ethyl brevifolincarboxylate, Tenofovir, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Astragalin, Repanducinic acid, Corilagin, Gallic acid, Aloe-emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Catechin, D-glucopyranoside, Ethyl gallate, Protocatequatic acid, Chebulanin, Albibrissinoside B, and (-)-Epicatechin. Meanwhile, the activity in inhibiting cells infected with HBV was reported in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico. The mechanism of bioactive compounds as HBV inhibitors focuses on suppression, blocking, and inhibiting the synthesis, secretion, and expression of HBsAg, HBcAg, and HbeAg in test media. The results showed that Meniran red and green bioactive compounds have the potential to be developed as raw materials as herbal medicine with promising prospects as commercial drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term control of Aedes aegypti larvae with temephos has led to resistance and side effects. Therefore, natural agents have been developed to eradicate the vector that causes dengue fever. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of Parasayu incense ash as a larvicide to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. In this experimental study, a completely randomized design was used and the test was conducted by exposing 25 fourth instar larvae to Parasayu incense ash for two, four, six, eight and 24 hours, with five replicates for a total sample of 875 tails in the Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory for three months. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and a probit test. One test showed that different exposure times to Parasayu incense ash significantly affected the death of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae at p = 0.000 (p< 0.01). The ash toxicity test yielded a lethal time (LT50) value of 57.4539, which is 5 h, 37 min, and 32 s in the extremely hazardous category. In addition, the LT90 value was 4.632736, which is 3 h, 21 min, and 48 s in the super toxic category. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9552 (95.52%), and the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9773 (97.73%). Therefore, to eradicate the vector causing dengue virus infection, Parasayu incense ash should be used, which has been shown to be effective, efficient, and toxic to Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae at exposure times of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]