Search

The accurate prediction of coal structure is important to guide the exploration and development of coal reservoirs. Most prediction models are interpreted for a single sensitive coal seam, and the selection of sensitive parameters is correlated with the coal structure, but they ignore the interactions between different attributes. Part of it introduces the concept of the geological strength index (GSI) of coal rocks in order to achieve a multi-element macroscopic description and quantitative characterization of coal structure; however, the determination of coal structure involves some uncertainties among the properties of coal, such as lithology, gas content and tectonic fracture, due to their complex nature. Fuzzy inference systems provide a knowledge discovery process to handle uncertainty. The study shows that a type-2 fuzzy inference system (T2-FIS) with multi-attribute fusion is used to effectively fuse pre-stack and post-stack seismic inversion reservoir parameters and azimuthal seismic attribute parameters in order to produce more accurate prediction results for the Hengling block in the Shanxi area. The fuzzy set rules generated in this paper can provide a more reliable prediction of coal structure in the GSI system. The proposed system has been tested on various datasets and the results show that it is capable of providing reliable and high-quality coal structure predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topographic map plays a very important role in economic construction. In the process of drawing topographic maps, different symbols represent different ground objects, but the symbols representing complex ground objects are often complicated and difficult to create. Moreover, the creation process of complex map symbols can seriously affect the efficiency of topographic map production. Therefore, this paper proposes an automatic derivation method for creation of complex map symbols in a topographic map. The data used are new geographic entity data under the background of Chinese new fundamental surveying and mapping situation. Firstly, four derivation modes of complex map symbols are summarized, including feature-point mode, centroid mode, feature-line mode, and parallel-line mode; then, using the four modes singly or in combination, the complex map symbols of the topographic map are directly derived from the geographic entity data based on programming, and the topographic map cartographic result is obtained automatically. Finally, some topographic maps for Shanxi Province, China, is used for the validation of the creation of map symbols. The experimental results show that the proposed method can automatically derive the complex map symbols of the topographic map, greatly improving production efficiency and obtaining a good visualization effect. The proposed method is a new approach for a new situation and realizes the transformation and upgrading of fundamental surveying and mapping achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the main fossil fuels globally, coal can be enriched with a variety of critical metal elements in specific geological conditions. This paper investigates the mineral compositions and concentrations of major and minor element oxides and trace elements in the No. 9 coal from the Xinyuan mine of the northern Qinshui coalfield, China, and discusses the modes of occurrence and enrichment mechanisms of critical metal elements such as Li, Ga, Th and REY. The mineral compositions of the No. 9 coal are primarily represented by clay minerals and quartz, with a small amount of calcite, siderite, anatase, etc. The major element oxides in the No. 9 coal are dominated by SiO2 and Al2O3. Compared with world hard coal, the No. 9 coal of the Xinyuan mine is rich in Li (CC = 8.00) and Th, slightly enriched with Pb, Sc, Ga, Y, La, Ce, Tb, Dy, Er, Yb and Hg, and depleted in Mn, Co, Ni, Rb, Cs and Tl. The critical metal elements such as Li, Ga, Th and REY that enriched No. 9 coal mainly occur in aluminum silicates. The genetic type of the critical metal elements in the No. 9 coal from the Xinyuan mine is source rock-controlled type. The critical metal minerals and solutions from the source area were transported to the study area by the action of water. Due to the change of swamp water conditions, the critical metal elements were combined with clay minerals and enriched the coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is considered one of the most hopeful alternative sources to avoiding dependence on fossil fuels, and it does not cause any air pollution. GIS-based solar energy potential evaluation is mainly focused on regional scale; further, more solar energy potential evaluation with building scale is calculated through observation data and mathematical model. Therefore, in this paper, a GIS-based joint solar energy potential evaluation is developed to evaluate the distributed photovoltaic potential and centralized photovoltaic potential. Shanxi province in China, which has abundant coal resources, is used as the study area. The raster grid scale is used as the minimum research scale, which could not only deal with the distributed photovoltaic potential but could also calculate the centralized photovoltaic potential. The obtained results indicate that the developed method could effectively deal with problems associated with the distributed photovoltaic potential and centralized photovoltaic potential in the raster grid scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal seam mining in the gully area easily causes ground cracks and even induces landslides, which endanger the safety of mining areas. In this paper, combined with the mining conditions of a mining area in southern Shanxi Province, China, ground crack mapping, crack width dynamic monitoring, and the numerical simulation method are used to study the static and dynamic evolution law and the formation mechanism of ground cracks in the gully area. The research shows that ground cracks mainly include dynamic in-plane cracks and boundary cracks. The dynamic in-plane cracks show the characteristics of "opening first and closing later". The boundary cracks show the characteristics of "only opening and not closing". It is found that the closure of the dynamic in-plane cracks will decrease (compared with plain areas). The development of ground cracks experiences three stages: the initial formation stage, the dynamic development stage, and the gradually stable stage. The "goaf–surface" structure model and force chain arch structure model are established to more intuitively analyze the formation mechanism of ground cracks. The research results have a specific reference value for preventing ground disasters caused by underground coal mining and land ecological restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of introduced pulse varieties has made valuable contributions to the development of the global agricultural industry, and China is one of the largest pulse producers in the international market. A special type of pulse, the red kidney bean, has made a major contribution to improving the rural economy. Taking Kelan County, Shanxi Province, as an example, this paper expounds on the formation of the kidney bean industry and its impact on local development. The existing research used a qualitative case study (QCS) method to examine the driver and impact of kidney beans in the agricultural industry. This study found that (1) the development of the kidney bean industry has benefited from its adherence to a market demand-oriented strategy, focusing on breeding and retaining excellent varieties, and vigorously supporting the construction of technical systems and the cultivation of the main body of the industrial chain. Developing new varieties, creating brands, and industrial integration are the key driving forces for development. (2) The kidney bean industry promotes local development by increasing farmers' income, forming a more complete kidney bean supply chain, highlighting the brand effect, and promoting sustainable rural development. This study suggests that disease-resistant and mechanized-adapted varieties need to be developed in the future. Market and demand trends should be constantly monitored when determining reproductive paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide a comprehensive insight into the enrichment mechanism of gallium and indium in No. 9 coals, eighteen samples were collected from Anjialing mine, Ningwu Coalfield, Shanxi Province for coal petrological, mineralogical and geochemical analyses. The results suggested that Ga and In enrichment mainly hosted in the top horizons, with average concentration coefficients of 8.99 and 2.73 respectively, compared with the rest of horizons (2.46 for Ga and 1.69 for In). Source apportionment indicated that Ga and In were mainly derived from bauxite of Benxi Formation in Yinshan Oldland, while In could originate from felsic magmatic rocks in Yinshan Oldland as well. In addition, weak oxidation condition, medium to intensive weathering, transgression and input of terrestrial higher plants had positive effects on Ga and In enrichment. With the rapid expansion of emerging electronics manufacturing, Ga and In, of which potential risks on human health were neglected previously, were recently considered as hazardous elements. Therefore, this paper also discussed the potential pathways that these elements threatened human health. We suggested that potential risks on environment and human health caused by Ga and In enrichment in coals and coal-related products should be taken into account besides their economic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining deformation of roof strata is the main cause of methane explosion, water inrush, and roof collapse accidents amid underground coal mining. To ensure the safety of coal mining, the distributed optical fiber sensor (DFOS) technology has been applied in the 150,313 working face by Yinying Coal Mine in Shanxi Province, north China to monitor the roof strata movement, so as to grasp the movement law of roof strata and make it serve for production. The optical fibers are laid out in the holes drilled through the overlying strata on the roadway roof and BOTDR technique is utilized to carry out the on-site monitoring. Prior to the on-site test, the coupling test of the fiber strain in the concrete anchorage, the calibration test of the fiber strain coefficient of the 5-mm steel strand (SS) fiber, and the test of the strain transfer performance of the SS fiber were carried out in the laboratory. The approaches for fiber laying-out in the holes and fiber's spatial positioning underground the coal mine have been optimized in the field. The indoor test results show that the high-strength SS optical fiber has a high strain transfer performance, which can be coupled with the concrete anchor with uniform deformation. This demonstrated the feasibility of SS fiber for monitoring strata movement theoretically and experimentally; and the law of roof strata fracturing and collapse is obtained from the field test results. This paper is a trial to study the whole process of dynamic movement of the deformation of roof strata. Eventually the study results will help Yinying Coal Mine to optimize mining design, prevent coal mine accidents, and provide detailed test basis for DFOS monitoring technique of roof strata movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited information available on the minerals and elements present in the Jurassic coals from Datong Coalfield. This paper investigates the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the Middle Jurassic coals from the Tongjialiang Mine using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). No.12 coal is a low-medium volatile bituminous coal and is characterized by low ash yield content, low moisture content, and ultra-low sulfur content. Compared with Chinese coals, the Tongjialiang coals have slightly higher average percentages of MgO and P2O5, and lower average percentages of the other major oxides, including SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MnO, Na2O, and K2O. Compared with the World hard coals, Be, Cr, Co, Ni, Ge, Sn, Ta, and W are slightly enriched in the Tongjialiang coals. The concentrations of Li, F, Sc, V, Cu, Ga, Se, Sr, Zr, Nb, Hf, Pb, Th, and U are close to the average values of the world's hard coals. The minerals in No.12 coal mainly include quartz, kaolinite, siderite, and ankerite, along with smaller amounts of pyrite, illite, calcite, and rutile. The formation of syngenetic siderite in No.12 coal is related to the weathering of biotite in the gneiss of the Yinshan Upland. The modes of occurrence of ankerite indicate that the coals may be affected by the injection of low temperature hydrothermal fluids. It is noteworthy that a portion of epigenetic ankerite may be a product of metasomatism between syngenetic siderite and the epigenetic Fe-Mg-Ca rich hydrothermal fluids. The ratios of Al2O3/TiO2, REY (rare earth elements and yittrium) enrichment patterns, the modes of occurrence of siderite and ankerite, as well as the enriched lithophile and siderophile elements indicate that the No.12 coal may have originated from the Yinshan Upland and may also have been influenced by low temperature hydrothermal fluids that might have circulated in the coal basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]