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Accelerating the transformation of the rural energy structure is an indispensable part of energy transformation in developing countries. In this novel study, the transformation effect of China's rural energy structure from 2001 to 2020 was evaluated. Further, this paper also identified the decoupling state between the rural energy structure transition and carbon emissions, and decomposed the spatial–temporal effects of rural carbon decoupling through efficiency measures. According to the survey, the dual substitution index of the rural energy structure in China increased from 0.466 to 1.828, and showed a decreasing trend in spatial distribution from the east to the central and western regions. Economic development and climate characteristics have become important influencing factors for the dual substitution of the rural energy structure. The decoupling relationship between the dual substitution of the rural energy structure and carbon emissions was mainly characterized in the strong decoupling, expansion negative decoupling, and strong negative decoupling states. Regional imbalances have deepened as the efficiency of rural energy carbon decoupling has gradually increased. The annual average efficiency of rural energy carbon decoupling in a dynamic perspective has increased by 10.579%, and the dual substitution of the energy structure has a significant driving effect on rural carbon reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present solutions related to wind energy in EU countries as an alternative to fossil fuels. This article is based on secondary information and statistical data regarding the development of wind power engineering in EU countries for the years 2016–2022. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze of the relations between the development of wind energy in European Union countries and GPD (gross domestic product) per capita and selected factors. The following hypotheses were formulated: H1—There is a statistically significant correlation between GDP per capita and the use of wind energy in European Union countries. H2—There is a relationship between the length of the coastline and the use of wind energy in European Union countries. H3—There is a statistically significant correlation between the attitude to uncertainty of the inhabitants of a given country and the use of wind energy in said country. The presented research results support all these hypotheses. The results of the research regarding H2 are as follows: in the case of northern European countries (Ireland and Finland) and the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the development of wind power engineering in the study period was faster than could be inferred from the length of the coastline in these countries. Regarding hypothesis H1, it was concluded on the basis of the analysis that the involvement of countries in the development of wind power engineering is correlated with their wealth. The novelty of this paper emerges from its innovative approach to analyzing wind power engineering, its incorporation of cultural factors, its quantitative assessment of correlations, and its actionable policy recommendations. These elements collectively contribute to a comprehensive and impactful study that advances our understanding of wind energy adoption in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When solving open-region electromagnetic scattering problems using the standard finite element method, the infinite region exterior to the scatterer must be truncated with an artificial outer boundary. In the interior or finite part of the domain, finite elements can be used, but a boundary condition must be introduced at this artificial boundary to obtain a unique finite element solution. One class of boundary conditions designed for this purpose is called absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs). Several ABCs have been reported in the literature. These can be broadly classified into two categories: local and non-local. In this paper, we present new closed-form expressions for Nth-order local ABCs, equivalent to the well-known sequences of the Bayliss, Gunzburger, and Turkel boundary operators. To the best of our knowledge, these expressions have not yet been reported in the literature. Two- and three-dimensional problems are considered in this study. We also discuss the problem of incorporating custom ABCs into commercial finite element method programs, which are usually closed-source software packages. Two 2D electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems with known analytical solutions are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper outlines the methodology employed for desk-based research, which involved gathering and analyzing empirical data on energy and heating consumption in the Polish small consumer sector. Secondary sources, including reports, documents, scientific publications, and public statistics, were utilized to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. The research methodology ensured the acquisition and examination of reliable and extensive data regarding energy and heat consumption among small consumers in Poland. The study investigated consumption trends of hard coal, electricity, and natural gas in Polish households from 2006 to 2021. The findings revealed an increasing pattern in electricity and natural gas consumption, alongside a simultaneous decline in the usage of hard coal. Future consumption was estimated using trend models, and factors contributing to changes in energy consumption patterns were examined, with forecasts to 2027. To achieve decarbonization and address climate objectives, the study underscores the need to increase the proportion of renewable energy sources and boost energy efficiency. The significance of reducing household energy consumption through enhanced insulation, smart energy management systems, and low-carbon alternatives is emphasized. Additionally, the study addresses Poland's future energy plans as a proactive step toward decarbonizing the national economy. In summary, the study furnishes valuable insights into energy consumption trends and their determinants in the Polish small consumer sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of the European energy sector is becoming a priority for the European Union. This is indicated, for instance, in the European Union strategy known as the European Green Deal. According to the Green Deal, the area of 'research and innovation' is one which can counteract climate change. Universities can play a significant role in this by adopting a pedagogical approach aimed at mobilizing the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship in young professionals. In addition to modifying curricula related to mining, energy, and environmental engineering, i.e., activities in recognized, traditional schemes, one prospective tool may be the involvement of students and PhD candidates in European initiatives such as the InnoEnergy PhD School (which is funded by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology). This paper aims to discuss the InnoEnergy PhD School programme as a possible instrument for mitigating the negative effects of energy transformation. The article analyzes the programme using a case study method, including surveys and open interviews. The paper draws attention to and highlights the role of human resources in the field of education and the stimulation of innovation, as well as the need to strengthen the business component in the education of PhD candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, hydrogen and electric drives used in various means of transport is a leading topic in many respects. This article discusses the most important aspects of the operation of vehicles with electric drives (passenger cars) and hydrogen drives. In both cases, the official reason for using both drives is the possibility of independence from fossil fuel supplies, especially oil. The desire for independence is mainly dictated by political considerations. This article discusses the acquisition of basic raw materials for the construction of lithium-ion batteries in electric cars, as well as methods for obtaining hydrogen as a fuel. The widespread use of electric passenger cars requires the construction of a network of charging stations. This article shows that, taking into account the entire production process of electric cars, including lithium-ion batteries, the argument that they are ecological cannot be used. Additionally, it was indicated that there is no concept for the use of used accumulator batteries. If hydrogen drives are used in trains, there is no need to build the traction network infrastructure and then continuously monitor its technical condition and perform the necessary repairs. Of course, the necessary hydrogen tanks must be built, but there must be similar tanks to store oil for diesel locomotives. This paper also deals with other possibilities of hydrogen application for transformational usage, e.g., the use of combustion engines driven with liquid hydrogen. Unfortunately, an optimistic approach to this issue does not allow for a critical view of the whole matter. In public discussion, there is no room for scientific arguments and emotions to dominate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen can be considered an innovative fuel that will revolutionize the energy sector and enable even more complete use of the potential of renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to present the challenges faced by companies and economies that will produce and use hydrogen. Thanks to the use of hydrogen in the energy, transport and construction sectors, it will be possible to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. By 2050, global demand for hydrogen will increase to 614 million metric tons a year, and thanks to the use of hydrogen in energy, transport and construction, it will be possible to achieve climate neutrality. Depending on the method of hydrogen production, the processes used and the final effects, several groups can be distinguished, marked with different colors. It is in this area of obtaining friendly hydrogen that innovative possibilities for its production open up. The costs of hydrogen production are also affected by network fees, national tax systems, availability and prices of carbon capture, utilization, and storage installations, energy consumption rates by electrolyzers and transport methods. It is planned that 1 kg of hydrogen will cost USD 1. The study used the desk research method, which made it possible to analyze a huge amount of descriptive data and numerical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment and the competencies of employees in the energy sector are coming into particular prominence in economies around the world. It is one of the few sectors positively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, a significant global change in the awareness of society occurred in favor of increasing pro-health and pro-environmental activities, which can be seen in the green transformation. Poland can also boast such changes in recent years, as evidenced by the dynamic development of renewable energy sources (boom for photovoltaics) and the increase in prosumption. Correlated with this is the increase in demand for employees with specific competencies, the so-called multi-competencies that are a compilation of technical, business, and soft and hard competencies, as well as interdisciplinary ones. The paper emphasizes the need to better adjust the education system to the real needs of the labor market in a turbulent environment with the use of the Sectoral Qualifications Framework in Energy, developed in cooperation with stakeholders from the industry. Therefore, the authors analyzed the employment structure in the energy sector in Poland, with particular emphasis on the factors and conditions of this structure and made an attempt to identify and create a competency profile of employees in this area. For the purposes of this article, two key research problems were formulated: What are the key competencies of employees in the energy sector? How is employment changing in this area? The following research hypothesis was also put forward: The transformation of the energy sector towards green energy affects the increase in employment in this area and the increase in the demand for soft competencies. The analysis was based on statistical data, reports, job advertisements, and a review of the results of empirical research to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper shows a hypothetical large solar farm that would be the only source of electricity for the entire country. The energy crisis in Europe raises the question of whether it is possible to supply an electrical system based only on renewable energy sources. What should the surface area of the solar panels be in a hypothetical large solar farm to power the entire country? In this work, we will show what requirements must be met to make this feasible. Very important differences between the installed power capacity in a coal-fired or nuclear power plant and a solar power plant are discussed. The article presents calculations of the surface area of photovoltaic panels in that solar farm for four exemplary countries in Central Europe: Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. These studies are particularly important for Poland, whose electrical system is still mainly based on coal-fired power plants. The hypothetical solar farm could, in practice, take the form of dozens of solar power plants located in different parts of the country. Most importantly, the proposed solution will counteract climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing conditions that meet climate requirements should be one of the most important goals of the whole world in order to protect against the negative effects of climate change. Without cooperation and considerable commitment from everyone, it is possible that these negative effects will worsen. The implementation of the Energy Policy from now until 2050 should facilitate the transformation of the coal-based power system toward a more sustainable and diversified mix of energy sources. Financial investments in the countries analyzed in this paper create real opportunities and changes for the transition toward renewable energy sources (RES), but there is criticism concerning the insufficient speed of change and the costs of the transformation for society. The dominant emphasis on the optimum selection of energy sources creates conflicts, especially in democratic decision-making. Resource management is both incremental and participatory, and while decisions are strongly based on science, the decision-making process is rarely rational or comprehensive. It is difficult to estimate environmental costs, especially because there is no method for comparing the many criteria between the different energy sources since there are differences in the energy efficiency results obtained in different areas. Public opinion is of great importance and it has a huge influence on the development of the development strategies and policies that are undertaken. Therefore, as part of our analysis, we conducted research using a questionnaire to obtain opinions on fundamental issues regarding the climate and energy strategies that have been adopted in the EU. This was important for achieving the main goal of this article, which is a multidimensional analysis of activities aimed at adapting the national economy to the EU strategies that are responsible for reaching the energy and climate goals by 2050. The low-emission energy transformation is aimed at introducing significant changes for the entire economy while at the same time ensuring the implementation of the so-called European triad of goals (energy security, energy competitiveness and climate protection), which often contradict each other in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to other applications of distributed ledger technologies, for example, in decentralized finance, non-fungible tokens, and logistics, Blockchain applications in the energy industry have not found widespread dissemination and fell short of market expectations during the Blockchain hype in the late 2010s. In semi-structured qualitative interviews with leading providers in the energy industry, conducted from 2019 to 2021, hurdles in energy applications are compared with a control group of additional interviews with representatives of companies operating in IT and FinTech. The analysis uses a framework covering technical feasibility, desirability, and economic viability, as well as the role of regulatory frameworks. The interviews reveal that the first Blockchain applications suffered from a combination of technological constraints and inter-platform competition. Due to the permissionless configuration of the early energy Blockchains, they were slow in terms of transaction speed compared to existing platforms and prices per transaction were high, in addition to high degrees of complexity related to requirements from both critical-infrastructure systems and financial market regulation. The analysis further points to the slow adoption of Blockchain applications in the energy sector being related to business models rather focusing on products and platforms as well as on transactional rather than procedural use cases, with a high degree of standardization of the offering and low levels of inclusiveness concerning processes. The move from transaction platforms to innovation platforms and the emergence of Blockchain as a service provider—plus technical advances with regards to high-frequency transactions combined with the increasing importance of use cases, such as proof of origin for fuels or e-charging—may induce a shift from pilot applications to commercialization within the larger innovation ecosystem. While the involvement of Blockchain solutions in energy markets increases with pilot projects and with this, the acceptance of players and stakeholders in the energy ecosystem, a big hurdle for innovation remains the regulation of energy markets to allow for peer-to-peer trading, a usage-driven distribution of network costs, and bottom-up pricing markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafast laser technology has moved from ultrafast to ultra-strong due to the development of chirped pulse amplification technology. Ultrafast laser technology, such as femtosecond lasers and picosecond lasers, has quickly become a flexible tool for processing brittle and hard materials and complex micro-components, which are widely used in and developed for medical, aerospace, semiconductor applications and so on. However, the mechanisms of the interaction between an ultrafast laser and brittle and hard materials are still unclear. Meanwhile, the ultrafast laser processing of these materials is still a challenge. Additionally, highly efficient and high-precision manufacturing using ultrafast lasers needs to be developed. This review is focused on the common challenges and current status of the ultrafast laser processing of brittle and hard materials, such as nickel-based superalloys, thermal barrier ceramics, diamond, silicon dioxide, and silicon carbide composites. Firstly, different materials are distinguished according to their bandgap width, thermal conductivity and other characteristics in order to reveal the absorption mechanism of the laser energy during the ultrafast laser processing of brittle and hard materials. Secondly, the mechanism of laser energy transfer and transformation is investigated by analyzing the interaction between the photons and the electrons and ions in laser-induced plasma, as well as the interaction with the continuum of the materials. Thirdly, the relationship between key parameters and ultrafast laser processing quality is discussed. Finally, the methods for achieving highly efficient and high-precision manufacturing of complex three-dimensional micro-components are explored in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of energy transformation, new energy technologies are developing rapidly, the penetration rate of new energy is increasing, and the energy structure tends to be low-carbon, which leads to the asymmetry between traditional energy and new energy. At present, the smart power grid can be conceived as a complex cyber-physical system, and its resilience assessment in the face of extreme disasters needs more holistic consideration. Therefore, considering the impact of massive access to new energy on the resilience of the power grid main network, the resilience evaluation index system of the power grid main network under the background of the energy transition is established. It is proposed to use the priority comparison method and CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) to determine the subjective weight and subjective and objective weight of the index, respectively, and combine the influence of the two weights to obtain the comprehensive weight. Then, TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is used to evaluate the regional power grid restoring force. The results of an example show that the proposed method can effectively evaluate the resilience level of the power grid under the background of the energy transition, which has a certain guiding significance for improving the power grid's resilience under the environment of energy transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the energy transformation in buildings, the proportions of energy consumption for heating, ventilation and domestic hot water preparation (DHW) have changed. The latter component can now play a significant role, not only in the context of the annual heat demand, but also in the context of selecting the peak power of the heat source. In this paper, the comparison of chosen methods for its calculation is presented. The results show that for contemporary residential buildings, the peak power for DHW preparation can achieve the same or higher value as the peak power for heating and ventilation. For this reason, nowadays the correct selection of the peak power of a heat source for DHW purposes becomes more important, especially if it uses renewable energy sources, because it affects its size and so the investment cost and economic efficiency. It is also indicated that in modern buildings, mainly accumulative systems with hot water storage tanks should be taken into account because they are less sensitive to design errors (wrongly selected peak value in the context of the uncertainty of hot water consumption) and because they result in acceptable value of peak power for DHW in comparison to heating and ventilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the financial performance of the Compañía Española de Petróleos, S.A.U. (CEPSA) within the context of the ongoing ESG transformation in the Energy Sector. The primary aim of this research is to understand the critical dimensions essential for evaluating energy companies' ESG performances. The research assesses the changes in CEPSA's financial indicators over the last five years (2018–2022). The report uses DuPont analysis to evaluate CEPSA's environmental and social responsibility performances. The study examines several financial performance metrics, including return on net assets, profitability, and corporate financing structure changes. The methodology of this study comprehensively assesses CEPSA's sustainable development trajectory and ESG management system. The analysis reveals that CEPSA has consistently improved its sustainable development capabilities over the last five years by establishing a comprehensive ESG management system. While return on net assets and profitability indicators have shown positive trends, the financing structure has changed significantly. Notably, the proportion of debt financing has increased substantially, and there is a slight decline in the net profit margin. The formal transformation in 2020 further influenced increases in liabilities and fixed assets for CEPSA. The study focuses on CEPSA's sustained improvements in ESG management and the associated shifts in financial metrics, adding originality to the study and offering a nuanced perspective on the evolving landscape of sustainable practices. The study reveals the financial implications of ESG transformation in the energy sector and offers valuable insights for stakeholders. Moreover, this research contributes to the existing literature by employing the DuPont analysis system to explore the intricate relationship between ESG performance and financial indicators in the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manifestations of energy transformation are visible throughout the developed world. As the threat to the survival of humanity arises, the countries of the world are starting to take faster and more specific actions to transform the energy sector. One of the energy transformation strategies is the decentralized development of the energy system in the regions. This concept is especially relevant at this time, when centralized sources of energy production and supply are becoming the target of physical and cyber attacks. The purpose of this article is to form theoretical assumptions for the smooth implementation of the decentralization of the energy system. This article aims to remove obstacles to short-term energy transformation. The novelty of this article is related to emphasizing the role of biomass cogeneration in achieving energy system efficiency and greening. Mathematical modeling based on RSM is used in the article. The established factors of the market structure revealed that the efficiency of energy production is based on the use of cogeneration and the markets for raw materials and energy can be attributed to different types. The results of this study showed that the optimal combination of biomass cogeneration can ensure competitive energy production. This article is relevant because it offers transitional solutions until adequate hydrogen utilization and energy storage solutions are developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After joining the globalization initiative, countries from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have experienced an exponential growth in carbon emissions. The high carbon lock-in of the energy consumption structure and lagged energy infrastructure construction have led to high carbon emissions, which has put great pressure on ASEAN countries to reduce their carbon emissions. To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by the middle of this century, ASEAN countries have successively formulated strategic guidelines for energy transformation and green development, focusing on the structural transformation of energy development and utilization, a coal decommissioning plan, grid interconnection, the electrification of urban transportation patterns, energy conservation, consumption reduction, and international technological cooperation. ASEAN countries still face many challenges in achieving their carbon neutrality targets, including unstable policies, poor environmental awareness among residents, poor guarantee for energy transformation, disconnection between technology and capital, and difficulties in regional coordination. These are reflected in the obvious carbon lock-in effect and the strong dependence on carbon in traditional industries. ASEAN countries are seeking a balance of interests in the Sino–US infrastructure game. In this context, China, as an advocate of South–South cooperation, is committed to expanding the cooperation with ASEAN countries on carbon neutrality in the following aspects: the development and utilization of renewable energy resources, formulation of a progressive grid interconnection plan, establishment of the green financial system, and research and development of green technologies. The purpose is to help ASEAN countries achieve their goals of carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the environmental policy adopted by the European Union (EU), EU countries are obliged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They reduce emissions largely through the energy transformation and switching to renewable energy sources (RES). Therefore, it is important to assess the progress of the energy transformation of individual EU countries. This is related to the aim of the article, which is a temporal analysis of the energy transformation process towards the transition to RES and reducing the use of fossil fuels in energy production. To achieve this goal, a new Temporal/Dynamic Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (T/DMCDM) method called Temporal PROSA was developed, based on the PROMETHEE and PROSA family of methods. The Temporal PROSA method, unlike many other T/DMCDM methods, enables the aggregation of data from many periods into a single final assessment, as well as the direct transfer of information from the examined periods to the overall result. As a result of the research, EU countries that dominated in terms of progress in energy transformation towards RES in the years 2004–2021were identified. Based on the data and methodology used, it was indicated that these countries are primarily Sweden and Portugal, and recently also Denmark and Finland. On the other hand, countries such as Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Luxembourg, and Poland made the least progress between 2004 and 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy transformation that began in 2022 led to a breakthrough in green energy. It has opened opportunities to develop regional areas, as they have the land needed to build wind and solar power plants, as well as biomass waste power plants. Energy transformation enables regions to solve long-standing social problems determined by the inconvenient geographical location and the growth of agglomerations. However, in order to assess the potential of the regions, it is necessary to use different data groups, covering economic, social, environmental, and governance aspects. This article aims to create conditions for gathering quantitative and qualitative data that would allow us to assess the extent of energy transformation in regional areas. The article presents the case of Lithuania. Since the beginning of the energy crisis, there has been a breakthrough in the fields of wind and solar energy in the regions of Lithuania. This article is relevant because it aims to solve the problem of insufficient use of renewable energy resources in the regions. This article will present the regions' potential to contribute to the energy transformation. The "research by design" formula was used for the research, which was chosen as the basis for further research. Based on this method, quality information was collected from interested parties—energetically innovative Lithuanian municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper indicates that hydropower, including small hydropower plants (SHPs), may play a very important role in Poland's energy transformation in the near future. The development of SHPs may also increase water resources in the steppe Poland. Additionally, the aim of the present research is to conduct the PEST analysis of SHPs in Poland, taking into account the SHP potential. For the first time, maps showing the power and location of potential SHPs on the existing dams in Poland are presented. SHPs should be an important element of energy transition in Poland, especially on a local scale—it is stable energy production. Our analysis shows that there are 16,185 such dams in Poland, while the total capacity of potential hydropower plants in Poland would be 523.6 MW, and the total number of new jobs is estimated at 524. It was calculated that the annual avoided carbon dioxide emissions will amount to 4.4 million tons, which will reduce Poland's emissions by 1.4%. The construction of SHPs can bring significant environmental and economic benefits. As far as the PEST analysis is concerned, the political environment of SHPs in Poland can be described as unfavorable (2.86 points). The economical nature of PEST analysis (3.86 points) should be considered as friendly for the development of SHPs. The social nature of PEST analysis can be considered as neutral (3.36 points). The technological nature of the PEST analysis can be considered as neutral (3.21 points). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many other countries, Germany has defined goals to reduce its CO2-emissions following the Paris Agreement of the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP). The first successes in decarbonizing the electricity sector were already achieved under the German Energiewende. However, further steps in this direction, also concerning the heat and transport sectors, have stalled. This paper describes three possible pathways for the transformation of the German energy system until 2050. The scenarios take into account current climate politics on a global, European, and German level and also include different demand projections, technological trends and resource prices. The model includes the sectors power, heat, and transportation and works on a Federal State level. For the analysis, the linear cost-optimizing Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD) is used to calculate the cost-efficient paths and technology mixes. We find that a reduction of CO2 of more than 80% in the less ambitious scenario can be welfare enhancing compared to a scenario without any climate mitigating policies. Even higher decarbonization rates of 95% are feasible and needed to comply with international climate targets, yet related to high effort in transforming the subsector of process heat. The different pathways depicted in this paper render chances and risks of transforming the German energy system under various external influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an increasing expected energy demand and current dominance of coal electrification, India plays a major role in global carbon policies and the future low-carbon transformation. This paper explores three energy pathways for India until 2050 by applying the linear, cost-minimizing, global energy system model (GENeSYS-MOD). The benchmark scenario "limited emissions only" (LEO) is based on ambitious targets set out by the Paris Agreement. A more conservative "business as usual" (BAU) scenario is sketched out along the lines of the New Policies scenario from the International Energy Agency (IEA). On the more ambitious side, we explore the potential implications of supplying the Indian economy entirely with renewable energies with the "100% renewable energy sources" (100% RES) scenario. Overall, our results suggest that a transformation process towards a low-carbon energy system in the power, heat, and transportation sectors until 2050 is technically feasible. Solar power is likely to establish itself as the key energy source by 2050 in all scenarios, given the model's underlying emission limits and technical parameters. The paper concludes with an analysis of potential social, economic and political barriers to be overcome for the needed Indian low-carbon transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of research on the importance of managing the energy transition in various economic sectors. The barriers and benefits of implementing a knowledge management and environmental management system in enterprises were considered. These factors are necessary for the effective planning and proper functioning of enterprises. Knowledge becomes the main and most dynamic factor responsible for the development of a given company, while environmental management ensures it achieves high economic efficiency of production and environmental rules and regulations. The article presents the results of the functioning of knowledge-based enterprises in contemporary conditions characterized by constant changes in the environment in terms of energy transformation. As part of my research, an algorithm was built based on which essential elements of the Polish energy policy strategy were defined enterprises in various sectors of the economy. In the holistic approach, a model of the functioning of knowledge-based enterprises was built and tested. On its basis, a prosumer/customer business model was proposed on the example of a photovoltaic installation. The study was conducted using the methods of economic measurement models. These methods allowed us to calculate the market value of the investment with the assumed boundary criteria and to determine its effectiveness. The research was carried out in 2020–2022 on the example of a real photovoltaic installation. The use of a photovoltaic installation in a company based on a business model is justified in practice and allows the company to reduce the electricity costs incurred, in this case by about 60%. Taking into account the result for the calculated payback period of 3 years, this proves that such an investment is very profitable for the company. The developed business model showed that the project of its implementation is fully economically justified and will allow investors to create various economic areas as part of the ongoing energy transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Printed circuit board (PCB) defect detection is critical for ensuring the safety of electronic devices, especially in the space industry. Non-reference-based methods, typically the deep learning methods, suffer from a large amount of annotated data requirements and poor interpretability. In contrast, conventional reference-based methods achieve higher detection accuracy by comparing with a template image but rely on precise image alignment and face the challenge of fine defects detection. To solve the problem, we propose a novel Edge-guided Energy-based PCB Defect Detection method (EEDD). We focus on the salient edge characteristic of PCB images and regard the functional defects as contour differences and then propose a novel energy measurement method for PCB contour anomaly detection. We introduce the energy transformation using the edge information of the template and test image, then Speeded-Up Robust Features method (SURF) is used for image alignment, and finally achieve defect detection by measuring the energy anomaly score pixel by pixel with the proposed energy-based defect localization and contour flood fill methods. Our method excels in detecting multi-scale defects, particularly tiny defects, and is robust against interferences such as non-finely aligned images and edge spurs. Experiments on the DeepPCB-A dataset and our high-resolution PCB dataset (HDPCB) show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in PCB defect-detection tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous decline of traditional fossil energy has cast the shadow of an energy crisis on human society. Hydrogen generated from renewable energy sources is considered as a promising energy carrier, which can effectively promote the energy transformation of traditional high-carbon fossil energy to low-carbon clean energy. Hydrogen storage technology plays a key role in realizing the application of hydrogen energy and liquid organic hydrogen carrier technology, with many advantages such as storing hydrogen efficiently and reversibly. High-performance and low-cost catalysts are the key to the large-scale application of liquid organic hydrogen carrier technology. In the past few decades, the catalyst field of organic liquid hydrogen carriers has continued to develop and has achieved some breakthroughs. In this review, we summarized recent significant progress in this field and discussed the optimization strategies of catalyst performance, including the properties of support and active metals, metal–support interaction and the combination and proportion of multi-metals. Moreover, the catalytic mechanism and future development direction were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implemented climate policy and the current geopolitical situation make us pay special attention to energy independence, both in the household and in the national dimension. One way to obtain inexpensive and environmentally friendly energy is the development of photovoltaic micro-installations. For positive changes to occur, correct state regulation and an appropriate set of administrative and economic instruments are necessary. The purpose of this article is to discuss changes in the accounting system for renewable energy prosumers and their consequences for the further development of renewable energy. The financial settlement methods favorable to prosumers were recently replaced with new solutions. According to the authors, this slows down the energy transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to an analytical approach to the magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) problem for three-layer low-conductivity objects. For each layer, we determined closed-form analytical expressions for the eddy current density and Lorentz force vectors based on the separation of variables method. Next, the analytical formulas were validated with numerical solutions obtained with the help of the finite element method (FEM). Based on the acoustic dipole radiation theory, the influence of the transducer reception pattern on MAT-MI was investigated. To obtain acoustic wave patterns, as a system transfer function we proposed the Morlet wavelet. Finally, image reconstruction examples for objects of more complex shapes are presented, and the influence of the MAT-MI scanning resolution and the presence of the noise on the image reconstruction quality was studied in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transformation and environmental quality are now fundamental components of China's economic development plans, which are being reorganized to ensure the dependability of the energy supply and protect environmental quality. Nonetheless, technical inefficiency is one of the most significant obstacles to achieving these overall objectives. Therefore, utilizing yearly data from 2000 to 2021 and the autoregressive distributed lag model, this article examines the implications of information and communication technology trade openness on China's energy transformation and environmental quality. The findings indicate that information and communication technology trade openness has a favorable impact on environmental quality as a consequence of its negative impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, the findings indicate that information and communication technology trade openness has a beneficial impact on energy transformation due to its positive impact on renewable energy consumption and negative impact on energy intensity. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the necessity of eliminating obstacles to information and communication technology trade in China in terms of guaranteeing energy transformation and environmental quality. Therefore, it is optimal for China's government to progressively reduce trade barriers in order to increase cross-border flows of information and communication technology products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy poverty is a phenomenon that is affecting an increasing number of EU citizens. It occurs when people are unable to buy enough energy to meet their needs at a socially acceptable level. Despite the many efforts and measures taken to prevent this negative phenomenon, the looming energy crisis could exacerbate it. On the one hand, efforts towards energy transition are intended to prevent this phenomenon, but on the other hand, inadequate restraint on the energy market may lead to its escalation. Various scenarios need to be analysed to ensure that the risks associated with energy shortages do not lead to even greater levels of energy poverty, with negative consequences for societies, economies, and the environment. Using a scenario approach and expert research, as well as mathematical–statistical tools, the article presents possible scenarios related to the implementation of measures affecting energy transformation and the transition to renewable energy sources in economies. These measures can change the phenomenon of energy poverty. The results of the analysis conducted in the article showed that there is a relationship between the increase in GDP per capita and the degree of energy consumption from renewable sources. In addition, there is a negative correlation between the degree of use of energy from renewable sources and the problem of energy poverty, especially in countries with a relatively lower level of GDP per capita. The current economic and political situation requires research in this area and the identification of possible solutions, as energy poverty is becoming a major social problem. The measures taken to promote sustainable development in an energy crisis situation might not be able to be implemented in a highly satisfactory manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the development of renewable energy sources and their role in the transformation of energy. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the role of local governments in Poland in accelerating energy transformation at the local level through the implementation of municipal investments. The potential activities of the municipalities in the area of local eco-energy were presented, with particular emphasis on their own investment projects. The involvement of municipalities in the implementation of their own projects in the area of energy transformation was assessed, and the sources of financing for such projects were determined. A diagnosis of barriers and limitations to the increase in the participation of communes in this area was also made. This research was carried out in the Podkarpackie and Lublin regions in southern Poland. The research results indicate that local government authorities are willing to accept contributing to eco-energy projects, but only when nonrepayable funds are involved in the financial assembly. In such a situation, they are also willing to seek loans as a source of bridge financing or financing the unit's own contribution. Financial constraints are of key importance for municipal investments in the area of energy transformation. Among the internal factors that hinder the investments of communes in the area of energy transformation, financial constraints (budget) were definitely dominant. These limitations far exceeded the costs associated with energy planning, as well as the spatial and location barriers felt by local government officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of continuously rising energy carbon emissions, accelerated energy transformation in developed countries, and increased international attention to energy security, there is still a large amount of energy consumption in the manufacturing industry. Promoting the diffusion of green supply-chain management is becoming a powerful tool to support energy transformation and energy conservation and emission reduction in the manufacturing industry. Based on this, we first conducted a scientific metrological analysis of 4960 articles in relevant fields in the Web of Science database, presenting the research status of green supply-chain management diffusion in the context of energy transformation. Second, we identified factors that affect the implementation of green supply-chain management, and analyzed the diffusion path of green supply-chain management among enterprises. Finally, based on the energy situation, enterprise operation, and implementation of environmental protection laws and regulations in Shaanxi Province, China, we determined the current situation, obstacles, and development direction of green supply-chain management diffusion of enterprises in the context of energy transformation. The research found that: at this stage, there are still some deficiencies in the research on the mechanism of green supply-chain management in the internal communication of enterprises; in the future, the diffusion of green supply-chain management can be further developed around social performance and energy transformation technology; and we can help energy transformation by strengthening policy guidance and assisting enterprise reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy transformation is changing the structure of the energy sector in Europe and Germany. In this paper the current structure of the energy sector is analysed both empirically as well as theoretically. Therefore, the authors have developed the business model framework for the energy transformation (BMFE). The framework is a synthesis of classical business model designs. An exhaustive survey of existing business models based on primary data collection and a literature review leads to 638 business models. Finally, 69 prototypical business models of the energy sector are the result of the classification of these business models. The information of the business models within the BMFE is applied to show the growing importance of value creation networks in energy industry. The work represents the current status of the business models in the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of research related to the transformation of electrical energy into potential and kinetic energy of waves generated on the water surface. The waves are generated to model the environmental conditions for the needs of the model tests. The model tests are performed on model-scale objects to predict the features of full-scale maritime objects. It is done to improve human safety and the survivability of constructions. Electrical energy is transformed into the energy of the water waves using a wave maker. The wave maker considered is a facility with an electrohydraulic drive and an actuator submerged into the water. The actuator movement results in the waves being mechanically-generated in accordance with the wave maker theory. The study aimed to investigate the advantage of the newly implemented fuzzy-logic controller over the hitherto cascading proportional-integral controllers of the wave maker actuator. The research was focused on experimental investigation of the transformation process outcomes harvested under the fuzzy-logic controller, versus the cascading proportional-integral controllers. The waves were generated and measured in the real towing tank, located in the Maritime Advanced Research Centre (CTO S.A.). The investigation confirmed the advantage of the fuzzy-logic controller. It provides more accurate transformation of energy into the desired form of the water waves of specified parameters—frequency and amplitude—and more flat amplitude-frequency characteristic of the transformation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies that use renewable energy sources (RES) are crucial to achieving decarbonization goals, but a significant number of studies show their relatively high environmental impact during the production phase. Therefore, technologies need to be compared in terms of their life-cycle environmental impact. The life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology is well known and widely employed. However, problems related to the methodological choices prevent taking full advantage of the LCA, as the results of numerous studies are often incomparable. The presented review aims to critically compare the impact of different energy generation technologies—RES (as well as non-RES) energy generators and co-generators. The numeric results are structured and analyzed in terms of the global warming potential (GWP) and non-RES primary energy consumption. The results show that RES technologies are superior compared to conventional fossil-fuel-based systems in most cases, and the high impact during the production and installation phases is compensated in the operational phase. The high variations in GWP from similar technologies result from different methodological choices, but they also show that the wrong choice of the technology in a certain location might cause serious environmental drawbacks when the impact of the RES technology exceeds the impact of fossil fuel-based technologies. Cogeneration technologies using waste as a fuel may even have a negative GWP impact, thus showing even higher potential for decarbonization than RES technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, on the initiative of Poland and Croatia, the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) was adopted, combining economic and political cooperation between 12 countries of Central and Eastern Europe, located between the three seas of the Adriatic, the Baltic, and the Black Sea. Since then, there has been a dynamic relationship between these countries and the United Arab Emirates. Consequently, most 3SI states have signed economic cooperation agreements, establishing the Joint Economic Committees (JEC). Therefore, this manuscript aims to answer the research question to what extent the visits at the highest level support the trade exchange between the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the 3SI countries. Another question is, what are the cooperation prospects related to the energy transformation and initiatives on the green economy for sustainable development? To find the answer, the author implemented quantitative methods together with case studies. The results show that regular top-level visits support trade. At the same time, the study demonstrates a strategic potential for energy transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades Cuba has been remarkably successful at revitalizing its energy sector by significantly increasing efficiency and reducing energy intensity and emissions. These achievements, made through a comprehensive approach targeting infrastructure, consumption habits and people's understanding of energy issues, can provide Cuba with fertile ground on which to tackle the policy challenges ahead in order to achieve its 2030 energy policy goals. This review carries out a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the late 2010s until 2022 on the variety of changes that have taken place and the challenges still ahead. Overcoming critical challenges under the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Cultural (PESTEC) conditions is crucially important; how will Cuba be able to tackle the challenge of implementing the transition to renewable energy and find the resources to actualize the 2030 vision? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public attention to climate change challenges our locked-in fossil fuel-dependent energy sector. Natural gas is replacing other fossil fuels in our energy mix. One way to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of fossil natural gas is to replace it with renewable natural gas (RNG). The benefits of utilizing RNG are that it has no climate change impact when combusted and utilized in the same applications as fossil natural gas. RNG can be injected into the gas grid, used as a transportation fuel, or used for heating and electricity generation. Less common applications include utilizing RNG to produce chemicals, such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and ammonia. The GHG impact should be quantified before committing to RNG. This study quantifies the potential production of biogas (i.e., the precursor to RNG) and RNG from agricultural and waste sources in New York State (NYS). It is unique because it is the first study to provide this analysis. The results showed that only about 10% of the state's resources are used to generate biogas, of which a small fraction is processed to RNG on the only two operational RNG facilities in the state. The impact of incorporating a second renewable substitute for fossil natural gas, "green" hydrogen, is also analyzed. It revealed that injecting RNG and "green" hydrogen gas into the pipeline system can reduce up to 20% of the state's carbon emissions resulting from fossil natural gas usage, which is a significant GHG reduction. Policy analysis for NYS shows that several state and federal policies support RNG production. However, the value of RNG can be increased 10-fold by applying a similar incentive policy to California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the development of photovoltaic energy in the EU countries as one of the alternatives to fossil fuels. The article was prepared on the basis of secondary information and statistical data on the photovoltaic energy market in EU countries, and three hypotheses were formulated: H1—There is a statistically significant correlation between a country's long-term orientation and its use of photovoltaic energy in European Union countries; H2—There is a statistically significant correlation between GDP per capita and photovoltaic energy use in European Union countries; and H3—There is a relationship between climate and photovoltaic energy use in European Union countries. Correlation coefficients and the Guilford classification were used to analyse the data. Data analysis has shown that photovoltaic energy is the second fastest-growing energy source in the EU, after wind energy. In 2020, 134 TWh of solar energy was produced in the EU countries. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation between the production of photovoltaic energy per person and the level of GDP per capita in the EU countries (Hypothesis 2). Germany and the Netherlands produce the most solar energy. The studies did not confirm Hypothesis 3; however, it can be seen that countries such as Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands have the highest PV energy efficiency compared to average temperature values. A data analysis showed statistically significant correlations between the country's long-term orientation in the use of photovoltaic energy (Hypothesis 1). In the case of Germany and Belgium, the long-term orientation indicator is very high above 80, while Portugal, Poland and Finland have the lowest indicator, from 30 to 40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the current situation with the implementation of electric cars in Poland against the background of pan-European trends and the current energy sector condition in Poland. The aim of the study was to show the ecological, economic, social, and technical difficulties and controversies related to the use of electric cars in Poland. The authors used statistical analysis and identified the main factors of electromobility development in Poland. Despite the declared electromobility in the Strategy of Responsible Development program, the degree of its implementation is far from the previously established goals. The article analyzes the feasibility of the above plan and indicates the factors inhibiting the development of electromobility in Poland. The strategy and decisions to further implement electric cars cannot be purely political. In justifying the need to promote the use of electric cars in Poland, one should take into account the specificity of the Polish economy, its energy system, the condition of its infrastructure, and real social needs. The authors formulated a hypothesis that the aforementioned program is based on simplistic assumptions and marginalizes or ignores significant barriers to the development of electricity-based transport in Poland. The successful implementation of that program is conditioned by comprehensive and costly activities aimed to transform the whole energy system and introduce an effective system of incentives for the buyers of electric cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union strives to create sustainable, low-carbon economies; therefore, energy policies of all member states should move towards renewable energy sources (RES). That concerns also the so-called new EU member states. These countries, on the one hand, are characterized by significant historical similarities in terms of post-communist legacy and adopted development strategies linked with the EU membership, and on the other hand, by significant social, economic and environmental differences resulting from different transformation and development paths and conditions. The question remains how the selected countries should cope with actions in the field of national energy transformations to confront the multiple challenges linked to assuring a significant level of sustainable development. In order to be successful, it is necessary to conduct an effective and rapid changes in the energy industry, which should be preceded by an analysis of the differentiation of countries in terms of their potentials. The results of such analyses should be helpful in selecting the most appropriate strategies for transformation of the described industry. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to assess the new EU member states for RES diversification and identify similar subgroups of countries using cluster analysis, taking into account the percentage share of individual renewable energy sources in total renewable energy production. This was done for the years 2010, 2015 and 2019 which should allow us to demonstrate the differences between them as a group and also reveal changes recorded over time for a single country. Ward's method was used for the analysis. The presented approach to the analysis of energy production enabled the acquisition of new knowledge in this field and supported the assessment of the current state of RES. The results obtained can be used in countries of comparable specificity to undertake activities of similar nature in relation to internal energy production, technological development or common energy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of the energy sector towards an increased share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix requires attention in the area of electricity storage. Renewable energy sources (photovoltaics or wind energy) are marked by the intermittency of electricity production and require the construction of energy storage to adapt the energy supply to the demand, providing greater stability. The authors focused on verifying the solution of gravitational energy storage in existing shafts of hard coal mines in Poland. The issue is significant for Poland, as a country with an extensive mining infrastructure, which is searching for new scientific and practical solutions to utilize disused mining shafts for new purposes. In the analysis, the focus was on one shaft located within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Górnośląskie Zagłębie Węglowe), maintained for the drainage of the neighboring deposit. The article presents the calculation of energy that can be stored and an analysis of the effectiveness of energy storage in the shaft. The basic assumption of the analysis was 1 cycle of work per day (charging and discharging) in order to use the effect of low prices at night and high prices during peak hours (according to Towarowa Giełda Energii (TGE) quotations). Although energy storage already functions around the world, the studied case is new, because it refers to the usage of existing shafts which makes it a non-investment case. The results of the study showed that the obtained economic effects of the analyzed solution are low, therefore there is no economic justification of activities related to its implementation, taking into account the current price conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy related to the use of renewable sources is a key element of the energy policy executed in the European Union (EU). One of the targets set for 2050 is to increase the share of electricity in energy consumption to 50%, and 80% of electricity is to be generated from low-carbon sources. In recent years, the EU economies have significantly modified their electricity production, which raises the question of the scale of these changes. The aim of the presented analysis is to assess changes in the use of renewable sources for electricity production in the EU countries in 2005–2019. Gini coefficient and k-mean are applied in the analysis. The conducted research shows that EU countries, in line with the energy policy assumptions, have both increased the share of renewable sources in energy production, especially in electricity production, as well as increased the diversity of used renewable sources. The results also indicate a vast diversity in terms of the use of such sources for the production of renewable electricity in the EU. This indicates that the energy transition is being implemented by EU countries with individual country-level approaches. Nonetheless, a variety of the EU's both support and restrictive measures are of considerable importance for the ongoing energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]