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The objectives of this work are (i) to classify soybean cultivars under different irrigation managements using hyperspectral data, looking for the best machine-learning algorithm for the classification and the input that improves the performance of the models. The experiment was implemented in the 2023/24 harvest in the experimental area of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Câmpus Chapadão do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, and it was conducted in a strip scheme with seven cultivars subjected to irrigated and rainfed management. Sixty days after crop emergence, three leaves per plot were collected for evaluation by the hyperspectral sensor. The spectral data was then separated into 28 bands to reduce dimensionality. In this way, two databases were generated: one with all the spectral information provided by the sensor (WL) and one with the 28 spectral bands (SB). Each database was subjected to different machine-learning models to ascertain the improved accuracy of the models in distinguishing the different eucalyptus species. The models tested were artificial neural networks (ANN), decision trees (DT), linear regression (LR), M5P algorithm, random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of machine-learning models in differentiating soybean management under rainfed and irrigated conditions, highlighting the advantage of hyperspectral data (WL) over selected spectral bands (SB). Models such as the support vector machine (SVM) showed the best levels of accuracy when using the entire available spectrum. On the other hand, artificial neural networks (ANN) performed well with spectral band data, demonstrating their ability to work with smaller data sets without compromising the classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of natural beauty has empowered women with textured hair to embrace their natural hair texture and opt for bleaching as a means of style variation. However, bleaching exacerbates the inherent fragility of this hair type, necessitating treatments to partially restore its mechanical properties. Vegetable oils, renowned for their strengthening properties, were evaluated regarding (I) their ability to penetrate both virgin and bleached textured hair using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) analysis, and (II) their effects by way of tensile and fatigue tests. The MALDI–TOF results revealed groups of oil molecules in the cortical region of the bleached textured hair. The tensile test results, in turn, showed that the oil treatments were unable to alter the mechanical properties of the hair. Conversely, the fatigue test showed an increase in resistance in the virgin hair, most likely attributed to a lubrication effect in the outermost portions of the cortex and cuticles. In the bleached hair, a reduction in resistance was noted following the treatment with the oils. Comparative analysis with a previous study on straight hair by our group suggests that external molecules diffuse more homogeneously in straight hair than in textured hair. The unique cortical structure of textured hair creates two areas with distinct diffusion zones, resulting in the irregular distribution of external materials and different effects compared to straight hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying machine learning models that are capable of classifying soybean genotypes according to micronutrient content using only spectral data as input is relevant and useful for plant breeding programs and agricultural producers. Therefore, our objective was to classify soybean genotypes according to leaf micronutrient levels using multispectral images. In the 2019/20 crop year, a field experiment was carried out with 103 F2 soybean populations in the experimental area of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Chapadão do Sul, Brazil. The data were subjected to machine learning analysis using algorithms to classify genotypes according to leaf micronutrient content. The spectral data were divided into three distinct input groups to be tested in the machine learning models: spectral bands (SBs), vegetation indices (VIs), and combining VIs and SBs. The algorithms tested were: J48 Decision Tree (J48), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Perceptron Multilayer Neural Network (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), and REPTree (DT). All model parameters were set as the default settings in Weka 3.8.5 software. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm outperformed (>90 for CC and >0.9 for Kappa and Fscore) regardless of the input used, demonstrating that it is a robust model with good data generalization capacity. The DT and J48 algorithms performed well when using VIs or VIs+SBs inputs. The SVM algorithm performed well with VIs+SBs as input. Overall, inputs containing information about VIs provided better results for the classification of soybean genotypes. Finally, when deciding which data should serve as input in scenarios of spectral bands, vegetation indices or the combination (VIs+SBs), we suggest that the ease and speed of obtaining information are decisive, and, therefore, a better condition is achieved with band-only inputs. This allows for the identification of genetic materials that use micronutrients more efficiently and the adaptation of management practices. In addition, the decision to be made can be made quickly, without the need for chemical evaluation in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothesis of this study is that it is possible to determine the plant stand in the soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) crop based on the spatial variability of management units, which are limiting factors in maximizing crop yield. Our objectives were as follows: (I) to evaluate the relationship between soil physical and chemical attributes to establish potential management units for variable-rate seeding; (II) to propose a method for varying plant stands based on the law of minimum soil nutrients; an (III) to relate the interaction between different plant stands on soybean grain yield, taking into account the interaction between the spatial variability of the mapped attributes. Field experiments were carried out on two plots over two agricultural years. The areas were seeded by randomly varying the soybean stand across strips in the first year. The most limiting soil nutrient was established and used, together with the soil CEC, to determine management units (MUs), which were also used to seed soybeans in VRT (Variable Rate Technology) in the same plots in the second year. MUs with the lowest restriction for maximizing yield were sown in the second year with the lowest plant stand. Data were processed using multivariate statistics. Our findings reveal that it is possible to establish MUs for seeding soybeans with different stands following the spatial variability of limiting soil nutrients according to the law of the minimum and thus increase the crop grain yield. Spatial variability of potassium (K) in the plot, identified as limiting, affected the spatial variability of grain yield. Decreasing plant stands in MUs with the lowest limitation level increases yield. However, increasing the stand in MUs with a higher limitation level can lead to increased intraspecific competition, affecting yield as well as increasing input costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impacting overall health and quality of life in older adults. This narrative review explores emerging targets and potential treatments for sarcopenia, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of current and prospective interventions. Methods: The review synthesizes current literature on sarcopenia treatment, focusing on recent advancements in muscle regeneration, mitochondrial function, nutritional strategies, and the muscle–microbiome axis. Additionally, pharmacological and lifestyle interventions targeting anabolic resistance and neuromuscular junction integrity are discussed. Results: Resistance training and adequate protein intake remain the cornerstone of sarcopenia management. Emerging strategies include targeting muscle regeneration through myosatellite cell activation, signaling pathways, and chronic inflammation control. Gene editing, stem cell therapy, and microRNA modulation show promise in enhancing muscle repair. Addressing mitochondrial dysfunction through interventions aimed at improving biogenesis, ATP production, and reducing oxidative stress is also highlighted. Nutritional strategies such as leucine supplementation and anti-inflammatory nutrients, along with dietary modifications and probiotics targeting the muscle–microbiome interplay, are discussed as potential treatment options. Hydration and muscle–water balance are emphasized as critical in maintaining muscle health in older adults. Conclusions: A combination of resistance training, nutrition, and emerging therapeutic interventions holds potential to significantly improve muscle function and overall health in the aging population. This review provides a detailed exploration of both established and novel approaches for the prevention and management of sarcopenia, highlighting the need for further research to optimize these strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frailty associated with aging increases the risk of falls, disability, and death. The aim of this study is to explore gender-related disparities in the survival outcomes of pathological femoral fractures in older frail patients, while analyzing potential specific prognostic factors. Methods: This study is a retrospective observational analysis conducted at a single medical center. It enrolled all patients aged 65 and above who were admitted to our emergency department between 2016 and 2020 with a diagnosis of pathological femur fracture requiring surgical intervention. The primary study endpoint was evaluating gender-related differences in survival outcomes. The secondary endpoint involves investigating gender-specific prognostic factors through the analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters. Results: The average Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was slightly lower in men, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.53). The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) showed similar results, with men and women 5.23 (SD 1.46), also not significant (p = 0.83). An evaluation comparing patients aged 75 years or younger to those older than 75 years found significant differences in health metrics. The average CCI was higher in the over 75 group compared to the under 75 group, with a p-value of 0.001. Similarly, the CFS average was also greater in the over 75 group than in the under 75 group, with a p-value of 0.0001. Complications were more frequent in patients over 75 and those with lower educational qualifications. The evaluation analyzed cardiac patients compared to a control group, revealing that the average age of cardiac patients was 75.22 years, while the control group was younger at 73.98 years (p = 0.5119). The CCI for cardiac patients averaged 6.53, significantly higher than 4.43 for non-cardiac patients (p = 0.0003). Conclusion: Frailty assessment is therefore essential in patients with pathological fracture of the proximal femur and is an important predictor of both gender differences and hospital complications. Enhancing gender analysis in this field is crucial to gather more robust evidence and deeper comprehension of potential sex- and gender-based disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a picornavirus that is endemic in swine, causing a vesicular disease clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases, like foot-and-mouth disease. The widespread viral circulation, constant evolution, and economic losses caused to the swine industry emphasize the need for measures to control the agent. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a whole-virus-inactivated vaccine using a representative contemporary Brazilian SVA strain in Balb/ByJ mice. The animals were vaccinated with two doses by an intramuscular route. The humoral response induced by the vaccination was evaluated by an in-house ELISA assay for IgG detection. The cellular response was assessed by flow cytometry after in vitro SVA stimulation in splenocyte cultures from vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups. Protection against SVA was assessed in the experimental groups following an oral challenge with the homologous virus. The vaccination induced high levels of IgG antibodies and the proliferation of CD45R/B220+sIgM+, CD3e+CD69+, and CD3e+CD4+CD44+CD62L− cells. These results indicate the immunogenicity and safety of the vaccine formulation in a murine model and the induction of humoral and cellular response against SVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although preliminary evidence suggests Cannabis's efficacy in symptom control for anxiety and depression—psychiatric disorders that significantly impact mental health—much remains to be understood about its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and how to optimize treatment for these disorders. This study aims to conduct a narrative review to evaluate pharmaceutical care in treating symptoms of anxiety and depression alongside Cannabis use, focusing on safety and therapeutic efficacy optimization. We seek to conceptualize anxiety and depression disorders, review evidence on Cannabis use, evaluate the evidence quality, and identify knowledge gaps. Twelve articles were identified, revealing a significant gap in the literature regarding the integration of pharmaceutical care with Cannabis-based therapies, specifically for anxiety and depression. Despite a growing interest in the relationship between Cannabis and mental health, current research is insufficient for a comprehensive understanding. The relationship between Cannabis use and anxiety and depression disorders requires further, more targeted investigations. This study underscores the importance of future research to fill existing gaps, providing informed insights and robust guidelines for the safe and effective use of Cannabis as part of the treatment for anxiety and depression. It is crucial that pharmaceutical care integrates these therapies responsibly to improve the overall well-being of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the shelf life and maintaining the quality of sliced cooked ham through the application of a natural biopreservative derived from lactic fermentation. The biopreservative, at concentrations ranging from 1% to 3.5%, demonstrated substantial efficacy in microbial inhibition, keeping the microbial density low and relatively constant over time (p < 0.05). Remarkably, even at the lower concentration of 1%, the microbial growth rates were significantly reduced, with the treated samples showing notable stability over 24 days at both 7 °C and 25 °C. The microbial count in the treated with biopreservative group was significantly lower (3.19 log cfu/g) compared to the blank (4.59 log cfu/g) and control (5.01 log cfu/g) over 4 days at 7 °C. The shelf life of the ham was 24 days for the blank, 20 days for the control, and 101 days for the treated group at 7 °C. Moreover, colorimetric analysis revealed that the treated samples maintained better color stability, experiencing less variation in the hue angle and chroma, suggesting a protective effect against quality degradation over time. The successful application of the biopreservative aligns with the growing consumer demand for natural food additives and underscores the movement toward sustainable, health-conscious food preservation practices. The findings of this study indicate a promising avenue for the food industry to adopt environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic additives, which could significantly influence future standards in food processing and preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mediterranean region, the expansion of greenhouse horticulture has enabled the year-round supply of fresh vegetables. Compared to open field horticulture, this farming method can generate higher returns for farmers. However, it is often associated with significant environmental pressures. This research aims to pinpoint important opportunities for improvement of the environmental and economic performance of greenhouse farming in the Mediterranean region by showing the life cycle's environmental and economic impacts and by highlighting life cycle hotspots. This is achieved through the combined application of life cycle assessment and life cycle costing to four case studies (commercial greenhouses) spanning the Mediterranean Basin (Italy, Spain, Tunisia, and Turkey). The case study findings highlight the following environmental hotspots and related impacts: (i) fertigation management can generate up to 11,283 m3/ha/year of water use impact; (ii) fertilizer leaching can generate up to 27 kg of N eq marine eutrophication impact; and (iii) crop protection treatments can generate up to 130,037 kg 1,4-DCB of terrestrial ecotoxicity impact. The large use of plastic materials (greenhouse and fertigation infrastructures) is an additional critical aspect due to manufacturing and disposal, contributing to eutrophication impact categories. Economic hotspots are related to greenhouse management (up to 35% total costs of production) and hired labor (up to 40% total costs of production). The lessons learnt from these case studies offer valuable insights into the sustainability challenges of greenhouse horticulture across the Mediterranean region. The hotspot analysis points to the need for targeted interventions to mitigate the most critical impacts while ensuring economic viability. This study enriches scientific understanding by examining different production and socioeconomic contexts, offering crucial insights for the advancement of sustainable practices in greenhouse agriculture such as the use of decision support systems to optimize input use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis sativa is a plant of the Cannabaceae family, whose molecular composition is known for its vast pharmacological properties. Cannabinoids are the molecules responsible for Cannabis sativa potential effects, especially tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Scientific development has shown interest in the potential of cannabidiol in various health conditions, as it has demonstrated lower adverse events and great pharmacological potential, especially when administered topically. The present study aims to carry out a scoping review, focusing on the use of cannabidiol, in vivo models, for topical administration. Thus, the methodological approach used by the Joanna Briggs Institute was applied, and the studies were selected based on previously established inclusion criteria. Even though more information regarding the dose to achieve pharmacological potential is still needed, cannabidiol demonstrated potential in treating and preventing different conditions, such as glaucoma, atopic dermatitis, epidermolysis bullosa, and pyoderma gangrenosum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitigation of damaged hair conditions involves the application and penetration of substances to stabilize broken bond sites, restore lipids and proteins, reinstate hydrophobicity, and recover hair mechanical properties. Vegetable oils, in general, exhibit a list of advantageous characteristics much desired by consumers, given the associated benefits for hair fibers. While coconut oil is highly popular in the hair care market and extensively studied for its ability to diffuse through the hair cortex, the effects of avocado and argan oil on the internal structure of hair and their potential benefits remain underexplored. Tensile and fatigue tests, as well as Raman spectroscopy, were carried out to investigate the interaction of these three oils with virgin and bleached Caucasian hair. The oils were applied in sufficient amounts directly to hair tresses and maintained for 24 h at 25 °C. Our results show that the three oils successfully diffused and interacted with the cortical region of the hairs. Their impact on hair mechanical properties depends on the level of damage and humidity conditions. In virgin hair, coconut and avocado oil reinforce the hydrophobic barrier of the cellular membrane complex, preventing water from causing intense perturbation of the mechanical properties, leading to increased stiffness and break stress. Meanwhile, due to the high degree of unsaturation of its fatty acid chains, argan oil increases water absorption, resulting in losses in hair resistance. When bleached, the hydrophilicity of the hair fiber increases, determining more affinity for argan oil. Consequently, the affinity with water is also elevated, causing increased fragility to mechanical stress. The analyzed vegetable oils are not always beneficial for hair care. Their specific chemical characteristics and hair conditions will influence the final results and should be taken into consideration in hair care product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is already a convenient construction resource, as it offers an efficient structural performance. As this plant has native varieties adapted to different climates and soils of Brazil, bamboo silviculture can be intensified to supply the national industry. Three bamboo species from Brazil (Dendrocalamus asper, Bambusa tuldoides, and Phyllostachys aurea) were analyzed for the flexural load capacity applied on the internal and external surfaces. Specimens were prepared without knots and with knots centered at the middle of each sample. In total, 240 samples were tested in terms of static bending and dynamic bending (impact). The results showed a higher flexural elasticity and a higher proportional limit strength of knotted P. aurea. The presence of knots provided higher values of ultimate strength in P. aurea, even reducing the bamboo flexibility. Also, P. aurea exhibited the best characteristic of flexural dynamic energy absorption among the three bamboo species under evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to show the potential contribution of high-yielding rice varieties to achieve sustainable intensification in paddy farming, by focusing on a developing country. A comparative life cycle assessment of traditional vs. high-yielding varieties is carried out by comparing the area-based and yield-based results. Primary data are collected through a farm survey (49 farms in the Mazandaran province, Iran; spring 2018). The results highlight that high-yielding varieties can reduce the yield-scaled impacts. However, area-scaled impacts are subject to increase for most impact categories. Statistically significant trade-offs involve global warming potential (+13% per ha and −28% per t in high-yielding varieties) and fossil resource depletion (+15% per ha and −26% per t in high-yielding varieties). Pesticide management is the most alarming practice. High-yielding varieties increase pesticide consumption and related toxicity impacts both per t and per ha. This study is a new contribution to the literature by improving and broadening the mainstream productivity perspective of current life cycle assessment research about crop varieties. The lessons learnt from this study suggest that the trade-offs between yield-scaled and area-scaled impacts should be carefully considered by decision-makers and policymakers, especially in developing countries that, like Iran, are affected by the overexploitation of natural resources. Targeted policy and the development of farmer education and advisory services are needed to create the enabling conditions for farm management changes, including conscious use of production inputs while avoiding heuristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic systemic disease. In Brazil this infection is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania species have different functions like the modulation of host immune systems and inflammatory responses, among others. This study evaluated the participation of EVs from L. (L.) infantum (Leish-EVs) in recognition of the humoral and cellular immune response of hosts with VL. Promastigotes were cultivated in 199 medium and, in the log phase of growth, they were centrifuged, washed, resus-pended in RPMI medium, and incubated for 2 to 24 h, at 25 °C or 37 °C to release Leish-EVs. This dynamic was evaluated using transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopies, as well as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The results suggested that parasite penetration in mammal macrophages requires more Leish-EVs than those living in insect vectors, since promastigotes incubated at 37 °C released more Leish-EVs than those incubated at 25 °C. Infected THP-1 cells produced high EV concentration (THP-1 cells-EVs) when compared with those from the control group. The same results were obtained when THP-1 cells were treated with Leish-EVs or a crude Leishmania antigen. These data indicated that host–EV concentrations could be used to distinguish infected from uninfected hosts. THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs expressed more IL-12 than control THP-1 cells, but were unable to express IFN-γ. These same cells highly expressed IL-10, which inhibited TNF-α and IL-6. Equally, THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs up-expressed miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p. In conclusion, THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs highly expressed miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p and caused the dysregulation of IL-10. Indirectly, these results suggest that high expression of these miRNAs species is caused by Leish-EVs. Consequently, this molecular via can contribute to immunosuppression causing enhanced immunopathology in infected hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the excellent properties of silicone endotracheal prostheses, their main limitation is the formation of a polymicrobial biofilm on their surfaces. It can cause local inflammation, interfering with the local healing process and leading to further complications in the clinical scenario. The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on multispecies biofilms grown on the silicone protheses' surfaces. In addition to silicone characterization before and after CAP exposure, CAP cytotoxicity on immortalized human bronchial epithelium cell line (BEAS-2B) was evaluated. The aging time test reported that CAP could temporarily change the silicone surface wetting characteristics from hydrophilic (80.5°) to highly hydrophilic (<5°). ATR-FTIR showed no significant alterations in the silicone surficial chemical composition after CAP exposure for 5 min. A significant log reduction in viable cells in monospecies biofilms (log CFU/mL) of C. albicans, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa (0.636, 0.738, and 1.445, respectively) was detected after CAP exposure. Multispecies biofilms exposed to CAP showed significant viability reduction for C. albicans and S. aureus (1.385 and 0.831, respectively). The protocol was not cytotoxic to BEAS-2B. CAP can be a simple and effective method to delay multispecies biofilm formation inside the endotracheal prosthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using multispectral sensors attached to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can assist in the collection of morphological and physiological information from several crops. This approach, also known as high-throughput phenotyping, combined with data processing by machine learning (ML) algorithms, can provide fast, accurate, and large-scale discrimination of genotypes in the field, which is crucial for improving the efficiency of breeding programs. Despite their importance, studies aimed at accurately classifying sorghum hybrids using spectral variables as input sets in ML models are still scarce in the literature. Against this backdrop, this study aimed: (I) to discriminate sorghum hybrids based on canopy reflectance in different spectral bands (SB) and vegetation indices (VIs); (II) to evaluate the performance of ML algorithms in classifying sorghum hybrids; (III) to evaluate the best dataset input for the algorithms. A field experiment was carried out in the 2022 crop season in a randomized block design with three replications and six sorghum hybrids. At 60 days after crop emergence, a flight was carried out over the experimental area using the Sensefly eBee real time kinematic. The spectral bands (SB) acquired by the sensor were: blue (475 nm, B_475), green (550 nm, G_550), red (660 nm, R_660), Rededge (735 nm, RE_735) e NIR (790 nm, NIR_790). From the SB acquired, vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated. Data were submitted to ML classification analysis, in which three input settings (using only SB, using only VIs, and using SB + VIs) and six algorithms were tested: artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), J48 decision trees (J48), random forest (RF), REPTree (DT) and logistic regression (LR, conventional technique used as a control). There were differences in the spectral signature of each sorghum hybrid, which made it possible to differentiate them using SBs and VIs. The ANN algorithm performed best for the three accuracy metrics tested, regardless of the input used. In this case, the use of SB is feasible due to the speed and practicality of analyzing the data, as it does not require calculations to perform the VIs. RF showed better accuracy when VIs were used as an input. The use of VIs provided the best performance for all the algorithms, as did the use of SB + VIs which provided good performance for all the algorithms except RF. Using ML algorithms provides accurate identification of the hybrids, in which ANNs using only SB and RF using VIs as inputs stand out (above 55 for CC, above 0.4 for kappa and around 0.6 for F-score). There were differences in the spectral signature of each sorghum hybrid, which makes it possible to differentiate them using wavelengths and vegetation indices. Processing the multispectral data using machine learning techniques made it possible to accurately differentiate the hybrids, with emphasis on artificial neural networks using spectral bands as inputs and random forest using vegetation indices as inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High adiposity impacts health and quality of life in old age, owing to its association with multimorbidity, decreased physical performance, and frailty. Whether a high adherence to a Mediterranean diet (Medi-Diet) is associated with reduced body adiposity in older adults is unclear. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of high adiposity in a large sample of community-dwelling older adults. We also explored the relationship between whole-body adiposity estimated through relative fat mass (RFM) and Medi-Diet adherence. Data were obtained from the Longevity Check-up 7+ (Lookup7+) project database. RFM was estimated from anthropometric and personal parameters using a validated equation. RFM was categorized as high if ≥40% in women and ≥30% in men. Information on diet was collected using a food frequency questionnaire, while Medi-Diet adherence was assessed through a modified version of the Medi-Lite scoring system. Analyses were conducted in 2092 participants (mean age 73.1 ± 5.9 years; 53.4% women). Mean RFM was 39.6 ± 5.14% in women and 29.0 ± 3.6% in men. High adiposity was found in 971 (46.4%) participants and was more frequent in those with a low (54.2%) or moderate (46.4%) Medi-Diet adherence compared with the high-adherence group (39.7%, p < 0.001). Logistic regression indicated that older adults with high Medi-Diet adherence were less likely to have a high RFM. Other factors associated with a greater risk of having high adiposity were older age, female sex, and physical inactivity. Our findings support an association between healthy lifestyles, including a greater adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet, and lower body adiposity in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the recovery of valuable molecules of proven anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the acidophilic microalga Coccomyxa onubensis (C. onubensis) were evaluated using green technologies based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Using a factorial design (3 × 2) based on response surface methodology and Pareto charts, two types of ultrasonic equipment (bath and probe) were evaluated to recover valuable compounds, including the major terpenoid of C. onubensis, lutein, and the antimicrobial activity of the microalgal extracts obtained under optimal ultrasound conditions (desirability function) was evaluated versus conventional extraction. Significant differences in lutein recovery were observed between ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe and conventional extraction. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity displayed by C. onubensis UAE-based extracts was greater than that obtained in solvent-based extracts, highlighting the effects of the extracts against pathogens such as Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus subtilis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was performed to detect valuable anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial biomolecules present in the optimal C. onubensis extracts, which revealed that phytol, sterol-like, terpenoid, and even fatty acid structures could also be responsible for the antibacterial activities of the extracts. Moreover, UAE displayed a positive effect on the recovery of valuable molecules, improving biocidal effects. Our study results facilitate the use of green technology as a good tool in algal bioprocess engineering, improving energy consumption and minimizing environmental impacts and process costs, as well as provide a valuable product for applications in the field of biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Codes of practices and standards for products and activities are available regulations for global sectors, although they are dedicated to national scopes such as civil construction in Brazil. These regulations align with industry compliance as they establish mandatory or voluntary issues. Brazilian developers must properly regard construction regulations, which mostly dedicated to concrete and steel buildings but rarely to timber buildings. Through construction regulations, the production of timber buildings can become more standardized and scalable to ensure the steady quality of finished products. From this perspective, this paper evaluated Brazil's timber housing production sector's utilization and access to procedures, standards, guidelines, certifications, and seals. A standardized questionnaire was designed and refined to analyze this local perspective. Face-to-face interviews with sampled companies were conducted using a randomized sampling procedure. The margin of error was obtained using significant sampling of this sector. The findings evinced that most Brazilian developers underuse timber building regulations in their production and management practices and still need to familiarize themselves with this important subject. The codes must establish requirements for each timber construction technique to represent different technologies and also specify particularities and added performances to suit varied projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to evaluate the prognostic role of serum PCT in older patients with suspect sepsis or infective diagnosis in the Emergency Department (ED) with a particular focus on the clinical consequences and characteristics due to frailty status. Methods: This is a observational retrospective study conducted in the ED of a teaching hospital. We identified all consecutive patients aged ≥ 80 years admitted to the ED and subsequently hospitalized for clinical suspicion of infection. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 80 years and clinical suspicion of infection; availability of a PCT determination obtained < 24 h since ED access; and Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) determination. Study endpoints were the diagnostic accuracy of PCT for all-cause in-hospital death, infective diagnosis at discharge, and bloodstream infection. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated via ROC analysis and compared in the patients with severe frailty, measured by CFS > 6, and patients with low or moderate frailty (CFS 1–6). A multivariate analysis was performed to calculate the adjusted odds of raised PCT values for the study endpoints. Results: In total, 1459 adults ≥ 80 years with a clinical suspicion of infection were included in the study cohort. The median age of the sample was 85 years (82–89), with 718 (49.2%) males. The multivariate models revealed that, after adjusting for significant covariates, the PCT values at ED admission were significantly associated with higher odds of infective diagnosis only in the fit/moderately frail group (Odds Ratio [95% CI] 1.04 [1.01–1.08], p 0.009) and not in very frail patients (Odds Ratio [95% CI] 1.02 [0.99–1.06], p 0.130). Similarly, PCT values were significantly associated with higher odds of in-hospital death in the fit/moderately frail group (Odds Ratio [95% CI] 1.01 [1.00–1.02], p 0.047), but not in the very frail ones (Odds Ratio [95% CI] 1.00 [0.98–1.02], p 0.948). Conversely, the PCT values were confirmed to be a good independent predictor of bloodstream infection in both the fit/moderately frail group (Odds Ratio [95% CI] 1.06 [1.04–1.08], p < 0.001) and the very frail group (Odds Ratio [95% CI] 1.05 [1.03–1.07], p < 0.001). Conclusions: The PCT values at ED admission do not predict infective diagnosis, nor are associated with higher odds of in-hospital death. Still, in frail older adults, the PCT values in ED could be a useful predictor of bloodstream infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin, whose main natural sources are red grapes, red wine, berries, and peanuts. When applied to the skin, resveratrol evidences a good penetrating capacity and low degradation compared to the oral route, allowing for a longer and improved topical effect. This bioactive molecule has been gaining interest in dermo-pharmacy and cosmetics for the prevention and treatment of skin alterations. Its inherent meritorious biomedical potentials, including anti-aging, photoprotective, estrogen-like, skin-whitening, anti-acne, wound healing, anti-scarring, antimicrobial, and anti-skin cancer properties are the most evident. However, resveratrol evidences stability hurdles, becoming an unstable molecule when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Several technological strategies have been developed to improve its stability, efficacy, and safety. We have described the main topical properties of resveratrol, and the involved mechanisms of action, and a great focus was placed on the technological strategies for the efficient application of resveratrol in dermatological and cosmetic formulations, including nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of materials and products that improve appearance and provide comfort and well-being goes back to the beginning of civilization. Cosmetics is an evolving market that has increasingly focused on innovative technological approaches. Nanotechnology is one of the most revolutionary and promising fields for the development of novel and enhanced cosmetic products, owing to the remarkable multifunctional characteristics and effects of nanomaterials (NMs). Their application, however, also raises potential safety concerns. Some of these concerns can be addressed by determining the type of NMs used, as well as their stability, potential for skin absorption, route of exposure, and how they are formulated into cosmetic products. To guarantee such safety, cosmetic products containing NMs, must comply with European regulatory provisions, particularly the European Regulation (EC) n.° 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Hence, this review comprises all the particularities of NMs, their influence on human health, challenges towards environmental sustainability, and strategies to harmonize policies with the aim to normalize their application in cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different conditions of soil vegetation cover combined with irrigation management and/or agricultural production systems can influence soil moisture content and crop yields. This study investigated the impact of agricultural production systems and center pivot irrigation management on soil moisture content during the cultivation of soybean and off-season corn crops. Two field experiments were conducted during the 2018–2019 growing season in tropical Cerrado soil conditions; one experiment consisted of the application of three irrigation water depths (0%, 50%, and 100% of the crop evapotranspiration) during soybean cultivation in a no-tillage system under ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) straw, and the second experiment consisted of the intercropped or nonintercropped cultivation of corn hybrids with ruzigrass in an agricultural area with and without the influence of eucalyptus reforestation. The volumetric soil moisture was measured using an electronic soil moisture meter (Hidrofarm), and the 1000-grain mass and yield of the soybean and corn were measured in the two trials. Irrigation and the no-till system did not influence soybean yields. The soybean cultivars NA 5909 RG and TMG 7067 IPRO presented TGM above 180 g, and this represented on average a 22% higher TGM than the BMX DESAFIO RR and CD 2737 RR. The presence of eucalyptus forest promoted a 1.5% increase in soil moisture in the corn crop. Soil management systems, such as irrigation, use cover crops, which may not increase the productivity of soybean and corn crops as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A poloxamer 407 (P407)—Casein hydrogel was chosen to carry polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying terbinafine (PCL-TBH-NP). In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH) was encapsulated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which were further incorporated into a poloxamer-casein hydrogel in a different addition order to evaluate the effect of gel formation. Nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technique and characterized by evaluating their physicochemical characteristics and morphology. The nanoparticles had a mean diameter of 196.7 ± 0.7 nm, PDI of 0.07, negative ζ potential (−0.713 mV), high encapsulation efficiency (>98%), and did not show cytotoxic effects in primary human keratinocytes. PCL-NP modulated terbinafine was released in artificial sweat. Rheological properties were analyzed by temperature sweep tests at different addition orders of nanoparticles into hydrogel formation. The rheological behavior of nanohybrid hydrogels showed the influence of TBH-PCL nanoparticles addition in the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and a long-term release of the nanoparticles from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many plants are used by the population through popular knowledge passed from generation to generation for the treatment of various diseases. However, there is not always any scientific content supporting these uses, which is very important for safety. One of these plants is the fruit of the Spondias genus, which during its processing generates various residues that are discarded, but which also have pharmacological properties. The focus of this review is to survey the pharmacological activities that Spondias genus shows, as well as which part of the plant is used, since there is a lot of richness in its by-products, such as leaf, bark, resin, seed, and peel, which are discarded and could be reused. The main activities of this genus are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antifungal, and antiviral, among others. These properties indicate that this genus could be used in the treatment of several diseases, but there are still not many products available on the market that use this genus as an active ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resource optimization methodology is proposed for application in long range wide area networks (LoRaWANs). Using variable neighborhood search (VNS) and a minimum-cost spanning tree algorithm, it reduces the implementation and the maintenance costs of such low power networks. Performance evaluations were conducted in LoRaWANs with LoRa repeaters to increase coverage, in scenario where the number and the location of the repeaters are determined by the VNS metaheuristic. Parameters such as spread factor ( S F ), bandwidth and transmission power were adjusted to minimize the network's total energy per useful bit ( E b i t ) and the total data collection time. The importance of the S F in the trade-off between ( E b i t ) and time on-air is evaluated, considering a device scaling factor. Simulation results, obtained after model adjustments with experimental data, show that, in networks with few associated devices, there is a preference for small values of S F aiming at reduction of E b i t . The usage of large S F 's becomes relevant when reach extensions are required. The results also demonstrate that, for networks with high number of nodes, the scaling of devices over time become relevant in the fitness function, forcing an equal distribution of time slots per S F to avoid discrepancies in the time data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving the best possible outcome for the therapy is the main goal of a medicine. Therefore, nanocarriers and co-delivery strategies were invented to meet this need, as they can benefit many diseases. This approach was applied specifically for cancer treatment, with some success. However, these strategies may benefit many other clinical issues. Skin is the largest and most exposed organ of the human body, with physiological and psychological properties. Due to its exposition and importance, it is not difficult to understand how many skin diseases may impact on patients' lives, representing an important burden for society. Thus, this review aims to summarize the state of the art in research concerning nanocarriers and co-delivery strategies for topical agents' applications targeting skin diseases. The challenge for the medicine of the future is to deliver the drug with spatial and temporal control. Therefore, the co-encapsulation of drugs and the appropriate form of administration for them are so important and remain as unmet needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South America, the evolutionary history of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine has been obscured by historically low levels of surveillance, and this has hampered the assessment of the zoonotic risk of emerging viruses. The extensive genetic diversity of IAV in swine observed globally has been attributed mainly to bidirectional transmission between humans and pigs. We conducted surveillance in swine in Brazil during 2011–2020 and characterized 107 H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 IAVs. Phylogenetic analysis based on HA and NA segments revealed that human seasonal IAVs were introduced at least eight times into swine in Brazil since the mid-late 1980s. Our analyses revealed three genetic clades of H1 within the 1B lineage originated from three distinct spillover events, and an H3 lineage that has diversified into three genetic clades. The N2 segment from human seasonal H1N2 and H3N2 viruses was introduced into swine six times and a single introduction of an N1 segment from the human H1N1 virus was identified. Additional analysis revealed further reassortment with H1N1pdm09 viruses. All these introductions resulted in IAVs that apparently circulate only in Brazilian herds. These results reinforce the significant contributions of human IAVs to the genetic diversity of IAV in swine and reiterate the importance of surveillance of IAV in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting maize yield using spectral information, temperature, and different irrigation management through machine learning algorithms provide information in a fast, accurate, and non-destructive way. The use of multispectral sensor data coupled with irrigation management in maize allows further exploration of water behavior and its relationship with changes in spectral bands presented by the crop. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate, by means of multivariate statistics and machine learning techniques, the relationship between irrigation management and spectral bands in predicting maize yields. Field experiments were carried out over two seasons (first and second seasons) in a randomized block design with four treatments (control and three additional irrigation levels) and eighteen sample repetitions. The response variables analyzed were vegetation indices (IVs) and crop yield (GY). Measurement of spectral wavelengths was performed with the Sensefly eBee RTK, with autonomous flight control. The eBee was equipped with the Parrot Sequoia multispectral sensor acquiring reflectance at the wavelengths of green (550 nm ± 40 nm), red (660 nm ± 40 nm), red-edge (735 nm ± 10 nm), and NIR (790 nm ± 40 nm). The blue length (496 nm) was obtained by additional RGB imaging. Data were subjected to Pearson correlations (r) between the evaluated variables represented by a correlation and scatter plot. Subsequently, the canonical analysis was performed to verify the interrelationship between the variables evaluated. Data were also subjected to machine learning (ML) analysis, in which three different input dataset configurations were tested: using only irrigation management (IR), using irrigation management and spectral bands (SB+IR), and using irrigation management, spectral bands, and temperature (IR+SB+Temp). ML models used were: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), M5P Decision Tree (J48), REPTree Decision Tree (REPT), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). A multiple linear regression (LR) was tested as a control model. Our results revealed that Random Forest has higher accuracy in predicting grain yield in maize, especially when associated with the inputs SB+IR and SB+IR+Temp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk parity is an approach to investing that aims to balance risk evenly across assets within a given universe. The aim of this study is to unify the most commonly-used approaches to risk parity within a single framework. Links between these approaches have been identified in the published literature. A key point in risk parity is being able to identify and control the contribution of each asset to the risk of the portfolio. With alpha risk parity, risk contributions are given by a closed-form formula. There is a form of antisymmetry—or self-duality—in alpha risk portfolios that lie between risk budgeting and minimum-risk portfolios. Techniques from information geometry play a key role in establishing these properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the previous study, in which nisin and bacterial cellulose were utilized, this new experiment loads nisin into bacterial cellulose (N–BC) and evaluates the morphological characteristics, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity and stability of the developed system. The load efficiency of nisin in BC was evaluated by an agar diffusion assay, utilizing Lactobacillus sakei, and total proteins. After having found the ideal time and concentration for the loading process, the system stability was evaluated for 100 days at 4, 25 and 37 °C against Staphylococcus aureus and L. sakei. Thus, in this study, there is a system that proves to be efficient, once BC has enhanced the antimicrobial activity of nisin, acting as a selective barrier for other compounds present in the standard solution and protecting the peptide. After 4 h, with 45% of proteins, this activity was almost 2 log10 higher than that of the initial solution. Once the nisin solution was not pure, it is possible to suggest that the BC may have acted as a filter. This barrier enhanced the nisin activity and, as a consequence of the nisin loading, a stable N–BC system formed. The N–BC could create meaningful material for pharmaceutical and food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosmarinus officinalis belongs to the Lamiaceae family, and its constituents show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antinociceptive, and antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to develop a topical formulation with R. officinalis extract that had antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Maceration, infusion, Soxhlet, and ultrasound were used to produce rosemary extracts, which were submitted to antioxidant, compound quantification, cell viability, and antimicrobial assays. Infusion and Soxhlet showed better results in the DPPH assay. During compound quantification, infusion showed promising metabolite extraction in phenolic compounds and tannins, although maceration was able to extract more flavonoids. The infusion and ultrasound extracts affected more strains of skin bacteria in the disk diffusion assays. In the minimum inhibitory concentration assay, the infusion extract showed results against S. aureus, S. oralis, and P. aeruginosa, while ultrasound showed effects against those three bacteria and E. coli. The infusion extract was chosen to be incorporated into a green emulsion. The infusion extract promoted lower spreadability and appropriated the texture, and the blank formulation showed high levels of acceptance among the volunteers. According to the results, the rosemary extract showed promising antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and the developed formulations containing this extract were stable for over 90 days and had acceptable characteristics, suggesting its potential use as a phytocosmetic. This paper reports the first attempt to produce an oil-in-water emulsion using only natural excipients and rosemary extract, which is a promising novelty, as similar products cannot be found on the market or in the scientific literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with a high prevalence and incidence, configuring an important issue in cancer epidemiology. Over the years, the combination of primary and secondary prevention programs and multidisciplinary treatment approaches has improved the overall survival (OS) and quality of life (QoL) of patients. However, although treatment pathways should be standardized in evidence-based medicine, clinical practice (real-world evidence) may differ from expected. To improve OS and QoL, having a clear picture of the Patterns of Care actually applied is essential. To this aim, Breast IRRADIATA (Italian Repository of RADIotherapy dATA), a collaborative nationwide project, was developed as a simple tool to probe the current pattern of radiotherapy care in Italy and tested in a feasibility study. This pilot feasibility of IRRADIATA encourages a larger application of this tool nationwide and opens the way to the assessment of pattern of care radiotherapy directed to other cancers. Aim. Breast IRRADIATA (Italian Repository of RADIotherapy dATA) is a collaborative nationwide project supported by the Italian Society of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) and the Italian League Against Cancer (LILT). It focuses on breast cancer (BC) patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) and was developed to create a national registry and define the patterns of care in Italy. A dedicated tool for data collection was created and pilot tested. The results of this feasibility study are reported here. Methods. To validate the applicability of a user-friendly data collection tool, a feasibility study involving 17 Italian Radiation Oncology Centers was conducted from July to October 2021, generating a data repository of 335 BC patients treated between January and March 2020, with a minimum follow-up time of 6 months. A snapshot of the clinical presentation, treatment modalities and radiotherapy toxicity in these patients was obtained. A Data Entry Survey and a Satisfaction Questionnaire were also sent to all participants. Results. All institutions completed the pilot study. Regarding the Data Entry survey, all questions achieved 100% of responses and no participant reported spending more than 10 min time for either the first data entry or for the updating of follow-up. Results from the Satisfaction Questionnaire revealed that the project was described as excellent by 14 centers (82.3%) and good by 3 (17.7%). Conclusion. Current knowledge for the treatment of high-prevalence diseases, such as BC, has evolved toward patient-centered medicine, evidence-based care and real-world evidence (RWE), which means evidence obtained from real-world data (RWD). To this aim, Breast IRRADIATA was developed as a simple tool to probe the current pattern of RT care in Italy. The pilot feasibility of IRRADIATA encourages a larger application of this tool nationwide and opens the way to the assessment of the pattern of care radiotherapy directed to other cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials use in cosmetics is markedly enhancing, so their exposure and toxicity are important parameters to consider for their risk assessment. This review article provides an overview of the active cosmetic ingredients used for cosmetic application, including dermal cosmetics and also hair dye cosmetics, as well as their safety assessment, enriched with a compilation of the safety assessment tests available to evaluate the different types of toxicity. In fact, despite the increase in research and the number of papers published in the field of nanotechnology, the related safety assessment is still insufficient. To elucidate the possible effects that nanosized particles can have on living systems, more studies reproducing similar conditions to what happens in vivo should be conducted, particularly considering the complex interactions of the biological systems and active cosmetic ingredients to achieve newer, safer, and more efficient nanomaterials. Toward this end, ecological issues and the toxicological pattern should also be a study target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensory profile from the Coffea canephora stands out for being denser, less sweet, presenting less acidity, and having characteristics of a marked aroma of roasted cereals. Coffee is essentially a terroir product, that is, directly influenced by environmental aspects, both natural and anthropic, in this sense, it has been argued that Coffea canephora is linked to the context of inferior coffees in sensory terms by the terroir conditions. This study aimed to characterize and investigate the terroir in different areas of Conilon coffee production, with the application of different fermentation methods, and to observe their possible gains and losses in the sensory quality of Coffea canephora. Cherry coffee samples were collected in six municipalities in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, which has an altitude variation from 376 m to 866 m. The study showed that the local characteristics of altitude and temperature directly influence the sensory quality, as well as demonstrated that natural fermentation in a specific altitude zone delivered good results, fixing the terroir factor. Finally, it was demonstrated that induced fermentation helps to improve sensory quality for higher altitude areas, indicating the possibility of reformulating the terroir of Conilon coffee production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using remote sensing combined with machine learning (ML) techniques is a promising approach to classify soybean cultivars. Therefore, the objectives of this study are (i) to verify which input dataset configuration (using only spectral bands, only vegetation indices, or both) is more accurate in the identification of soybean cultivars, and (ii) to verify which ML technique is more accurate in the identification of soybean cultivars. Information was extracted from five central irrigation pivots in the same region and with the same sowing date in the 2015/2016 crop year, in which each pivot was cultivated with a different cultivar, in which the cultivars used were: CV1—P98y12 RR, CV2—Desafio RR, CV3—M6410 IPRO, CV4—M7110 IPRO, and CV5—NA5909 RR. A cloud-free orbital image of the site was acquired from the Google Earth Engine platform. In addition to the spectral bands alone, a total of 13 vegetation indices were calculated. The models tested were: artificial neural networks (ANN), radial basis function network (RBF), decision tree algorithms J48 (DT) and reduced error pruning tree (REP), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM). The five soybean cultivars were classified by the six-machine learning (ML) models in stratified randomized cross-validation with k-fold = 10 and 10 repetitions (100 runs for each model). After obtaining the r and MAE statistics, analysis of variance was performed considering a 6 × 3 factorial scheme (models versus inputs) with 10 repetitions (folds). The means were grouped by the Scott–Knott test at 5% probability. The spectral bands were the most accurate among the tested inputs in the identification of soybean cultivars. ANN was the most accurate model in identifying soybean cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) remains an important cause of morbimortality worldwide and a diagnostic challenge. Conventional methods have low accuracy, hardly discriminating colonization from infection, while some new high-cost or broncho-alveolar lavage-based methods have limited usefulness in developing countries. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) tests may overcome these limitations due to their high accuracy, possibility of automation, and decreasing cost. We evaluated an in-house qPCR targeting the fungus mtSSU gene using induced sputum. Sensitivity of the assay (ten target gene copies/assay) was determined using recombinant plasmids. We prospectively studied 86 AIDS patients with subacute respiratory symptoms in whom PcP was suspected. qPCR results were determined as quantification cycles (Cq) and compared with a qualitative PCR performed in the same IS, serum 1,3-β-D-Glucan assay, and a clinical/laboratory/radiology index for PcP. The qPCR clustered the patients in three groups: 32 with Cq ≤ 31 (qPCR+), 45 with Cq ≥ 33 (qPCR-), and nine with Cq between 31-33 (intermediary), which, combined with the other three analyses, enabled us to classify the groups as having PcP, not P. jirovecii-infected, and P. jirovecii-colonized, respectively. This molecular assay may contribute to improve PcP management, avoiding unnecessary treatments, and our knowledge of the natural history of this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disease, its prevention and treatment has been a constant challenge for basic and clinical investigators focused on translating their discoveries into clinical treatment of this complex disorder. In this review, we highlight recent experimental and clinical evidences of potential coadjuvants in the management of DM, such as polyphenols (quercetin, resveratrol and silymarin), cultured probiotic microorganisms and drugs acting through direct/indirect or pleiotropic effects on glycemic control in DM. Among several options, we highlight new promising therapeutic coadjuvants, including chemical scavengers, the probiotic kefir and the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, which besides the reduction of hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance, they reduce oxidative stress and improve endothelial dysfunction in the systemic vascular circulation. In the near future, experimental studies are expected to clear the intracellular pathways involving coadjuvants. The design of clinical trials may also contribute to new strategies with coadjuvants against the harmful effects of diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus plantations have seldom responded to N fertilization in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil. This implies that rates of N mineralization have been adequate to supply tree needs. However, subsequent crop rotations with low N fertilization may result in declining concentrations of organic and potentially mineralizable N (N0), and consequent loss of wood productivity. This study investigated (a) in situ N mineralization and N0 in soils of eucalypt plantations in São Paulo state, Brazil; (b) tree growth responses to N fertilizer applied 6-18 months after planting; and (c) the relationships between N0, other soil attributes and tree growth. We established eleven N fertilizer trials (maximum 240 kg ha-1 of N) in E. grandis and E. grandis x urophylla plantations. The soil types at most sites were Oxisols and Quartzipsamments, with a range of organic matter (18 to 55 g kg-1) and clay contents (8% to 67%) in the 0-20 cm layer. Concentrations of N0 were measured using anaerobic incubation on soil samples collected every three months (different seasons). The samples collected in spring and summer had N0 140-400 kg ha-1 (10%-19% total soil N), which were best correlated with soil texture and organic matter content. Rates of in situ net N mineralization (0-20 cm) ranged from 100 to 200 kg ha-1 year-1 and were not correlated with clay, total N, or N0. These high N mineralization rates resulted in a low response to N fertilizer application during the early ages of stand growth, which were highest on sandy soils. At the end of the crop rotation, the response to N fertilizer was negligible and non-significant at all sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sectors' contribution to the provision of energy is a central issue in Horizon 2020 strategies and has shaped the public and research debates on the future of the bioeconomy. The common agricultural policy (CAP) has been one of the main drivers of farmers' behavioural changes and represents the main agricultural policy instrument to address viability of rural areas and maintaining the profitability of the agricultural sector. To contribute to the ongoing policy debate towards CAP reform, this paper will provide an empirical model to simulate the impact of an alternative CAP mechanism on the provision of renewable energy. By applying a dynamic mathematical programming model, the paper tests the impact that new policy measures will have on the provision of a second-generation of bio fuel crops that represent a relevant option for Tuscan farmers. Results show that CAP reform positively impacts the supply of energy crops mainly due to the introduction of greening payments, which allows an enlarging of crop diversification. Model results stress also the income stabilisation effects of energy production introduction at farm level, due to reduction of farm exposure to market prices fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Callyspongia (Callyspongiidae) encompasses a group of demosponges including 261 described species, of which approximately 180 have been accepted after taxonomic reviews. The marine organisms of Callyspongia are distributed in tropical ecosystems, especially in the central and western Pacific, but also in the regions of the Indian, the West Atlantic, and the East Pacific Oceans. The reason for the interest in the genus Callyspongia is related to its potential production of bioactive compounds. In this review, we group the chemical information about the metabolites isolated from the genus Callyspongia, as well as studies of the biological activity of these compounds. Through NMR data, 212 metabolites were identified from genus Callyspongia (15 species and Callyspongia sp.), belonging to classes such as polyacetylenes, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, polyketides, simple phenols, phenylpropanoids, nucleosides, cyclic peptides, and cyclic depsipeptides. A total of 109 molecules have been reported with bioactive activity, mainly cytotoxic and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) action. Thus, we conclude that polyacetylenes, terpenoids and steroids correspond to the largest classes of compounds of the genus, and that future research involving the anticancer action of the species' bioactive metabolites may become relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]