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Purpose: Treatment delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic in uveal melanoma (UM) patients have led to an increased rate of enucleations in Europe. The impact of multiple COVID-19 lockdowns on UM management has not been assessed in France. The goal of this study was to assess whether delayed diagnosis could have led to more advanced stages and thus a higher rate of enucleations., Methods: Two datasets were analyzed: patients from two ocular oncology centers (dataset-1), with recording of sizes, prognostic stages (TNM) and treatments, and a national database (dataset-2), obtained by ICD-10 codes and medical procedures for clip placement. After year-by-year comparison, the pre-COVID-19 (2018-2019) and post-COVID-19 (2021-2022) periods were compared for each dataset. Five hundred and thirty-seven patients were diagnosed with UM (dataset-1), including 213 patients in the pre-COVID-19 period and 212 patients in the post-COVID-19 period. Similarly, 2187 patients were diagnosed with UM (dataset-2), of whom 914 patients and 864 patients were diagnosed in the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 periods, respectively., Results: A higher number of patients had locally advanced tumors during the post-COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID-19 period (cT1=66, cT2=64, cT3=66 and cT4=21 vs. cT1=59, cT2=82, cT3=65 and cT4=7, P=0.03), but without difference in ciliary body involvement, extraocular extension or AJCC stage (dataset-1). Treatments were similar between the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 periods in dataset-1 (P=0.36) and dataset-2 (P=0.47), with a higher ratio of proton beam therapy to primary enucleation in 2020 than in the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 periods (21.4 vs. 8.6 and 6.3, P=0.02)., Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic did not impact the ophthalmological management of UM patients in France, but more locally advanced stages were observed upon initial presentation during the post-COVID-19 period., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) is defined as an excessive billowing of the iris during cataract surgery. Floppy eyelid syndrome is defined as an excessive hyperlaxity of the eyelids. Based in our daily experience, we suspected FES to be associated with IFIS. This association has been investigated. The goal of the study was to explore whether FES was predictive of IFIS., Material and Methods: We conducted a prospective observational single-center study at the University Hospital of Nice. IFIS and FES were investigated in patients undergoing cataract surgery from November 2019 to May 2021. In addition, tarsus and iris samples were harvested in 2 fresh cadavers, and Verhoeff staining was used to identify elastin fibers., Results: We included 452 eyes (n=312 patients, 50.9% male) with a mean age of 71.7years (±11.4). IFIS was diagnosed in 88 (19.5%) patients, including 20 (4.4%) grade 1, 34 (7.5%) grade 2, and 33 (7.3%) grade 3. FES was diagnosed in 35 (7.7%) patients. PEX was found in 23 (5.1%) patients. On multivariate analysis, FES (P<0.001), pseudo exfoliation (P=0.017), intracameral dilatation (P<0.004), senior surgeons (P=0.009) and α1-ARA (P<0.001) were associated with IFIS. Elastin fibers were identified in small amounts in the tarsus samples but not in the iris samples., Conclusion: FES is predictive of IFIS. Surgeons should be aware of this association to prevent intraoperative complications., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Removal of orbital foreign bodies is a surgical challenge. The purpose of this study is to report our experience in the removal of orbital foreign bodies and to evaluate the usefulness of various technological aids in their removal., Materials and Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study at Nice University Hospital (France) from January 2017 to December 2023. All patients undergoing surgery for an orbital foreign body during the study period were included. Data recorded included the nature of the orbital foreign body, its size, location, surgical route, outcome (success, partial success, failure), and technological aids used (intraoperative navigation, intraoperative imaging scope, orbital magnet). Concurrently, we designed a dedicated orbital magnet, which was tested in the anatomy laboratory and in two of our patients., Results: Six patients, all young men, were included during the study period. Removal was successful, partially successful, or unsuccessful in one-third of cases, respectively. Failure was associated with orbital foreign bodies located in the intraconal or posterior orbital space. Preoperatively, the use of a "low-artifact" scanner allowed us to better determine the exact size and shape of the orbital foreign body. Intraoperative navigation was not accurate enough, due to the mobility of the orbital bodies within the orbital fat. In our experience, intraoperative scope imaging was more accurate. The use of a dedicated orbital magnet was successfully tested in the anatomy laboratory and allowed the removal of a small orbital foreign body in one of our patients. Intraoperative surgical videos are provided., Conclusion: Vegetal orbital foreign bodies must be systematically removed. Removal of non-vegetal orbital foreign bodies should be considered on a case-by-case basis based on their size, best assessed using a "low artifact" scanner, their location, and their intrinsic ferromagnetism. Intraoperative navigation does not appear useful, while intraoperative scope imaging does. A dedicated orbital magnet might be helpful in removing ferromagnetic orbital foreign bodies. However, an orbital magnet may be ineffective in removing intraorbital bullets, since they are made primarily of an alloy of copper and lead., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate and compare characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, visual prognosis, and course between ocular sarcoidosis with or without uveitis in a population in Southern France., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients with ocular sarcoidosis in a tertiary eye care center in Nice from January 2003 to December 2021. The inclusion criterion was biopsy-proven ocular sarcoidosis according to IWOS criteria as the first clinical manifestation of sarcoidosis., Results: A total of 25 patients were included. Twenty patients had uveitis (70% panuveitis, 20% intermediate uveitis, and 10% anterior uveitis) and five patients had non-uveitic ocular sarcoidosis (one patient with dacryoadenitis, one patient with orbital granuloma, two patients with palpebral granuloma, and one patient with episcleritis). Only the cases with uveitis had bilateral involvement (85% of cases). There was no significant difference in ethnicity, biopsy diagnosis, systemic manifestations, or treatment between the two groups. Final visual outcomes remained good for both groups, with 96% of patients with BCVA>20/50, with no significant difference. Patients with non-uveitic sarcoidosis experienced less recurrence on treatment (P=0.042) and more remission (P=0.038) than patients with uveitis. Eighty percent of patients with uveitis had at least three suggestive clinical intraocular signs meeting IWOS criteria., Conclusion: In this population in Southern France, uveitis was the most common presentation of ocular sarcoidosis. The type of ocular sarcoidosis does not appear to be correlated with the type of systemic manifestations, use of systemic therapy, or visual prognosis, but patients with non-uveitic ocular sarcoidosis appear to have a better course with fewer recurrences on treatment and more remission than patients with uveitic ocular sarcoidosis., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The first intraocular lenses (IOLs) used for cataract surgery transmitted both ultraviolet (UV) radiation and visible light to the retina. Colorless UV-blocking IOLs were introduced and rapidly adopted in the 1980s. Yellow-tinted blue-blocking (also known as blue-filtering) IOLs were marketed in the early 1990s. Blue-blocking IOLs were intended to simulate age-related crystalline lens yellowing to reduce the cyanopsia that some patients experienced after cataract surgery. When blue-filtering IOLs were introduced in North America, however, blue-blocking chromophores were advocated as a way to protect patients from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) despite the lack of evidence that normal environmental light exposure causes AMD. The "blue light hazard" is a term that describes the experimental finding that acute, abnormally intense light exposures are potentially more phototoxic to the retina when short rather than long wavelengths are used. Thus, in brief exposures to intense light sources such as welding arcs, ultraviolet radiation is more hazardous than blue light, which is more hazardous than longer wavelength green or red light. International commissions have cautioned that the blue light hazard does not apply to normal indoor or outdoor light exposures. Nonetheless, the hazard is used for commercial purposes to suggest misleadingly that ambient environmental light can cause acute retinal phototoxicity and increase the risk of AMD. Very large epidemiological studies show that blue-blocking IOLs do not reduce the risk or progression of AMD. Additionally, blue-filtering IOLs or spectacles cannot decrease glare disability, because they decrease image and glare illuminance in the same proportion. Blue light is essential for older adults' scotopic photoreception needed to reduce the risk of nighttime falling and related injuries. It is also critical for circadian photoreception that is essential for good health, sleep and cognitive performance. Unfortunately, age-related pupillary miosis, retinal rod and ganglion cell photoreceptor degeneration and decreased outdoor activity all reduce the amount of healthful blue light available to older adults. Blue-restricting IOLs further reduce the available blue light at a time when older adults need it most. Patients and ophthalmologists are exposed to hypothesis-based advertisements for blue-filtering optical devices that suppress short wavelength light critical for vision in dim lighting and for good physical and mental health. Spectacle and intraocular lens selections should be based on scientific fact, not conjecture. Ideal IOLs should improve photoreception rather than limit it permanently. Practice efficiency, surgical convenience and physician-manufacturer relationships may eliminate a patient's opportunity to choose between colorless blue-transmitting IOLs and yellow-tinted, blue-restricting IOLs. Cataract surgeons ultimately determine whether their patients have the opportunity to make an informed choice about their future photoreception., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of iStent inject® versus 360° selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in patients with early glaucoma undergoing cataract surgery., Methods: A retrospective non-randomized study was conducted in 73 eyes divided into two groups: cataract surgery+intraoperative iStent (n=40) versus cataract surgery+postoperative SLT at one month (n=33). The primary endpoint was intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering≥20% between baseline and 6 months postoperatively. The secondary endpoints were IOP lowering at 1, 6 and 12 months, and the mean number of IOP-lowering medications at 6 and 12 months., Results: The mean baseline IOP was 19.1 mmHg with no significant difference between groups. The mean baseline number of IOP-lowering medications was higher in the iStent group (n=1.95) compared to the SLT group (n=1.53; P=0.04). At 6 months, 18 (60%) patients in the SLT group and 20 (51%) patients in the iStent group achieved IOP lowering≥20% with no significant difference between groups (P=0.431). At 6 months, no difference in the mean number of IOP-lowering medications was found between groups (-0.92 and -0.89 in the iStent and SLT groups, respectively). Similar results were found at 12 months., Conclusion: These results suggest similar safety and efficacy of intraoperative iStent and postoperative 360° SLT in lowering IOP and reducing glaucoma eye drops in early glaucoma patients undergoing cataract surgery. Treatment choice should be based on the ophthalmologist's experience and on the cost-benefit ratio., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate whether 18 F-FDG PET/CT might be useful to predict the histology of various orbital tumors based on the maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) and the OMSUV (orbital max SUV)/MLSUV (mean liver SUV) ratio., Patients and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted between May 2019 and December 2020. Patients with an orbital mass who underwent preoperative 18 F-FDG PET/CT followed by an orbital biopsy were included. Tumor histology was classified as follows: orbital inflammation, solid tumor, low-grade lymphoid tumor, and high-grade lymphoid tumor. Orbital tumors were also classified as indolent or aggressive. Data recorded included the orbital SUVmax, OMSUV/MLSUV ratio and additional extra-orbital SUV sites., Results: Forty-five patients (24 men) were included. There were 15 (33.3%), 14 (31.1%), 9 (20%), and 7 (15.5%) cases of orbital inflammation, solid tumor, low-grade lymphoid tumor, and high-grade lymphoid tumor, respectively. No correlation was found between the OMSUV/MLSUV ratio and orbital SUVmax and tumor histology (Z = -0.77, Z = -0.6, Z = -1.6, and Z = 0.94, all P > 0.05, respectively). No correlation was found between the OMSUV/MLSUV ratio (Z = -1.42, P > 0.05) and orbital SUVmax (Z = -0.82, P > 0.05) and tumor aggressiveness (indolent versus aggressive). Subgroup analyses showed that SUVmax was predictive of lymphoma aggressiveness (P = 0.05) and was able to distinguish orbital cancers (all lymphomas+solid tumors) from benign tumors (P = 0.02)., Conclusion: 18 F-FDG PET/CT could not be used to predict the underlying orbital tumor histology. However, more aggressive tumors, especially high-grade lymphomas and cancers, tended to have a higher orbital SUVmax compared to indolent lesions., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

These guidelines are a consensus of French glaucoma and retina experts on the management of ocular hypertension (OHT) observed in a third of the cases after corticosteroid implant intravitreal injections. They update the first guidelines published in 2017. Two implants are marketed in France: the dexamethasone implant (DEXi) and the fluocinolone acetonide implant (FAci). It is essential to assess the pressure status before injecting a patient with a corticosteroid implant. A molecule-specific monitoring of the intraocular pressure is needed throughout the follow-up and at the time of reinjections. Real-life studies have allowed optimizing the management algorithm by significantly increasing the safety of these implants. Corticosteroid testing with DEXi should be performed before switching to FAci to optimize pressure tolerance of FAci. Beyond topical hypotensive treatments, selective laser trabeculoplasty may be considered in the therapeutic arsenal for the management of steroid-induced OHT and subsequent injections., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

These are the recommendations of French glaucoma and retina experts on the management of ocular hypertension (OHT) observed in 1/3 of cases after intravitreal steroid implant injections. They are an update to the recommendations first published in 2017. There are two implants on the French market: the dexamethasone (DEXi) and fluocinolone acetonide (FAci) implants. It is important to know the pressure status before injecting a patient with a steroid implant. Monitoring of the IOP adapted to the specific drug is necessary throughout follow-up and reinjections. Real-life studies have made it possible to optimize the management algorithm by significantly increasing the safety of use of these implants. A corticosteroid test with DEXi is necessary before switching to FAci to optimize the pressure tolerance of the latter. In addition to topical glaucoma medications, SLT laser can be considered in the therapeutic arsenal for the management of steroid-induced OHT and future injections., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) is a surgical procedure commonly performed in the Anglo-Saxon countries for the treatment of medically refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). We chose to compare 6 different trans-orbital surgical approaches to ONSF. We also desired to determine the number of optic nerve decompression procedures performed in France in 2019 and 2020., Methods: Four fresh frozen orbits were dissected at the University of Nice anatomy laboratory. We performed the following surgical approaches: (i) eyelid crease, (ii) lid-split, (iii) medial transconjunctival with medial rectus disinsertion, (iv) medial transconjunctival without rectus disinsertion, (v) lateral transconjunctival and (vi) lateral orbitotomy. For each surgical approach, we measured the distance between the incision and the optic nerve dura mater. We also extracted data from the French National PMSI (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d' Information) database from January 2019 through December 2020 to determine the annual number of optic nerve decompression procedures., Results: The lid crease and medial transconjunctival approaches provided the shortest distance to the optic nerve (average 21mm and 24mm, respectively) and the lowest levels of difficulty compared to the other surgical routes. A total of 23 and 45 optic nerve decompressions were performed in France in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Among them, only 2 and 7 procedures, respectively, were performed through a trans-orbital approach., Conclusion: Upper lid crease incision and medial transconjunctival approaches are the most direct and easiest surgical routes when performing an ONSF. We found that ONSF was rarely performed in France. We strongly recommend close cooperation between ophthalmologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons and interventional radiologists., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Filler-induced blindness (FIB) is the most threatening complication following periocular injection. To date, no standard of care has been established. The goal of this study is to report a new case of FIB with partial visual recovery and present our personalized algorithm for treatment based on fluorescein angiography findings., Materials and Methods: Case report with 24 months follow-up and treatment algorithm., Results: Our patient experienced complete vision loss to no light perception following forehead lipofilling. Retinal angiography identified a posterior ciliary artery occlusion. Antiplatelet medication, steroids and intraocular pressure lowering medications were administrated, followed by hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT). Visual acuity improved to +0.8 logMar. The HBOT treatment was monitored by fluorescein angiogram. Based on this case and on the ophthalmic literature on retinal and ciliary artery occlusion, we established a personalized FIB protocol guided by fluorescein angiography., Conclusion: Although prevention remains the best treatment, all physicians should be prepared to manage FIB. Prompt management at the office guided by written protocols, as well as emergency kits, are essential. In referral centers, personalized treatment should be undertaken based on fluorescein angiography findings., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Choosing a first-line treatment to optimize long-term outcomes is a major challenge for treating patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The development of several new molecules makes it critical to identify the relevant factors to consider so as to provide an optimal risk-benefit ratio when initiating a treatment in naïve patients with neovascular AMD. This paper proposes a consensus established with the Delphi method (which includes a gradation in a consensus based on an analysis of the convergence rate of answers) to provide criteria that guide the ophthalmologist's decision for treatment initiation and follow-up in neovascular AMD patients. Fourteen questions were submitted to 93 French retina experts. Thirteen (93%) of the questions reached a consensus (≥50% of answers consensual). The criteria recommended to take into account were both efficacy and onset of action of the molecules, their safety, and the ability to decrease injection frequency. The primary criterion of expected efficacy of a molecule is a combination of the gain in visual acuity and resorption of retinal fluid. With regard to safety, experts recommend tighter follow-up for molecules currently in development, and at every scheduled visit, patients should be screened to identify early any potential adverse effects such as intraocular inflammation, retinal vasculitis or vascular occlusion. Experts also emphasize the importance of the packaging of the biological, with a preference toward prefilled syringes. Injection frequency is a key factor, and the authors recommended aiming for a maximal injection interval of 12 to 16 weeks. The stability of that maximum interval is also an important factor to consider in treatment selection., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloblastic leukemia that could be very difficult to treat. Lifitegrast 5% (Xiidra@, Novartis), a new immunosuppressive eye drop, was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of severe dry eye and is currently under review by the European Medicines Agency. In France, lifitegrast has been approved by the French authorities for temporary use in refractory dry eye syndrome resistant to tear substitutes and topical cyclosporine. To date, serious complications have been reported only exceptionally. In this article, we report the case of a 65-year-old patient with a medical history of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) diagnosed in 2015 who received a first matched related donor transplant. In 2019, this patient developed chronic GVH involving the skin, oral mucosa and eye. Despite taking topical and systemic medications for 3 months, the patient did not report relief of ocular symptoms. Therefore, lifitegrast was prescribed. To our knowledge, we report the first case of corneal perforation in which evisceration was required following treatment with topical lifitegrast for chronic GVH. In the case presented here, it can be assumed that the underlying mechanisms leading to corneal perforation are multifactorial. Using drug accountability criteria, lifitegrast appears to be strongly associated with the development of bacterial keratitis and corneal perforation., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Lymphoma is the most common orbital malignancy in adults. Among the types of lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma is a particularly aggressive form, often discovered through systemic involvement, with a dismal prognosis due to frequent recurrences. It is secondary to a t (11 ; 14) (q13; q32) chromosomal translocation resulting in an anti-apoptotic signal via overexpression of Bcl-2. Treatment is based on R-CHOP poly-chemotherapy. We describe the case of a patient with an orbital recurrence of mantle cell lymphoma successfully treated with oral Bcl-2 inhibitor monotherapy. A 58-year-old man who was treated with R-CHOP 8 years ago for mantle cell lymphoma, in remission for 5 years, presented with progressive decreased visual acuity in the left eye, along with binocular diplopia. Clinical examination revealed a decrease in visual acuity in the left eye to 1/20 Parinaud 20 and a relative afferent pupillary defect on the left. External examination revealed a left cranial nerve VI palsy, 2mm of painless proptosis, and hypesthesia of the left V1 territory, leading to a diagnosis of left orbital apex syndrome. The disc and macular OCT were normal. The visual field showed enlargement of the left blind spot. An emergency CT scan and MRI revealed an apical extraconal tissue mass infiltrating the medial rectus muscle, extending to the superior orbital fissure, optic canal and left cavernous sinus, hyperintense on T2 weighted images and isointense on T1. The morphological appearance was strongly suggestive of an infiltrative lymphomatous process. An 18 FDG PET-scan identified the orbital lesion as well as enhancing lesions in the axilla and colon; given the clinical features and test results, the diagnosis of recurrent mantle cell lymphoma was made without biopsy. Treatment with Venetoclax (Bcl-2 inhibitor) was initiated. At one month of treatment, the orbital apex syndrome had entirely resolved, with visual acuity increased to 8/10 Parinaud 4 and a metabolic return to normal on PET scan. The PET scanner and clinical examination at 3 months were entirely normal. At the one-year follow-up visit, the patient was still on Venetoclax, the clinical examination was unchanged, and the PET-scan still showed a complete metabolic response., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Optimizing treatment regimens for anti-angiogenic drugs is now a major issue in the management of patients with exudative AMD. The evolution of these approaches has led retinologists to favor so-called proactive administration regimens, such as Treat-and-Extend (T&E), which make it possible to anticipate recurrence and to plan intravitreal injections of anti-angiogenic drugs in advance. Nevertheless, a real need to standardize the application of this regimen has been identified. This article proposes a consensus based on the Delphi methodology, which might provide a guide for ophthalmologists to manage patients with exudative AMD using the T&E protocol. While some aspects remain debated to date, this article provides elements to guide the implementation of T&E. The experts recommend that a loading dose of 3 monthly injections should be administered before starting T&E. They also recommend adjusting the reinjection intervals by±2 weeks in a standardized fashion. The intervals are then decreased in the presence of anatomical and/or functional deterioration, maintained when the interval of recurrence is identified, and increased when anatomical and/or functional improvement is observed. A maximum interval between 3 and 4 months is recommended by the experts, with maintenance of the maximum interval for 1 year before considering a possible exit from the T&E protocol. In the event of a significant decrease in visual acuity related to the disease along with significant anatomical degradation, it is recommended to restart monthly injections. In the case of bilateral disease, when synchronized timing of injections for both eyes is desired, the experts recommend using the shorter of the two intervals., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Conjunctival-pigmented tumors are rare, but they are one of the most commonly encountered by the pathologist working with the department of ophthalmology. Nevus and melanoma can be encountered and have some histological difference compared to their cutaneous counterpart. Primary acquired melanosis (PAM) is a conjunctival specific entity. This clinical term includes several histological lesions ranging from benignity to melanoma precursor lesion. Histologic examination determines the therapy and the risk of progression to melanoma. We present here a histopathological, clinical and therapeutic synthesis of conjunctival-pigmented lesions, emphasizing the importance of a good understanding between clinicians and pathologists., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To report the characteristics of uveitis cases occurring while on biologic therapy or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) reported to the French national pharmacovigilance database., Methods: All the uveitis cases occurring in patients with chronic rheumatologic diseases, chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases or connective tissue diseases, while treated with DMARDs and/or biologic therapies between 2000 and 2015 and reported to the French National Pharmacovigilance Database were collected., Results: During the study period, 32 cases of uveitis were reported (15 men, 17 women). Two patients were treated with one DMARD alone, 24 with biologic therapy alone, and six with both treatments. Anterior uveitis was diagnosed in 19 patients (8 cases were bilateral); intermediate uveitis was found (unilaterally) in one patient; posterior and diffuse uveitis occurred in 5 and 2 cases respectively. Five cases were inconclusive with regard to the anatomical type of uveitis. The uveitis was of infectious origin in 5 cases: 2 toxoplasmosis, 2 herpes virus and 1 tuberculosis. In the 27 other cases, it was not possible to state whether the uveitis was associated with the underlying disease (uncontrolled) or a side effect of the biologic/DMARD treatments. The occurrence of the uveitis led to 9 switches in biologic therapy and 13 discontinuations of treatment (8 complete discontinuations, 5 discontinuations only until uveitis remission was obtained). In 4 cases, the treatments were not modified. The database does not specify the ultimate course or rheumatologic disease activity at the time of the uveitis., Conclusions: The presence of uveitis while on biologic therapy must not be taken to indicate a therapeutic failure, especially if the ocular manifestation is isolated. In the case of uveitis occurring in patients treated with biologic therapies and/or DMARDs, infectious complications should be ruled out., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Meningiomas with orbital extension are the most frequent benign orbital tumors. The few studies available on the postoperative complications of their excision focus on the postoperative evolution of proptosis, visual acuity and visual field deficits. The goal of our study was to highlight the oculoplastic complications secondary to their excision., Material and Method: We identified all cases of meningiomas with orbital extension undergoing excision either neurosurgically or via an orbital approach in the ophthalmology and neurosurgery departments of Pasteur university medical center in Nice between February 2011 and January 2017. The data collection included the postoperative presence of proptosis, oculomotor disturbance, lid disorders, dry eye and trigeminal nerve damage., Results: Twenty-nine patients were included; 89.7 % were women. The mean age was 55 years. Postoperative complications included 25 % residual proptosis; 40.7 % oculomotor disturbance, 75 % of which regressed at least partially; 50 % ptosis, 21 % of which did not regress; 40 % dry eye; and in 21.4 % the trigeminal nerve was involved., Conclusion: The management of meningiomas with orbital extension is difficult due to their anatomical location and requires joint neurosurgical and oculoplastic management. Sufficient follow-up is required before recommending surgery for oculomotor disturbances. The frequency of occurrence of ptosis with potential recommendation for surgery requires caution given the occurrence of trigeminal nerve involvement and dry eye syndrome., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The goal of this manuscript is to assess data suggesting that intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGFs) could result in systemic adverse events (AEs). The class-specific systemic AEs should be similar to those encountered in cancer trials. The most frequent AE observed in oncology, hypertension and proteinuria, should thus be the most common expected in ophthalmology, but their severity should be lower because of the much lower doses of anti-VEGFs administered intravitreally. Such AEs have not been frequently reported in ophthalmology trials. In addition, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data describing systemic diffusion of anti-VEGFs should be interpreted with caution because of significant inconsistencies reported. Thus, safety data reported in ophthalmology trials and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data provide robust evidence that systemic events after intravitreal injection are very unlikely. Additional studies are needed to explore this issue further, as much remains to be understood about local and systemic side effects of anti-VEGFs., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To report the case of a Klebsiella pneumoniae endogenous endophthalmitis (KPEE) of hepatic and urinary origin that was successfully treated with systemic antibiotherapy and 13 intravitreal antibiotics injections without performing a vitrectomy., Patient and Method: Case report of a 60-year-old man with a subretinal abscess in the left eye that developed 3 days after initial presentation for K. pneumoniae bacteremia, liver abscess and urinary tract infection., Results: Ophthalmic examination of the left eye showed anterior uveitis and a single subretinal abscess located in mid-peripheral temporal retina. BCVA dropped to 20/50. Follow-up was made with clinical examination and multimodal imaging (SD-OCT, FA, ICGA) with high field photographs. A total of 13 intravitreal injections (IVI) of ceftazidime were performed, and no vitrectomy was required. Ocular signs regressed and prognosis was excellent with 20/20 of final BCVA., Conclusion: KPEE is a rare but severe condition with a typically poor ocular prognosis. When diagnosis is made early, subretinal abscess with partially conserved BCVA could be treated successfully with medical management that includes systemic antibiotics and repeated intravitreal injections without requiring vitrectomy., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aflibercept is indicated in France for wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) since November 2013. Its official dosage consists in administrating one monthly intravitreal injection (IVT) during three months followed by one control visit and one IVT every two months the first year. In 2015, a group of French ophthalmologists, specialized in wAMD management, established a therapeutic algorithm to optimize naive patient management with aflibercept in order to obtain visual acuity gain. It indicates that official administration scheme is adapted for 80% of patients and that an adaptation of therapeutic scheme is needed for others. These experts recommended mostly the use of personalized proactive administration scheme. Since, aflibercept clinical use has significantly grown with interventional observational studies which results are now available. Use of aflibercept and of personalized proactive administration schemes allow in real-life obtaining important visual acuity gain, which is consistent with the established algorithm., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate epidemiology, diagnostic and therapeutic management strategies and visual outcomes of cases of bacterial and fungal endogenous endophthalmitis managed in the Nice University Medical Center between January 2000 and June 2015., Methods: Three hundred twenty-three charts of patients with endophthalmitis treated at the Nice University Medical Center over this period were retrospectively reviewed to select the ones with endogenous endophthalmitis. Demographic characteristics, medical history, clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic management, microbiology, and final outcomes were analyzed., Results: Twenty-two eyes of 20 patients were selected, constituting 6.20% of all cases of endophthalmitis. The mean age was 69years, and 75% of patients were male. The most common risk factors were diabetes, malignancies and cardiac diseases. Bacterial isolates were found in 16 cases (80%), fungal isolates in 3 (15%) and co-infection in 1 case. Gram-positive organisms accounted for 70.6% of cases (mostly Staphylococcus aureus [25%], Streptococcus agalactiae [25%] and Streptococcus pneumoniae [16.7%]). Candida albicans was the most common fungal organism. There was one bacterial and fungal co-infection. Two patients died, 4 eyes were enucleated or eviscerated (20%), and 4 patients (20%) attained a final visual acuity of 1/10 or better., Conclusion: Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare and serious condition with a poor prognosis. Gram-positive microorganisms, mostly S. aureus, were the main causative pathogens found., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of dexamethasone 0.7 mg intravitreal implant in patients with postoperative cystoid macular edema., Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients' charts with postoperative cystoid macular edema were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and mean central retinal thickness (CRT)., Results: Patients' mean age was 72.1 years old. Five patients were diabetic. All patients had previously been treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drops. Four patients had received a previous treatment with intravitreal ranibizumab. The mean follow-up period was 8.7 months. Mean BCVA before intravitreal dexamethasone was 0.72 logMAR. After injection, it improved to 0.50 at month 1, was 0.47 at month 3, and 0.60 logMAR at month 12. The pre-injection mean CRT was 598 μm. It improved to 286 μm at month 1, 338 μm at month 3, and was 441 μm at month 12. Eight patients received 2 intravitreal injections of dexamethasone. Five patients presented with elevated intraocular pressure during follow-up, which was treated with drops., Conclusions: Intravitreal dexamethasone injection improved visual acuity and macular thickness at month 1 and month 3 in patients with postoperative cystoid macular edema. A second injection was necessary after a mean period of 5 months., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: In recent years, intravitreal injections have added to the treatment modalities available for macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). This article aims to provide an update regarding the management of ME secondary to RVO., Methods: A work group met in order to analyze the literature available on Embase/PubMed, regarding treatments for venous occlusion that have received market approval and are reimbursed in France. In total, 33 articles were selected. Consensus within the group for recommendations was based on this data from the literature review and clinical experience and was reported in this article., Results: The management of ME secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) or central vein occlusion of the retina (CRVO) differs on a number of points. Methods of best practice were discussed separately for BRVO and CRVO, taking into account various ocular and associated parameters., Discussion: Ranibizumab and dexamethasone implant are the first-line treatments for visual impairment due to ME secondary to RVO. The choice of either of these drugs may take into account various ocular and extraocular parameters. A change of treatment to one or the other or to laser may also be considered during follow-up., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Silicone oil tamponade is used for the management of complicated retinal detachment. Patients should be closely monitored as many complications may occur with intraocular silicone oil. Short-term complications include temporarily increased intraocular pressure and anterior segment inflammation. Long-term complications include cataract, emulsification, ocular hyper- or hypotension, keratopathy and retinal redetachment associated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Ocular involvement secondary to thyroid carcinomas is uncommon. Uveal metastasis may occur. More rarely, they can be responsible for paraneoplastic syndromes. We report the case of a 64-year-old woman who presented with a severe bilateral panuveitis with venous vasculitis associated with hyperthyroidism from a multinodular goiter, complicated by papillary carcinoma. Systemic steroid therapy was initiated; ocular symptoms resolved completely after total thyroidectomy. Other causes of panuveitis with venous vasculitis were ruled out. This is the first reported case of panuveitis associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma. The occurrence of the ocular symptoms with hyperthyroidism and their remission after surgery supports the possibility that this association may not be coincidental. A paraneoplastic phenomenon is suspected., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Angioid streaks are biomicroscopically observable manifestations that frequently lead to choroidal neovascularization. Traditional treatments used to include laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy. Over the past few years, anti-VEGF therapies have been used as an alternative treatment. The case of a 54-year-old patient who received anti-VEGF therapy (ranibizumab) for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks is reported. The patient received two injections that led to complete resolution of intraretinal fluid and reduction in lesion size. After 1 year of follow-up, the patient has presented no recurrence. This case illustrates the efficacy of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for choroidal neovascularization in angioid streaks. Further prospective studies on a larger number of patients should help establish the best treatment and follow-up strategies., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Purpose: To evaluate the intraoperative contamination of the anterior chamber in eyes undergoing phacoemulsification in a university teaching hospital., Design: Prospective, non-randomized clinical trial., Methods: This study included 113 eyes of 113 consecutive patients undergoing cataract surgery performed by experienced surgeons and residents. Phacoemulsification was conducted through a scleral tunnel incision or through a corneal incision. The intraocular lens was implanted with an injector. Aqueous fluid was obtained at the end of surgery before viscoelastic removal, with a cannula through the corneal paracentesis. Povidone-iodine 10% solution was used to prepare the eyebrow and eyelids and povidone-iodine 5% to disinfect the ocular surface. All patients were given a single oral dose of 400mg ofloxacin 2h before surgery. No preoperative antibiotics were administered locally., Results: Anterior chamber fluid aspirates were positive for bacteria in two eyes (1.8%). No eye developed endophthalmitis during the follow-up period., Discussion and Conclusion: Low anterior chamber bacterial contamination rates may be achieved under routine phacoemulsification in a teaching hospital practicing careful antisepsis measures., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)