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This paper investigates the evolving landscape of blockchain technology in renewable energy. The study, based on a Scopus database search on 21 February 2024, reveals a growing trend in scholarly output, predominantly in engineering, energy, and computer science. The diverse range of source types and global contributions, led by China, reflects the interdisciplinary nature of this field. This comprehensive review delves into 33 research papers, examining the integration of blockchain in renewable energy systems, encompassing decentralized power dispatching, certificate trading, alternative energy selection, and management in applications like intelligent transportation systems and microgrids. The papers employ theoretical concepts such as decentralized power dispatching models and permissioned blockchains, utilizing methodologies involving advanced algorithms, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts to enhance efficiency, security, and transparency. The findings suggest that blockchain integration can reduce costs, increase renewable source utilization, and optimize energy management. Despite these advantages, challenges including uncertainties, privacy concerns, scalability issues, and energy consumption are identified, alongside legal and regulatory compliance and market acceptance hurdles. Overcoming resistance to change and building trust in blockchain-based systems are crucial for successful adoption, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts among industry stakeholders, regulators, and technology developers to unlock the full potential of blockchains in renewable energy integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources, their variable, intermittent and unpredictable characteristics bring new challenges to the power system. These challenges require micro-meteorological data and techniques to provide more support for the power systems, including planning, dispatching, operation, and so on. This paper aims to provide readers with insights into the effects of micro-meteorology on power systems, as well as the actual improvement brought by micro-meteorology in some power system scenarios. This paper provides a review including the relevant micro-meteorological techniques such as observation, assimilation and numerical techniques, as well as artificial intelligence, presenting a relatively complete overview of the most recent and relevant micro-meteorology-related literature associated with power systems. The impact of micro-meteorology on power systems is analyzed in six different forms of power generation and three typical scenarios of different stages in the power system, as well as integrated energy systems and disaster prevention and reduction. Finally, a case study in China is provided. This case takes wind power prediction as an example in a power system to compare the performance when applying micro-meteorological data or not. The experimental results demonstrated that using the micro-meteorological reanalysis dataset with high spatial--temporal resolution for wind power prediction performed better, verifying the improvement of micro-meteorology to the power system to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the ambitious goal of "carbon neutrality", countries around the world are striving to develop clean energy. Against this background, this paper takes China and Italy as representatives of developing and developed countries to summarize the energy structure composition and development overview of the two countries. The paper analyzes the serious challenges facing the future energy development of both countries and investigates the possibilities of energy cooperation between the two countries, taking into account their respective advantages in energy development. By comparing the policies issued by the two governments to encourage clean energy development, this paper analyzes the severe challenges faced by the two countries' energy development in the future and combines their respective energy development advantages to look forward to the possibility of energy cooperation between the two countries in the future. This lays the foundation for China and Italy to build an "Energy Road" after the "Silk Road". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a significant share of renewable power generation integrated into the power supply, it is crucial to timely adjust the regulating peak load for coal-fired power plants equipped with CO2 capture to ensure the stable operation of the multi-energy supply system. In this paper, the effects of varying boiler loads on the techno-economic performance of the retrofitted power plant were studied. Furthermore, the potential for reducing the cost of CO2 capture was investigated, and early opportunities for demonstration were discussed. Results showed that when the boiler load decreased from 100% turbine heat acceptance condition to 50% turbine heat acceptance condition, the cost of CO2 capture increased from 37.0 $/t CO2 to 57.0 $/t CO2, cost contribution of energy penalty and extra capital investment also increased from 20.6 $/t-CO2 to 25.7 $/t-CO2, and from 16.4 $/t-CO2 to 31.3 $/t-CO2, respectively. Furthermore, by improving separation efficiency from 0.15 to 0.5, a 25% to 30% reduction in CO2 capture cost can be achieved. The cost of CO2 capture could decrease by 42.2–50.5% when the cumulative capacity reaches 250 GW under the high investment learning rate scenario. According to the distribution of coal prices and renewable energy sources in China, the early demonstration projects of multi-energy supply systems should prioritize the northern region. The results of this work can provide informative references for making roadmaps and policies for CO2 emission reduction toward carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing renewable energy has become a major strategy for China to accelerate the energy transition and combat climate change. Accordingly, a guarantee mechanism for renewable energy consumption with renewable portfolio standards (RPS) has been set in China. However, currently, the top-down allocation of regional renewable energy consumption targets often has issues of unfairness and inefficiency. It is necessary to investigate the issue of how to stimulate the renewable energy consumption potential on the demand side and reasonably formulate the consumption responsibility weights of various market entities. This paper aimed to develop a new methodology for the weight allocation of renewable energy consumption responsibilities. In doing so, an integrated model of an evolutionary game and stochastic optimization was constructed between market entities and governments. Then, the equilibrium strategies of market entities and governments were obtained through the evolutionary game. Furthermore, based on the equilibrium strategies, this paper optimized the renewable energy consumption weight of each market entity, which constitutes the optimal allocation scheme of renewable energy consumption responsibility weights. Finally, using the data of 7069 market entities in Hubei Province in 2021, this study simulated the model to verify its effectiveness and practicability. The results indicate that the willingness of market entities to assume more consumption responsibility is positively correlated with the government's incentives and the maturity of the green electricity trading market. This study provides important implications for optimizing government regulations and promoting renewable energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wind–hydrogen coupled power generation system can effectively reduce the power loss caused by wind power curtailment and further improve the ability of the energy system to accommodate renewable energy. However, the feasibility and economy of deploying such a power generation system have not been validated through large-scale practical applications, and the economic comparison between regions and recommendations on construction are still lacking. In order to solve the aforementioned problems, this paper establishes an economic analysis model for the wind–hydrogen coupled power generation system and proposes a linear optimisation-based priority analysis method focusing on the major net present value for regional energy system as well as a cost priority analysis method for hydrogen production within sample power plants. The case study proves the effectiveness of the proposed analysis methods, and the potential to develop wind–hydrogen coupled power generation systems in various provinces is compared based on the national wind power data in recent years. This provides recommendations for the future pilot construction and promotion of wind–hydrogen coupled power generation systems in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is receiving unprecedented momentum and is projected to meet a sizable share of the final energy demand in the future. The coupling between the hydrogen and power systems can help integrate volatile renewable energy, reduce curtailment, and realize long-term energy storage. Different coupling modes are being proposed, yet quantitative comparisons are absent. To fill this gap, this paper firstly summarizes the system composition of potential power–hydrogen coupling modes and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. Then, a model for power–hydrogen coordinated planning optimization is proposed for quantitative analysis. Southern Xinjiang is chosen as a representative of the northwestern area in China, which has plentiful renewable resources and a relatively small local load at present, for a case study. Through result analysis, it is found that the mode of power–hydrogen coupling at the source side, either for in situ utilization or for long-distance transport via pipelines, shows better economic competitiveness. The discussion provides suggestions and a reference to policymakers for formulating infrastructure or industry plans in advance to better accommodate the rapidly developing renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the scale of distributed renewable energy represented by wind power and photovoltaic continues to expand and load demand gradually changes, the future evolution of the smart distribution network will be directly driven by both distributed generation and user demand. The smart distribution network contains a wide range of flexible resources, and its flexibility and uncertainty will bring great challenges to grid data acquisition and control feedback. To adapt to the precise control and feedback of smart distribution network access equipment under the high proportion of new energy access and to ensure the safe operation of the system, it is urgent to accelerate the study of the evolution of the future distribution grid based on the existing distribution grid. Hence, a multi-stage planning method for distribution networks based on source-load prediction is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a distribution network source-load prediction method based on the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) and error gradient sampling is proposed, using ARIMA to predict the scale of source-load development and error gradient sampling based on the generation of source-load scenarios with error intervals. K-means is further used for scenario reduction, to explore multiple operating scenarios of China's distribution network source-load, and the unit's output forecast interval and load demand from 2021 to 2030 for typical regions are derived using rolling forecasts by combining the unit's output, end-demand and clean energy share over the years. Secondly, the planning model of distribution grid evolution in different stages is constructed to analyze the future evolution form of the distribution grid considering the distribution network's load cross-section, respectively, and to provide a development path reference for the future construction of distribution grid form in China.

Enhancing carbon emission mitigation and carbon utilization have become necessary for the world to respond to climate change caused by the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations. As a result, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies have attracted considerable attention worldwide, especially in China, which plans to achieve a carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060. This paper proposed six priorities for China, the current world's largest carbon emitter, to achieve its dual carbon strategy in the green energy transition process. We analyzed and summarized the challenges and potentialities of conventional carbon utilization (CU), carbon capture utilization (CCU), and CCUS. Based on the current development trend, carbon dioxide capture, circular utilization, and storage (CCCUS) technology that integrates carbon circular utilization and partial sequestration, with large-scale underground energy storage were proposed, namely biomethanation. Technically and economically, biomethanation was believed to have an essential contribution to China's renewable energy utilization and storage, as well as the carbon circular economy. The preliminary investigation reveals significant potential, with a corresponding carbon storage capacity of 5.94 × 108 t~7.98 × 108 t and energy storage of 3.29 × 1012 kWh~4.42 × 1012 kWh. Therefore, we believe that in addition to vigorously developing classical CCUS technology, technical research and pilot projects of CCCUS technology that combined large-scale underground energy storage also need to be carried out to complete the technical reserve and the dual-carbon target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, people all around the globe have seen its effects, including city closures, travel restrictions, and stringent security measures. However, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic extend beyond people's everyday lives. It impacts the air, water, soil, and carbon emissions as well. This article examines the effect of energy and the COVID-19 pandemic on China's carbon dioxide emissions in light of the aforementioned context, using the daily data from 20 January 2020 and ending on 20 April 2022. Using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model for empirical analysis, the findings indicate that COVID-19 pandemic confirmed cases and renewable energy advance environmental sustainability due to their negative effects on carbon dioxide emissions, whereas fossil fuel energy hinders environmental sustainability due to its positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, these results are also supported by the results of the frequency domain causality test and the Markow switching regression. In light of these results, there are several policy implications, such as vaccination, renewable energy utilization, and non-renewable energy alternative policies, which have been proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LVDC buildings use a low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution system for energy transmission and integrate photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage (BES) and the utility grid as building energy resources. This technology can reduce energy loss in conversion to a certain extent and increase renewable energy compared with traditional AC distribution systems. Under the national goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, LVDC buildings have been proven to be a new approach to energy conservation and emission reductions, and have been applied in engineering in China. However, the construction methods and integrated technologies of those projects are not clear, and technical barriers and policy constraints for the engineering application of LVDC buildings are not systematically discussed yet. This paper presents the latest study of LVDC building engineering applications the advantages and drawbacks of LVDC development in China. First, relevant policies and standards which support the development of LVDC building industries are summarized. More than 60 practical LVDC projects are investigated, and the application characteristics and the technology status of building types, and their capacity and design methods, etc., are analyzed. The attitudes of stakeholders toward LVDC buildings are surveyed to determine the policy direction according to the demands of this technology, with reference to building practitioners who intend to engage in LVDC projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current legal and policy system of renewable energy in China has set up a framework of policy instruments, which provides an important foundation for dealing with climate change and promoting the healthy development of the renewable energy industry with the goal of "carbon neutrality" and "emission peak". However, the current policy instruments cannot meet the needs for rapid development of the renewable energy industry. This paper investigates, analyzes, and concludes the status of renewable energy development along with related policy instruments in different renewable energy sources by literature and points out the problems of current policy instruments, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures. Moreover, from the perspective of energy consumption market transformation, the authors carried out an analysis of China's challenges of policy instruments, pointing out that China's renewable energy policy instruments have the potential to take one step further in the areas of the regulatory system, legal system and legal security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China-the largest developing country in the world-is experiencing both rapid economic maturation and large-scale urbanization. These situations have led to waste disposal problems, and the need to identify alternative energy sources. Waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion processes, a source of renewable energy, are expected to play an increasingly important role in China's sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW). The purpose of this research is to investigate the key problems and opportunities associated with WTE, to provide recommendations for the government. This paper begins by describing China's current MSW management situation and analyzing its waste disposal problems. The major challenges associated with China's WTE incineration are then discussed from economic, environmental and social points of view. These include the high costs associated with constructing necessary facilities, the susceptibility of facilities to corrosion, the lower heating value of China's MSW, air pollutant emissions and especially public opposition to WTE incineration. Since discarded waste can be used to produce energy for electricity and heat-thus reducing its volume and the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-with government policies and financial incentives, the use of WTE incineration as a renewable energy source and part of a sustainable waste management strategy will be of increasing importance in the future. The paper concludes by summarizing the management, economic and social benefits that could be derived from developing the country's domestic capacity for producing the needed incineration equipment, improving source separation capabilities, standardizing regulatory and legal responsibilities and undertaking more effective public consultation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in upper-middle-income regions of China with the panel data of 21 provinces from 2000 to 2017. The influence mechanism of socio-economic factors on the EKC of these regions is also detected. The results show that the energy consumption EKC fitting map in these regions conforms to the classical environmental Kuznets curve, which is an inverted "N" type, and the inflection point is ahead and more accurate after adding spatial effects. The direct effect of energy consumption has delayed the inflection point, indicating that the level of industrialization, urbanization, and population density have a significant impact on EKC. At the same time, it is found that the level of industrialization and population density have a positive relationship with energy consumption, while the level of urbanization has a negative correlation with energy consumption. The spatial spillover effect of the indirect effects of total energy consumption, coal consumption, and crude oil consumption shows that the level of industrialization has a significant and negative link with EKC. The increase in the level of industrialization will affect the total energy consumption of neighboring areas and the consumption of coal and crude oil., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

With the increasing scarcity of traditional energy sources, global warming and environmental degradation, the increased use of renewable energy (RE) has become an effective path for sustainable development. Therefore, countries are paying more and more attention to the development of the RE industry, and the world trade in renewable energy products (REPs) is developing rapidly. First of all, this paper defines REPs, refines the scope of REPs, and proposes the "Equalization Technology Classification" method for the technology classification of REPs. Second, based on the United Nations Comtrade (COMTRADE) data, the export technology structure of China's REPs from 2007 to 2016 was empirically measured. Finally, a comparative study was conducted on the renewable energy product (REP) export technologies of major REP exporting countries (or regions) in the world. We found that (1) China's exports of REPs are mainly medium-high and medium technical complexity products, and that there are few high technical complexity products; (2) the export technology structure of China's REPs is deteriorating, and its overall technical level is in the middle of the global industrial value chain. The export technology of China's REPs has a gap compared with that of Denmark, Hong Kong China, and Singapore; (3) the technological competition of the world's REPs is becoming increasingly fierce. The growth rates of REP technologies in South Korea, Japan, and Malaysia's REPs are significantly higher than that of China.

A large amount of wind turbine power and photovoltaic power is abandoned in many areas with abundant renewable energy due to thermal-electric coupling, inadequate local consumption capacity, and limited capacity of transmission lines, etc. To solve the above problems, a coordinated dispatching method for integrated energy systems is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the spatiotemporal characteristics of diversified loads in multiple functional areas are introduced, including the inertia and elasticity of heating/cooling loads, the spatiotemporal distribution of electric vehicles, and the optimum transmission distance of diversified loads, etc. Secondly, a coordinated dispatching model of integrated energy systems is proposed, which considers the differences of multiple functional areas and various forms of energy systems. Finally, an actual distribution system in Jianshan District, Haining, Zhejiang Province of China is investigated for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results illustrate that the proposed model could effectively improve the consumption rate of renewable energy and reduce the volatility of renewable energy by considering the coordination of electric vehicles, tie lines, and heating/cooling systems in multiple functional areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is imperative to use clean energy in order to achieve "carbon neutrality" and "carbon peaking". This research aims to explore the impact of the agricultural mechanization level, the rural infrastructure construction level, and the rural economic development level on the utilization of high-quality straw energy, and, resultingly, this study aims to help provide suggestions for promoting high-quality straw energy utilization, develop the potential of high-quality straw energy, and alleviate China's energy shortage problem. This paper develops a measurement model using the ridge regression model with panel fixed effects, which overcomes the multi-collinearity problem among the various factors influencing the utilization of high-quality energy from straw. Panel data from 24 provinces and cities, from 2009 to 2017, are used. The results show that the improvements of the agricultural mechanization level, the rural infrastructure construction level, and the rural economic development level all promote the use of high-quality straw energy. Moreover, the level of rural economic development plays a mediating role in the agricultural mechanization level and the rural infrastructure construction level pertaining to straw-based high-quality energy. Policy implications can be easy to derive based on our findings, and these include strengthening governmental investment in agricultural machinery in rural areas, paying more attention to areas with backward rural energy infrastructure construction, ensuring the steady improvement of economic development in rural areas, providing the necessary economic foundation for agricultural supply, and promoting the use of high-quality energy from straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's emissions continue to rise rapidly in line with its mounting energy consumption, which puts considerable pressure on China to meet its emission reduction commitments. This paper assesses the impacts of CO2 mitigation measures in China during the period from 2010 to 2050 by using a computable general equilibrium method, called AIM/CGE. Results show that renewable energy makes a critical difference in abating emissions during the period from 2010 to 2020. The scenarios with emission trading would drive more emission reductions, whereby the emission-cutting commitment for 2020 would be achieved and emission reductions in 2050 would be more than 57.90%. Meanwhile, the share of non-fossil energy increases significantly and would be more than doubled in 2050 compared with the BAU scenario. A carbon tax would result in a significant decline in emissions in the short term, but would have an adverse effect on economic growth and energy structure improvements. It is also observed that the integrated measures would not only substantially decrease the total emissions, but also improve the energy structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasonable regional integrated energy planning is an important prerequisite for the construction of a Near-Zero Carbon Emission Demonstration District (NCEDD). An integrated energy planning scheme that is based on a three-step planning method with the objective of achieving an NCEDD is proposed in this paper. First, the planning objectives should be determined. After that, the planning strategies should be established. Finally, the planning approaches should be proposed according to the previously determined objectives and strategies. A case study considering the integrated energy planning of the Meishan International Near-Zero Carbon Emission Demonstration District (MINCEDD) is investigated to explain the planning method. In addition, the planning results, which are indicated as indexes, are explained, analyzed, and compared to the ones of other districts. The indexes include a proportion of renewable energy to primary energy (73% by 2030 and 108% by 2050), a proportion of renewable power to total power consumption (98% by 2030 and 111% by 2050), and CO2 emission reduction rates (70% by 2030 and 100% by 2050) and are more advanced than other districts in China. This planning scheme and method can provide a reference for the integrated energy planning of NCEDDs in developed urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change and rural revitalization, numerous solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are being installed on village roofs and lands, impacting the enjoyment of the new rural landscape characterized by PV panels. However, the visual acceptance of PV panels in rural areas of China is not yet fully understood. This study aims to identify and correlate three key influential factors that contribute to the acceptance and appreciation of PV panels in China's rural settings. A quasi-experiment was conducted, incorporating diverse landscapes into six rural settings, each containing both the original landscape and PV panels. The findings demonstrated that the original rural landscape was significantly more scenic than PV panels, and factors contributing to the appreciation of traditional landscapes, such as nostalgia, played a vital role in rejecting PV panels. Conversely, renewable energy-related factors, such as economic stakes and moral desirability, were found to contribute to the acceptance of PV panels. This study contributes to the strategic planning and design of solar PV panels in rural landscapes, taking into consideration social acceptance and local contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity, and play a crucial role in energy decarbonization, and in promoting urban resources and environmental sustainability. The area of PV panels in China's coastal regions is rapidly increasing, due to the huge demand for renewable energy. However, a rapid, accurate, and robust PV panel mapping approach, and a practical PV panel classification strategy for large-scale applications have not been established. Here, we developed a new approach that uses spectral and textural features to identify and map the PV panels there were in coastal China in 2021 using multispectral instrument (MSI) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and the Google Earth Engine (GEE), to differentiate PV panels according to their underlying surface properties. Our 10-m-spatial-resolution PV panel map had an overall accuracy of 94.31% in 2021. There was 510.78 km2 of PV panels in coastal China in 2021, which included 254.47 km2 of planar photovoltaic (PPV) panels, 170.70 km2 of slope photovoltaic (SPV) panels, and 85.61 km2 of water photovoltaic (WPV) panels. Our resultant PV panel map provides a detailed dataset for renewable layouts, ecological assessments, and the energy-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing energy from renewable sources and modernizing the energy system are critical components of China's efforts to combat climate change. Policymakers and authorities have made significant attempts to bring them. However, one of the major impediments to China's energy revolution is financial limitations, which are inextricably linked to the country's economic growth. The present research paper intends to investigate the relationship between economic growth and sustainable financial development on the use of energy from renewable sources in both the short and long run in the context of China. To achieve this, the researchers have utilized the panel data consisting of 10 years from 2011 to 2020. When compared to cross-sectional and time-series data samples, the panel data model offers many benefits. For starters, the panel data includes information on the passage of time and the cross-sectional area. Another benefit of using panel-data models with a larger degree of freedom is that they provide more stable and reliable estimates across short periods across cross-sections. In the case of the short run, there is a positive relationship between economic and financial development and the use of energy from renewable sources in the context of all of China. While in the case of long-term effects, the results indicate the adverse impact of financial development on the use of energy from renewable sources in the western regions of China. These results were deduced using the causality test Granger proposed to determine the path of the causal relationship and the direction of the relationship between the variables. These results indicated that the relationship between economic and financial development in east China was unidirectional, and the nature of the underlying relationship was causal. Meanwhile, in east and west China, economic development in China as a whole has been unidirectionally increasing energy from renewable sources. Our empirical findings suggest many strategies for promoting the growth of energy from renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global warming and energy shortage, this paper discusses the techno-economic feasibility of a residential household based on 100% renewable energy in China. The energy storage life, equipment's residual value, system shortage capacity and atmospheric pollution emissions were considered comprehensively. A life cycle evaluation model based on the net present value (NPV) was built. Taking a real household as an example, the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is 0.146 $/kW and the unmet load is only 0.86%, which has a big economic advantage when compared with diesel generators. If grid-connected, the system can bring $8079 in 25 years when the LCOE is −0.062 $/kW. The effects of the allowed shortage capacity, renewable energy resources, battery price and the allowed depth of discharge on the economy and energy structure were examined. For example, due to the features of the residential load, the influence of wind resource richness is more obvious than the irradiance. The maximum depth of discharge has less impact on the economy. This paper verifies the techno-economic rationality and feasibility of 100% renewable energy for a household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the efficiency of renewable energy and electricity utilization is an urgent problem for China under the objectives of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. This paper proposes an optimization scheduling method of electric vehicles (EV) combined with wind and photovoltaic power based on the Frank-Copula-GlueCVaR. First, a joint output model based on copula theory was built to describe the correlation between wind and photovoltaic power output. Second, the Frank-Copula-GlueCVaR index was introduced in a novel way. Operators can now predetermine the future wind-photovoltaic joint output range based on this index and according to their risk preferences. Third, an optimal scheduling model aimed at reducing the group charging cost of EVs was proposed, thereby encouraging EV owners to participate in the demand response. Fourth, this paper: proposes the application of a Variant Roth–Serve algorithm; regards the EV group as a multi-intelligent group; and finds the Pareto optimal strategy of the EV group through continuous learning. Finally, case study results are shown to effectively absorb more renewable energy, reduce the consumption cost of the EV group, and suppress the load fluctuation of the whole EV group, which has a practical significance and theoretical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to conduct a systemic review on Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Economic Development and look for links between the papers published between 2008 and May 2021. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, it was possible to reach a sample of 111 articles selected by Web of Science and a sample of 199 academic articles selected by Scopus in that specific period. The analysis of the group of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Economic Development shows that most of the articles published in this subsample use the quantitative methodology in economic sciences. The results indicate that research on the subject has a growing trend and that most of the articles are post-2015 publications. In addition, China has been the leading nation in published works. The journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews is considered the most relevant in this category, and Sustainability has the most publications. Finally, a research gap was identified to be explored, lacking studies aimed at understanding the consumption of renewable energies and economic development and studies that focus on renewable energies and economic growth in less developed economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green bonds have increasingly been utilized around the world as a source of financing for renewable energy development, designed with compliance requirements and measurable economic returns to investors, while mitigating climate change. However, the efficacy of green bond arranged in the emerging economies for financing renewable energy assets and how the underlying risks are managed have remained to be explored. The paper aims to examine the evolving green financial system sponsored by both public and private institutions in managing such risks within China's emerging economy. A case study of green financing for a bundle of wind power assets led by a state-owned enterprise (SOE) reveals an alternative approach by structuring public–private collaboration while stipulating market-based financial incentives to institutional stakeholders under a political economy. This institutional consortium is composed of a state development bank, a commercial bank, credit rating agencies, institutional and private investors, regional power purchasers, and carbon trading entities. Financial stakeholders' risk in such emerging sustainable investment is moderated by these participating institutions and structured "upsides" from carbon trading aligned with the framework of green finance and standards for green bond development. The results reveal the potentials of scaling up the development of renewable energy by adequately managing and sharing key risks, while allocating substantial funding into renewable energy projects under such a green financial system that is to be complementary with a scalable post COVID-19 economic recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has experienced rapid social and economic development in the past 40 years. However, excessive consumption of fossil fuel energy has caused an energy shortage and led to severe environmental pollution. To achieve sustainable development, China is striving to transform its growth mode. Adopting renewable energy (RE) including solar photovoltaic (PV) power is an effective measure. How to promote the further development of solar PV power under the scenario of China's aspirational target of carbon peak by 2030 and 20% RE ratio in the energy mix remains a theme that need to be addressed. This paper analyzes the potential opportunities and challenges confronting solar PV power in China. The analysis covers the dimensions of political, economic, social, and technological (PEST). The results revealed a significant prospect for the further deployment of solar PV power in the coming decades. The aggressive estimated installed capacity of solar PV power is expected to reach 80+ GW annually. To successfully achieve the goal of 80+ GW, barriers that hinder the further development of solar PV power have to be eliminated. Suggestions for policymakers include maintaining enforceability and continuity of policies, favorable financial supports, mandatory RE quotas for all parties, and supporting fundamental R&D. Suggestions for the solar PV industry include full utilization of integrated applications, set up an after-sales service network, collaborative innovation among the industry chain, and engaging in storage and hydrogen technology. The findings are greatly beneficial for policymakers and the solar PV industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of renewable energy has become increasingly widespread worldwide because of its advantages of resource abundance and environmental friendliness. However, the deployment of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) varies greatly from city to city due to large differences in economic endurance, social acceptance and renewable energy endowment. Urban policymakers thus face great challenges in promoting local clean renewable energy utilization. To address these issues, this paper proposes a combined multi-objective optimization method, and the specific process of this method is described as follows. The Hybrid Optimization Model for electric energy was first used to examine five different scenarios of renewable energy systems. Then, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution was applied using eleven comprehensive indicators to determine the best option for the target area using three different weights. To verify the feasibility of this method, Xiongan New District (XND) was selected as an example to illustrate the process of selecting the optimal HRES. The empirical results of simulation tools and multi-objective decision-making show that the Photovoltaic-Diesel-Battery off-grid energy system (option III) and PV-Diesel-Hydrogen-Battery off-grid energy system (option V) are two highly feasible schemes for an HRES in XND. The cost of energy for these two options is 0.203 and 0.209 $/kWh, respectively, and the carbon dioxide emissions are 14,473 t/yr and 345 t/yr, respectively. Our results provide a reference for policymakers in deploying an HRES in the XND area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, quality air and renewable energy are main concerns in protecting the environment. Comparing willingness to pay for quality air and renewable energy is rare in the existing literature. However, the public faces these issues simultaneously. In addition, population mobility under China's household registration system, i.e., urban living experience, may affect the willingness to pay for environmental protection. Consequently, the difference between people's willingness to pay for quality air and renewable energy in China is discussed. Binary logistic regression is adopted to analyze the correlation factors based on data from the China General Social Survey. The results show that willingness to pay is influenced by environmental attitudes, awareness of energy use, government responsibilities, age, household income level, and trust. The effects of urban living experience on willingness to pay weakens as age decreases. Thus, improving environmental awareness and specialized knowledge remain important means of promoting willingness to pay. Our findings can help marketers and policy designers develop balanced or targeted measures when taking joint actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the rising importance of the climate agenda, many countries have restructured their electricity markets to facilitate the utilization of renewable energy. China is an interesting case because it has expanded its utilization of wind and solar energy with unmatched speed. This review starts with an analysis of the 2002 reforms that uncoupled electricity production from transmission. The investigation covers the period leading up to the 2022 proposal, which aimed to build a nationally integrated electricity market. The analysis suggests that a careful alignment of incentives for key market players to produce and consume renewable energy is vital during the process of energy transition. The introduction of feed-in tariffs in 2009 for wind energy, which were subsequently extended to solar energy, stimulated a high growth in installed capacity. However, a high electricity curtailment rate resulted. Since 2018, the Chinese government has resorted to curtailment caps and renewable portfolio standards to increase the utilization of renewable electricity. After the announcement of the "dual carbon goals" in 2020, the Chinese government launched a series of reforms that aimed to nurture growth in the green electricity market and the formation of a nationally integrated electricity market. The removal of interregional trade barriers is a key element of China's current electricity market reforms and will be crucial to determining whether China can achieve its climate goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy consumption is one of the most important factors in meeting the goal of "30 and 60" in China. However, the maintenance of the transmission section affects the amount of generation transfer, further affecting the consumption of renewable energy. Hence, in this study, a time-series renewable energy production simulation (REPS) is proposed in order to accurately predict the power generation in a simulated situation. According to the results of the REPS, the sensitivity of the different sections' maintenance can be calculated and determined. The appropriate maintenance strategies can be selected for different situations by comparing the consumption rate; as an example, we conducted a case study. The results show that the quota in the transmission section has higher sensitivity; a larger quota indicates a greater sensitivity to the consumption rate. The results also show that a larger quota is more suitable for maintenance in February or November, since the consumption rate is higher regardless of if it is in a single-transmission-section maintenance strategy or in a two-section simultaneous maintenance strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges of environmental protection are especially prevalent in South and Southeast Asian nations, which adversely affects their sustainable developmental goals. During the last two decades, increased industrialization and urbanization have caused massive air pollution, particularly in the most industrialized and densely populated countries. Due to China's fast economic expansion and development, the demand for natural resources has increased, resulting in climate change, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and environmental risks. China's ecological footprint has been the subject of little investigation on the premises of a circular economy. This study used a literature review methodology on the critical key factors that hinder or facilitate the transition of a linear economy towards a circular economy. Further, based on the literature review, this study used industrial ecology, energy efficiency, and waste recycling technology factors to analyze the role of the circular economy on the country's environmental sustainability agenda for the period of 1975–2020. The results show that in the short run, the link between ecological footprints and per capita income is monotonically decreasing; however, in the long run, the relationship is U-shaped. In both the short and long run, waste recycling technology and cleaner manufacturing significantly decrease ecological footprints. Renewable energy consumption increases ecological footprints in the short run but decreases them in the long run. The management of natural resources reduces ecological footprints to support the 'resource blessing' hypothesis. The Granger causality corroborated the unidirectional relationship between ecological footprints, oil rents, and urbanization and ecological footprints. In addition, economic growth Granger causes industrialization and waste recycling technology while green energy Granger causes economic growth, industrialization, and recycling technology. The two-way link between economic development and urbanization exists within a nation. The variance decomposition analysis (VDA) predicts that in the future, China's natural resources, green energy demand, and technological spillover will limit its ecological footprint through material and technology efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is critical for effectively implementing carbon reduction policies, and China's increased investment in reducing CO2 emissions is expected to significantly impact the world. In this study, the potential of shallow learning for predicting CO2 emissions was explored. Data included CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, and the share of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in China from 1965 to 2021. These time-series data were converted into labeled sample data using the sliding window method to facilitate a supervised learning model for CO2 emission prediction. Then, different shallow learning models with k-fold cross-validation were used to predict China's short-term CO2 emissions. Finally, optimal models were presented, and the important features were identified. The key findings were as follows. (1) The combined model of RF and LASSO performed best at predicting China's short-term CO2 emissions, followed by LASSO and SVR. The prediction performance of RF was very fragile to the window width. (2) The sliding window method is used to convert time series predictions into supervision learning problems, and historical data can be used to predict future carbon dioxide emissions. To ensure that the feature data are real, the model can predict CO2 emissions for up to six years ahead. (3) Cross-validation and grid search were critical for optimizing China's CO2 emissions prediction with small datasets. (4) By 2027, carbon dioxide emissions will continue to grow and reach 10.3 billion tons. It can be seen that the task of China to achieve its carbon peak on schedule is very heavy. The results indicate that an increase in renewable energy consumption and adjustments in industrial structure will continue to play an important role in curbing China's CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With China's carbon peak and target proposed and the power system as an important source of carbon emissions, its carbon reduction issues are of great concern. However, the mismatch between power demand, resources, and generation facilities in different regions of China creates enormous carbon reduction pressures, especially in the region covered by China's Northeast Power Grid (NE Grid). Therefore, in this study, a two-stage power optimization model considering Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) was established to optimize the national power generation and transmission in China from 2020 to 2060 first and then to optimize the regional road map of energy structure adjustment for China's NE grid and its CO2 storage strategy. The first stage optimization results show that the national power interaction in China can make full use of the energy resource advantages of the NE grid, especially Jilin and Mengdong, delivering clean electricity to the North China grid as it reaches its "dual carbon" goal. Additionally, the second-stage optimization results show that the NE grid can make good use of CCUS for its thermal power transition. Annual CO2 storage will peak at 204 Mt in 2050 as thermal power withdraws in the NE grid region, which provides a reference for other regions to realize carbon neutrality of their power system by using CCUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing share of renewable energies needs more flexible services to balance their intermittency and variance. The existing coal fired units and electrical energy storage (EES) systems may play an important role in delivering flexible services. The value of their flexibility services, along with the value of renewable energies, has to be analyzed from the perspective of the power system, in which the capacity costs and operation costs of renewable energy power units, EES systems, and thermal power generation units have to be taken into consideration. An optimal model is built to analyze the renewable energy integration and the flexibility services delivered by the EES systems and thermal power units in a power system. Taking the existing thermal power units and EES systems in North China Power Grid as an instance, the overall cost of the grid is examined for the penetration of renewable energies and flexible service provision. The results show that the growing shares of renewable energies are affected by their capacity credits and flexibility sources in the grid, and that the potential of thermal power units to provide flexible services will be reduced due to the replacement of renewable energies for thermal power generation. The results also indicate that the thermal units may be dispatched to have priority to delivering flexible services for the renewable energy integration, and that the curtailment of renewable energies may be regarded as one type of flexible service. According to these results, policy and strategy recommendations are put forward to weigh the role of existing coal-fired units and EES systems in providing flexible services, and to improve their compensation mechanism and their coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertain output of variable renewables adds significant challenges to the generation of affordable, reliable, and sustainable power sources in a country or region. Therefore, we propose a new stochastic nonlinear multi-objective model to optimize the power generation structure in 31 provinces of China. Considering variable renewable integration, we use Monte Carlo simulation to describe the randomness and uncertainty of renewable power output. The learning curve in the exponential expression is used to describe the nonlinear relationship between generation cost and installed capacity. The optimized results show that China can substitute fossil power with clean power. Renewable power will account for more than 42% of total power in the optimal power generation structure in 2040. In particular, the annual average growth rate of non-hydro renewable generation is expected to be 12.06%, with solar photovoltaic (PV) power growing the most by 17.95%. The share of renewable power exceeds that of thermal power in 14 provinces, and PV power represents the highest proportion at 30.21%. Reducing transmission capacity can promote the development of advantageous power in each region, such as wind power in the Northwest region and PV power in the South region, with the share increasing by 36.33% and 132.59%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advent of reforms and opening-up of China, the focus has been on urban development. However, rural development has garnered attention in recent years. This research explores energy performance improvement methods for rural houses in Xi'an, China. It aims to discuss the feasibility of designing a nearly zero-energy building (nZEB), based on typical residential rural housing in Xi'an, through proposing new construction methods and examining the strategies for the refurbishment of an existing house. Initially, a typical rural house was modelled based on data collected from a field survey and historical documents. Subsequently, suitable passive design strategies were explored in the rural house design both in terms of proposing new construction methods and examining the refurbishment strategies of an existing house. After implementation of the passive design, the annual energy demand was reduced from 112 kWh/m2 to 68 kWh/m2 (new construction) and from 112 kWh/m2 to 85 kWh/m2 (refurbished). Even though the passive design significantly reduced the energy demand of the house, it could not achieve the Chinese nZEB standard. Therefore, a photovoltaic (PV) system and a storage battery were incorporated to meet the standard. Eighty per cent of the south roof area of the newly constructed and refurbished house was installed with a PV system and a storage battery with a capacity of 50 kWh and 52 kWh, respectively. After installation of the proposed renewable energy, the annual energy demand from the house was decreased to 35 kWh/m2 (new construction) and 51 kWh/m2 (refurbished), which both achieved the Chinese nZEB standard (equal to or below 55 kWh/m2). The study shows the effectiveness of the methods used to design the nZEB and can be used to instruct the residents to build the nZEB in rural villages like Xi'an in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to present a complete picture of the status quo and future trends of the development of rural household energy in China based on a literature review and a systems analysis. First, a comprehensive literature review was conducted from the perspectives of energy consumption, carbon emissions and pollutants, energy resources, energy technologies, and energy policies. The review revealed the complexities and dynamics of the current system of rural household energy in China, and several key issues were identified for further attention. These issues are further explored by a systems analysis based on the “Integrated strategy of Sustainable development objectives, Decision-making systems, Operation systems, and Physical systems” (I-SDOP) concept. Following this method, a complete picture of the market status and policy targets is presented, by mapping an energy Sankey diagram and by reviewing the behavior of the main players. The results indicate that synergy of various energies, technologies, and players, and a combination of flexible engineering schemes and policy designs, with adequate consideration of temporal variation and regional disparity, are key strategies to promote the sustainable development of rural household energy, especially the distributed utilization of renewable energy, in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has built four stations in Antarctica so far, and Zhongshan Station is the largest station among them. Continuous power supply for manned stations mainly relies on fuel. With the gradual increase in energy demand at the station and cost of fuel traffic from China to Zhongshan station in Antarctica, reducing fuel consumption and increasing green energy utilization are urgent problems. This research considers a standalone renewable energy system. The polar environments and renewable energy distribution of area of Zhongshan station are analyzed. The physical model, operation principle, and mathematical modeling of the proposed power system were designed. Low-temperature performance and state of charge (SOC) estimation method of the lead–acid battery were comprehensively tested and evaluated. A temperature control strategy was adopted to prevent the battery from low-temperature loss of the battery capacity. Energy management strategy of the power system was proposed by designing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control strategies for wind turbine and PV array. The whole power system is broadly composed of a power generator (wind turbine and PV array), an uploading circuit, a three-phase rectifier bridge, an interleaved Buck circuit, a DC/DC conversion circuit, a switch circuit, a power supply circuit, an amplifier, a driver circuit, a voltage and current monitoring, a load, battery units and a control system. A case study in Antarctica was applied and can examine the technical feasibility of the proposed system. The results of the case study reveal that the scheme of standalone renewable energy system can satisfy the power demands of Zhongshan Station in normal operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reach Carbon Peak in 2030 and Carbon Neutrality in 2060, China is developing renewable energy at a fast pace. Renewable energy enterprises will participate in the power market in an all-round way as China gradually improves its electricity market. Signing the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) helps renewable energy companies to avoid market risk and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, a novel PPA pricing model is proposed in our research. Based on the theory of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), our model considers system operating costs in China's dual-track electric power sector, which is both government-guided and market-oriented. First of all, key influencing factors of the PPA agreement are analyzed in view of the developments of the renewable energy and electricity markets in China. Next, the design of pricing strategies for renewable energy power plants to cope with market challenges is presented through a photovoltaic project case study. The results show that when the operating costs of the system are considered and other conditions remain unchanged, the investment payback period of the new energy power station will change from 10.8 years to 13.6 years. Furthermore, correlation degree and sensitivity coefficient (SAF) were introduced to conduct correlation analysis and sensitivity analysis of key elements that affect the pricing of the PPA. Finally, it is concluded that the utilization hours of power generation have the most significant effect on the PPA price, while the system's operating cost is the least sensitive factor. The study expands the application of LCOE, and provides a decision-making solution for the PPA pricing of renewable energy power enterprises. It is expected to help promote power transactions by renewable energy companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy represented by wind, photovoltaic and hydropower has increased the uncertainty of power systems. In order to ensure the flexible operation of power systems with a high proportion of renewable energy, it is necessary to establish a multi-scenario power system flexibility evaluation method. First, this study uses a modified k-means algorithm to cluster operating scenarios of renewable energy and load to obtain several typical scenarios. Then, flexibility evaluation indices are proposed from three perspectives, including supply and demand balance of the zone, power flow distribution of the zone and transmission capacity between zones. Next, to calculate the flexibility evaluation indices of each scenario—and according to the occurrence probability of each scenario—we multiplied the indices of each scenario by the scenario occurrence probability to obtain comprehensive evaluation indices of all scenarios. Based on the actual historical output data of renewable energy and load of a southern power system in China, a flexibility evaluation was performed on the modified IEEE 14 system and modified IEEE 39 system. The results show that the proposed clustering method and flexibility indices can effectively reflect the flexibility status of the power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China and India are not only the two most populous nations on Earth, they are also two of the most rapidly growing economies. Historically, economic and social development have been subsidized by cheap and abundant fossil-fuels. Climate change from fossil-fuel emissions has resulted in the need to reduce fossil-fuel emissions in order to avoid catastrophic warming. If climate goals are achieved, China and India will have been the first major economies to develop via renewable energy sources. In this article, we examine the factors of projected population growth, available fossil-fuel reserves, and renewable energy installations required to develop scenarios in which both China and India may increase per capita energy consumption while remaining on trach to meet ambitious climate goals. Here, we show that China and India will have to expand their renewable energy infrastructure at unprecedented rates in order to support both population growth and development goals. In the larger scope of the literature, we recommend community-based approaches to microgrid and cookstove development in both China and India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal-fired power generation will dominate the electricity supply in China in the foreseeable future. Coal fired power units can play a crucial role in integrating intermittent wind energy and improving the overall energy efficiency of the power system. The integration benefits of wind power, along with the gains of high load rates of coal fired units, should be fully taken into account. An optimal model combining wind power and coal fired units is built to analyze the operational flexibility of coal fired units and the integration of wind power. Taking the coal fired units in North China Power Grid as an example, the dispatch costs and benefits are examined under the energy efficiency dispatch mode, in comparison with those under the fair dispatch rules and the installed capacity. The results show that increasing the flexibility of the power system under the energy efficiency dispatch mode may be the best choice for the power system with the high share of coal fired units to integrate more wind power, and that the units delivering flexibility services are financially influenced. The results also indicate that a certain amount of wind power curtailment may be reasonable, and that rational penalty rate and fees for the curtailment of wind power may help to optimize the operation of the power system and integrate more wind power. Based on these results, policy and strategy recommendations are proposed to promote the flexibility of coal fired units and change their operation mode and their dispatch mode in the power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]