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β-Farnesene is an advanced molecule with promising applications in agriculture, the cosmetics industry, pharmaceuticals, and bioenergy. To supplement the shortcomings of rational design in the development of high-producing β-farnesene strains, a Metabolic Pathway Design-Fermentation Test-Metabolomic Analysis-Target Mining experimental cycle was designed. In this study, by over-adding 20 different amino acids/nucleobases to induce fluctuations in the production of β-farnesene, the changes in intracellular metabolites in the β-farnesene titer-increased group were analyzed using non-targeted metabolomics. Differential metabolites that were detected in each experimental group were selected, and their metabolic pathways were located. Based on these differential metabolites, targeted strain gene editing and culture medium optimization were performed. The overexpression of the coenzyme A synthesis-related gene pantothenate kinase (PanK) and the addition of four mixed water-soluble vitamins in the culture medium increased the β-farnesene titer in the shake flask to 1054.8 mg/L, a 48.5% increase from the initial strain. In the subsequent fed-batch fermentation, the β-farnesene titer further reached 24.6 g/L. This work demonstrates the tremendous application value of metabolomics analysis for the development of industrial recombinant strains and the optimization of fermentation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]