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Climate change and anthropogenic activities have had a profound effect on the variation in grassland productivity in the Tibetan Plateau in recent decades. Quantifying the impacts of climatic and anthropogenic variables on grassland productivity is a necessary step in making the management policies of a sustainable grassland ecosystem. Net primary productivity (NPP) is an important part of the terrestrial carbon cycle and can be used to assess vegetation growth. Based on the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach model and statistical analysis method, in this study we estimated the variations in grassland potential NPP (PNPP), actual NPP (ANPP) and human-induced NPP (HNPP) in the Northwest Sichuan Plateau (NWSP) of the Southeast Tibetan Plateau from 2001 to 2020. Also, we assessed the contribution of climatic change and anthropogenic activities to grassland ANPP. The results showed that the average values of grassland ANPP, PNPP and HNPP in the whole NWSP increased at the rates of 3.81, 9.14 and 7.18 g C m−2 a−1, respectively. Grassland ANPP increased in 91.7% of the total area. Climate-oriented impacts led grassland ANPP to increase in 82.6% of the area, and temperature increase was the dominant factor. Additionally, anthropogenic activity was the major reason for the grassland ANPP's decline (5.4% of the total area). Overall, our findings are beneficial for the formulation of practical countermeasures regarding climate change adaption and damaged grassland recovering in the plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]