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Electric vehicles with hub motors have integrated the motor into the wheel, which increase the unsprung mass of the vehicle, and intensifies the vibration of the underspring components. The motor excitation during driving also intensifies the wheel vibration. The coupling effect between the two makes the performance of electric vehicles deteriorate. The article employed a disc-type permanent-magnet motor as the hub motor, taking into consideration the increase in sprung mass caused by the hub motor and the adverse effects of vertical vibration from motor excitation. Based on random road-surface excitation, and considering the secondary excitation caused by wheel motor drive and vehicle-road coupling, a coupled-dynamics model of a semi-active-suspension vehicle-road system for vertical vehicle motion is investigated under multiple excitations. Using body acceleration, suspension deflection, and dynamic tire load as evaluation indicators, a BP neural network PID controller based on the sparrow search algorithm optimization is proposed for the semi-active-suspension system. Compared with PID control and particle swarm optimization (PSO-BPNN-PID), the research findings indicate that the optimized semi-active suspension significantly improves the ride comfort of hub-motor electric vehicles, and meets the requirements for control performance under different vehicle driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lidar observations of metal layers play a significant role in research on the chemistry and dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. This work reports on Fe lidar observations conducted in Beijing and Mohe. Utilizing the same laser emission system, a 1064 nm seed laser was injected into an Nd: YAG laser to generate a single longitudinal-mode pulse 532 nm laser, which pumped a dye laser to produce a 572 nm laser. The 572 nm laser and the remaining 1064 nm fundamental frequency laser passed through a sum–frequency module to generate a 372 nm laser to detect the Fe layer. According to a total of 52.6 h of observations for 10 nights in Beijing, the Fe layer has an average column density of 1.24 × 1010 cm−2, an RMS width of 4.4 km and a centroid altitude of 89.4 km. In Mohe, observed for 16 nights and a total of 91.5 h, the Fe layer has an average column density of 1.08 × 1010 cm−2, an RMS width of 4.6 km and a centroid altitude of 89.5 km. The probability of the occurrence of sporadic Fe layers was 42.4% in Beijing and 29.4% in Mohe. Compared to simultaneously observed Na layers, the occurrence probabilities of sporadic Fe layers were higher than those of sporadic Na layers in both stations. Based on the two cases observed in Beijing, it is conjectured that the formation mechanism of sporadic metal layers above approximately 100 km has a more significant influence on sporadic Fe layers than on sporadic Na layers. The lower thermospheric Fe layers with densities significantly larger than those of the main layer were observed during two nights in Mohe. This work contributes to the refinement of the global distribution of Fe layers and provides abundant observational data for the modeling and study of the metal layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2020, an all-solid-state dual-wavelength narrow-band lidar system was deployed. A total of 226 nights spanning from March 2020 to July 2022 were employed in order to investigate the seasonal variations of calcium atoms and ions in the mesosphere over Beijing (40.41°N, 116.01°E). The Ca+ layer shows general annual variation, while a semiannual variation is observed on the Ca layer. The calcium atomic column densities ranged from 2.0 × 106 to 1.1 × 108 cm−2, and the calcium ion column densities ranged from 1.6 × 106 to 4.2 × 108 cm−2. The mean centroid heights of Ca+ and Ca are 98.6 km and 93.0 km, respectively, and the centroid heights of Ca+ and Ca are mostly influenced by annual variations. The seasonal variation in the Ca+ and Ca layers in Beijing exhibits similarities to that of Kühlungsborn (54°N). While the peak density of Ca+ in Beijing are similar to those observed in Kühlungsborn, the peak density of the Ca layer in Beijing is about half of that reported in the Ca layer at 54°N. We provide an explanation for the disparities in the column abundance and centroid altitude of the Ca layer between Yanqing and Kühlungsborn, discussing variations in neutralization among different metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an air gap fiber Bragg grating (g-FBG) sensor that can measure strain and temperature simultaneously. The sensor is made by aligning two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), and an air gap exists between these two sub-gratings. This sensor's architecture allows it to form a spectrum with phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PSFBG) spectroscopy and Fabry–Perot interference (FPI) spectroscopy. Since the sensitivity of PSFBG and FPI spectra is different for strain and temperature, it is possible to measure both strain and temperature by measuring one of the reflected dips of PSFBG and the interference dip of FPI. The experimental results show that the strain sensitivity is about 11.95 pm/με via the dip wavelength detection of FPI, and the temperature sensitivity is about 9.64 pm/°C via the dip wavelength detection of PSFBG. The g-FBG sensor demonstrates a resolution of approximately ±3.7 με within the strain range of 0 to 1000 με and about ±0.6 °C within the temperature range of 25 °C to 120 °C. The proposed g-FBG sensor, characterized by its simple structure, compact size, and cost-effectiveness, exhibits significant potential in the field of multi-parameter measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the resonance fluorescence scattering mechanism, a narrowband sodium (Na) lidar can measure temperature and wind in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. By using a narrowband spectral filter, background light noise during the day can be suppressed, allowing for continuous observations. To obtain full-diurnal-cycle temperature and wind measurement results, a complex and precise retrieval process is required, along with necessary corrections to minimize measurement errors. This paper introduces the design of a data acquisition unit for three frequencies in three directions of the Na lidar system in the Chinese Meridian Project (Phase II) and investigates the calibration and retrieval methods for obtaining diurnal temperature and horizontal wind in the MLT region, using a Na Doppler lidar with Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF). Furthermore, these methods are applied to observations conducted by a Na lidar in Beijing, China. The wind and temperature results over full diurnal cycles obtained from the all-solid-state Na Doppler lidar are reported for the first time and compared with temperature measurements from satellite, as well as wind observations from a meteor radar. The comparison demonstrates a reasonable agreement between the results, indicating the rationality of the lidar-retrieved results and the feasibility and effectiveness of the data correction and retrieval method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resonance fluorescence scattering is the physical mechanism with which lidar detects atmospheric metal layers. The resonance fluorescence scattering cross section is an important parameter for lidar data processing. In this work, the resonance fluorescence backscattering cross sections of most detectable metal atoms and ions in the atmosphere were calculated. The calculated maximum backscattering cross section of Na at the D2 line is 7.38 × 10−17 m2/sr; K at the D1 line is 7.37 × 10−17 m2/sr; Fe at the 372 nm line is 7.53 × 10−18 m2/sr; Fe at the 374 nm line is 6.98 × 10−18 m2/sr; Fe at the 386 nm line is 3.75 × 10−18 m2/sr; Ni at the 337 nm line is 4.05 × 10−18 m2/sr; and Ni at the 341 nm line is 2.05 × 10−17 m2/sr; Ca is 3.06 × 10−16 m2/sr; Ca+ is 1.12 × 10−16 m2/sr. The influence of the laser linewidth on the effective scattering cross section was discussed. If the laser linewidth is lower than 2 GHz to detect Na, the laser center frequency locked at the D2a line is a better option than the D2 line in order to obtain greater signals. If an unlocked lidar is used to detect Na, the frequency at D2a should be used as the laser center frequency when the effective scattering cross section of Na was calculated, because the absorption cross section of Na atom has two local maxima. This work proposes a quantifiable comparative method for assessing the observation difficulty of different metal particles by comparing their relative uncertainties in lidar observation. It is assumed that under the same observation conditions, the detectability of different metal atoms and ions is compared. Using Na as a basis for comparison, the relative uncertainty of Ni at 337 nm is the highest, about a factor of 21 larger than that of Na, indicating that it is the most difficult to be detected. The purpose of this work is to present a quantifiable comparison method for the detection difficulty of the metal particles by lidar in the middle and upper atmosphere, which has great significance for the design of the lidar system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine compound that has many biological functions, such as inducing autophagy and anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Spermidine can affect follicular development and thus protect ovarian function. In this study, ICR mice were fed exogenous spermidine drinking water for three months to explore the regulation of ovarian function by spermidine. The results showed that the number of atretic follicles in the ovaries of spermidine-treated mice was significantly lower than that in the control group. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, T-AOC) significantly increased, and MDA levels significantly decreased. The expression of autophagy protein (Beclin 1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 LC3 II/I) significantly increased, and the expression of the polyubiquitin-binding protein p62/SQSTM 1 significantly decreased. Moreover, we found 424 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were upregulated, and 257 were downregulated using proteomic sequencing. Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses showed that these DEPs were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative metabolism and hormone production pathways. In conclusion, spermidine protects ovarian function by reducing the number of atresia follicles and regulating the level of autophagy protein, antioxidant enzyme activity, and polyamine metabolism in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the established LIDAR chain along the 120°E meridian in China, the gravity wave (GW) activity between 80 and 105 km and the seasonal behavior of temporal and spatial spectra at Beijing, Hefei and Hainan were studied with three years of continued observations. The averaged GW-induced atmospheric density perturbations are near 6%, which in summer are obviously larger than in winter. The semiannual maxima occur near the solstice and the minimum emerges around the equinox at different latitudes. Besides, as a disparity, the density perturbation of GW is still active considerably in winter at low latitude at Hainan. The spectra of vertical wave number Fa(m) and observed frequency Fa(ω) show power law shapes, of which the average is near −3 and −1.7, respectively, and both spectra with special values all exhibit similar seasonal behavior as the atmospheric density perturbations shows. This behavior is explained by multiple effects possibly originating from Tibet plateau (TP) and the main GW source in China was roughly calculated by the LIDAR observation method for the first time located at the TP boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slotting-blasting is the most critical technology in the construction of rock tunnels using the drilling and blasting method. At present, there is no effective method to simulate the effect of slotting-blasting. In this paper, we proposed that the weight coefficient of tension damage or compression damage is calculated by the proportion relation of current principal stresses, and the damage properties of rock were denoted by the tension-compression weighted damage variable. The blasting damage constitutive model of rock was established by coupling the tension-compression weighted damage variable and the classical PLASTIC_KINEMATIC model. The proposed method was used to simulate tunnel slotting-blasting and investigate the rock damage evolution law in slotting-blasting construction. The numerical simulation of the explosive blasting test shows that the proposed method may effectively simulate the slot cavity formation process, the blasting damage law and the dynamic response characteristics of surrounding rock in slotting-blasting construction. The findings in this paper could be significant for the slotting-blasting design of rock tunnels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel adjustable three-dimensional plasmonic Archimedes spiral lens (3D PASL) has been investigated and analyzed in detail by numerical simulations. The 3D PASL consists of a spiraling Archimedes helix slot that is engraved on the inner wall of a funnel-shaped gold film on a silicon dioxide substrate. When the incident light from the bottom of substrate is composed of left-hand circularly polarized (LCP) waves, the transmitted light field will converge completely to a focused point that floats in the hollow funnel. This light field will change into an optical vortex when the incident light is changed to right-hand circularly polarized (RCP) waves. The performance of our 3D PASL is discussed for particle trapping or rotation applications. In addition, the position of the optical focus or vortex can be adjusted by varying the height of the structure. Our 3D PASL is highly flexible for practical optical manipulation applications and overcomes the problem where the previous two-dimensional PASL could only manipulate particles on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the unique optophysical properties of nanomaterials and their self-calibration characteristics, nanomaterial-based (e.g., polymer dots (Pdots) quantum dots (QDs), silicon nanorods (SiNRs), and gold nanoparticle (AuNPs), etc.) ratiometric fluorescent sensors play an essential role in numerous biosensing and cell imaging applications. The dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence technique has the function of effective internal referencing, thereby avoiding the influence of various analyte-independent confounding factors. The sensitivity and precision of the detection can therefore be greatly improved. In this review, the recent progress in nanomaterial-based dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent biosensors is systematically summarized. First, we introduce two general design approaches for dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensors, involving ratiometric fluorescence with changes of one response signal and two reversible signals. Then, some recent typical examples of nanomaterial-based dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent biosensors are illustrated in detail. Finally, probable challenges and future outlooks for dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent nanosensors for biosensing and cell imaging are rationally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In computational ghost imaging, a spatial light modulator (SLM) can be used to modulate the light field. The relative locations and the number of light point pixels on an SLM affect the imaging quality. Usually, SLMs are two-dimensional arrays which are drawn uniformly or are randomly sparse. However, the patterns formed by a uniform array are periodic when the number of light point pixels is small, and the images formed by a random sparse array suffer from large background noise. In this paper, we introduce a coprime array based on the Eisenstein integer to optimize the light point pixel arrangement. A coprime array is widely used as a microwave radar receiving array, but less implemented in optics. This is the first time that a coprime array based on Eisenstein integer has been introduced in computational ghost imaging. A coprime array with this structure enhances the imaging quality when limited measurements are recorded, and it reduces background noise and avoids periodicity. All results are verified by numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low thermospheric sodium layer (LTSL) is the separate sodium atom layer above 105 km. Based on 11,607 h of lidar observations from Yanqing (40.5° N, 116.0° E) from 2010 to 2016, we found 38 LTSLs wherein the peak densities were more than five percent above those of the main sodium layers. This work presents the peak altitudes, peak local times and peak densities of the LTSLs as well as the long-term characteristics of the seasonal and inter-annual variations of LTSLs. We analyzed the correlation between the LTSL and sporadic E layer (Es). The seasonal variation trends of the occurrences of LTSL and Es are similar, and the results showed that 95% of the LTSLs were accompanied by Es. We also found that 69% of the LTSL cases exhibited apparent downward phase progressions, while the descending rates of the LTSLs are consistent with the phase speeds of the tide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to explore the online signature modality for characterizing early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). A few studies have explored this modality, whereas many on online handwriting have been published. We focused on the analysis of raw temporal functions acquired by the digitizer on signatures produced during a simulated check-filling task. Sample entropy was exploited to measure the information content in raw time sequences. We show that signatures of early-stage AD patients have lower information content than those of healthy persons, especially in the time sequences of pen pressure and pen altitude angle with respect to the tablet. The combination of entropy values on two signatures for each person was classified with two linear classifiers often used in the literature: support vector machine and linear discriminant analysis. The improvements in sensitivity and specificity were significant with respect to the a priori group probabilities in our population of AD patients and healthy subjects. We show that altitude angle, when combined with pen pressure, conveys crucial information on the wrist-hand-finger system during signature production for pathology detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]