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The classification of wireless communication channel scenarios is vital for modern wireless technologies. Efficient data preprocessing for identification, especially starting from 5G and beyond, where multiple scenario transitions occur, is crucial. Machine Learning (ML) is employed for scenario identification. Moreover, accurate ML classification is required to enhance the decision-making process in each communication layer. The proposed model in this study utilizes an enhanced preprocessing phase. The proposed model proves that adding the variance inflation factor (VIF) elimination layer has a significant effect in eliminating the residual noise after regularization. By evaluating the VIF, the high multi-collinear features are removed after adding a regularization penalty. Consequently, the total explained variance (TEV) was enhanced by 5% and reached 76%. Thus, the classification accuracy of the identification processes of different rural and urban scenarios was increased by 3%, on average, compared with previous work for each algorithm: Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gaussian Mixture model (GMM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fireworks industry (FI), many accidents and explosions frequently happen due to human error (HE). Human factors (HFs) always play a dynamic role in the incidence of accidents in workplace environments. Preventing HE is a main challenge for safety and precautions in the FI. Clarifying the relationship between HFs can help in identifying the correlation between unsafe behaviors and influential factors in hazardous chemical warehouse accidents. This paper aims to investigate the impact of HFs that contribute to HE, which has caused FI disasters, explosions, and incidents in the past. This paper investigates why and how HEs contribute to the most severe accidents that occur while storing and using hazardous chemicals. The impact of fireworks and match industry disasters has motivated the planning of mitigation in this proposal. This analysis used machine learning (ML) and recommends an expert system (ES). There were many significant correlations between individual behaviors and the chance of HE to occur. This paper proposes an ML-based prediction model for fireworks and match work industries in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu. For this study analysis, the questionnaire responses are reviewed for accuracy and coded from 500 participants from the fireworks and match industries in Tamil Nadu who were chosen to fill out a questionnaire. The Chief Inspectorate of Factories in Chennai and the Training Centre for Industrial Safety and Health in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India, significantly contributed to the collection of accident datasets for the FI in Tamil Nadu, India. The data are analyzed and presented in the following categories based on this study's objectives: the effect of physical, psychological, and organizational factors. The output implemented by comparing ML models, support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and Naïve Bayes (NB) accuracy is 86.45%, 91.6%, and 92.1%, respectively. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) has the optimal classification accuracy of 94.41% of ML models. This research aims to create a new ES to mitigate HE risks in the fireworks and match work industries. The proposed ES reduces HE risk and improves workplace safety in unsafe, uncertain workplaces. Proper safety management systems (SMS) can prevent deaths and injuries such as fires and explosions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed Power Generation and Energy Storage Systems (DPG-ESSs) are crucial to securing a local energy source. Both entities could enhance the operation of Smart Grids (SGs) by reducing Power Loss (PL), maintaining the voltage profile, and increasing Renewable Energy (RE) as a clean alternative to fossil fuel. However, determining the optimum size and location of different methodologies of DPG-ESS in the SG is essential to obtaining the most benefits and avoiding any negative impacts such as Quality of Power (QoP) and voltage fluctuation issues. This paper's goal is to conduct comprehensive empirical studies and evaluate the best size and location for DPG-ESS in order to find out what problems it causes for SG modernization. Therefore, this paper presents explicit knowledge of decentralized power generation in SG based on integrating the DPG-ESS in terms of size and location with the help of Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms (MOAs). This research also reviews rationalized cost-benefit considerations such as reliability, sensitivity, and security studies for Distribution Network (DN) planning. In order to determine results, various proposed works with algorithms and objectives are discussed. Other soft computing methods are also defined, and a comparison is drawn between many approaches adopted in DN planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a base station array antenna in 1 × 6 configuration is proposed for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. Analyses have been performed on two orthogonally arranged dipole strips, a balun with various feeding schemes, and a reflector with different side walls. At the balanced feed position, aluminum is used to connect the feeding balun and the dipole through a hole. A single crossed antenna element of size 66 × 66 × 78 mm3 is fabricated using an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4, 1.6 mm thickness, and an operating frequency band from 3.2 to 5.22 GHz. The radiating element provides a stable and high gain of 11–18 dB using reflectors with sidewalls. The proposed element is simulated, and its electrical downward tilt is investigated for a 1 × 6 array arrangement with dimensions of 642 mm × 112 mm × 90 mm. Various radiation performance parameters are measured, such as gain, FBR (>26 dB), HPBW, and XPD (>11.5 dB) at 60° in the H-plane. A reflection coefficient of less than − 15 dB and port-to-port isolation of greater than 27 dB are achieved. Simulation and measurement of radiation patterns are performed for the operating frequencies of 3.2, 4.2, and 5.2 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a one-dimensional (1D) photonic structure was employed to study the nature of both enamel and dentine teeth at the signal of 1.8 THz. A simple three layer one-dimensional crystal is chosen to avoid fabrication intricacy. The materials and methods for sample preparations are discussed. The principle of investigation of caries in the teeth relies on the amount of reflected signal from the structure. Similarly, reflectance is a function of refractive indices and thickness of each layer, the nature of both substrate and infiltrated materials, and the configuration of the structure. Apart from this, the fabrication process of one-dimensional structure and experimental set-up was proposed in this article. The numerical treatment is explained here to obtain reflectance, and subsequently, the output potential. Comparison studies on output potential between enamel and dentine are also shown through graphical representation. The output result in terms of milli-Volt (mV) were obtained at the output end and collected at the photodiode. Interesting results were also observed at the photodetector. For example; the output potential of the reflected signal is around 0.18 mV for both enamel and dentine teeth whereas the potential is more than 0.26 mV and 0.31 mV for caries in dentine and enamel, respectively. Finally, it was inferred that the nature of teeth pertaining to the caries in the enamel and dentine teeth can be investigated by identifying the amount of potential at the output end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rapid development of information and emerging communication technologies, developing and implementing solutions in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMTs) field have become relevant. This work developed a novel data security algorithm for deployment in emerging wireless biomedical sensor network (WBSN) and IoMTs applications while exchanging electronic patient folders (EPFs) over unsecured communication channels. These EPF data are collected using wireless biomedical sensors implemented in WBSN and IoMTs applications. Our algorithm is designed to ensure a high level of security for confidential patient information and verify the copyrights of bio-signal records included in the EPFs. The proposed scheme involves the use of Hahn's discrete orthogonal moments for bio-signal feature vector extraction. Next, confidential patient information with the extracted feature vectors is converted into a QR code. The latter is then encrypted based on a proposed two-dimensional version of the modified chaotic logistic map. To demonstrate the feasibility of our scheme in IoMTs, it was implemented on a low-cost hardware board, namely Raspberry Pi, where the quad-core processors of this board are exploited using parallel computing. The conducted numerical experiments showed, on the one hand, that our scheme is highly secure and provides excellent robustness against common signal-processing attacks (noise, filtering, geometric transformations, compression, etc.). On the other hand, the obtained results demonstrated the fast running of our scheme when it is implemented on the Raspberry Pi board based on parallel computing. Furthermore, the results of the conducted comparisons reflect the superiority of our algorithm in terms of robustness when compared to recent bio-signal copyright protection schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modest objective is to check the integrated effect of energy storage systems (ESSs) and distributed generations (DGs) and compare the optimization of the size and location of ESS and DG to explore its challenges for smart grids (SGs) modernization. The research enlisted different algorithms for cost-effectiveness, security, voltage control, and less power losses. From this perspective, optimization of the distribution network's energy storage and capacity are being performed using a variety of methods, including the particle swarm, ant-lion optimization, genetic, and flower pollination algorithms. The experimental outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques in lowering distribution network operating costs and controlling system load fluctuations. The efficiency and dependability of the distribution network (DN) are both maximized by these strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless communication channel scenario classification is crucial for new modern wireless technologies. Reducing the time consumed by the data preprocessing phase for such identification is also essential, especially for multiple-scenario transitions in 6G. Machine learning (ML) has been used for scenario identification tasks. In this paper, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) is used instead of ElasticNet in order to reduce the computational time of data preprocessing for ML. Moreover, the computational time and performance of different ML models are evaluated based on a regularization technique. The obtained results reveal that the LASSO operator achieves the same feature selection performance as ElasticNet; however, the LASSO operator consumes less computational time. The achieved run time of LASSO is 0.33 s, while the ElasticNet corresponding value is 0.67 s. The identification for each specific class for K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and k-Means and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves and Area Under the Curve (AUC) scores. The KNN algorithm has the highest class-average AUC score at 0.998, compared to SVM, k-Means, and GMM with values of 0.994, 0.983, and 0.989, respectively. The GMM is the fastest algorithm among others, having the lowest classification time at 0.087 s, compared to SVM, k-Means, and GMM with values of 0.155, 0.26, and 0.087, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive study of outdoor visible light communication (VLC) under snow and rain effects has been conducted in this paper. This paper analyzes the expected rain attenuation of Marshal, Carbonneau, and Japan models at different precipitation levels. Snow attenuation is measured in wet and dry situations at various precipitation levels as well. Therefore, a full comparison is carried out for different attenuation effects on certain outdoor VLC design characteristics such as the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), optical power received, bit error rate (BER), and maximum coverage area. VLC with various modulation techniques is considered. The ON–OFF Keying (OOK), L-Pulse Position Modulation (L-PPM), Inverse L-Pulse Position Modulation (I-L-PPM), and Subcarrier Binary Phase-Shift Keying (SC-BPSK) are investigated. The simulation results show a considerable difference in the information received under different weather conditions depending on the type of modulation scheme used. The simulation has been done on a two-lane road, and a green traffic light-emitting diode (LED) with a wavelength of 505 nm is used as a transmitter. A non-imaging concentrator coupled with a photodetector is considered to be a cost-effective receiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 5G and beyond cellular communication systems, new coding and modulation techniques are suggested to reach the requirements of high data rate and quality of service. In this paper, a new space-time coded orthogonal transform division multiplexing (STC OTDM) technique is proposed for 5G applications. The proposed system is used to enhance the data rate and performance of the orthogonal transform division multiplexing (OTDM) technique. The proposed system is based on using space-time coding (STC) with OTDM to increase the system diversity and consequently the system performance. The OTDM technique is based on transmitting data on orthogonal basis functions obtained from the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the channel impulse response of the desired user. Various modulation techniques like QPSK, 64-QAM, and 256-QAM are investigated using different subcarriers and channel models. The simulation results show that the proposed system achieved a better performance when compared to classical and recent multicarrier techniques. The proposed technique increases the diversity gain resulting in a decrease in the fading effect of the multipath channel and an enhancement in the bit error rate (BER) performance. The proposed technique also provides a secure data transmission to the desired user as his data is sent on the basis functions extracted from his own channel impulse response that cannot be decoded by other users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free Space Optics (FSO) Communication has attracted the attention of the researchers in the last decade due to its high data rate, security, and low cost. Relay-assisted techniques are used to divide the distance to shorter hops in order to mitigate the effects of turbulence, weather attenuation, pointing error, and geometric loss. Choosing an active relay per time slot has been proven to enhance the performance of the system and decrease the loading effect on the system when compared to all active relays. This paper investigates the best relay that can be selected according to the source to relay (S-R) channel coefficient, relay to destination (R-D) channel coefficient, and source to destination (S-D) channel coefficient. A comprehensive comparison is applied to the three following cases: (a) Broadcast phase from source to relay to select the best (Proactive-Relay); (b) Broadcast phase from relay to destination after broadcasting to all relays then select (Reactive-relays); and, (c) Direct link from source-to-best relay-to-destination to conclude which method is better for different scenarios, such as turbulence regime, number of relays, different pointing error effect, and severity of S-R as compared to R-D and vice versa. The selection methods regard to four aspects: (1) Number of relays (two or three relays); (2) Distance between Source-Relay and Relay-Destination (D = 400–600 m, 500–500 m, and 600–400 m); (3) The different turbulence of Log-normal channel and Gamma-Gamma channel (with a refractive index coefficient( C n 2 = 0.5 × 10−14, 2 × 10−14 and 5 × 10−14)); and finally, (4) Beam waist ω z (pointing error). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to extend the limited bandwidth of phosphorescent white LEDs for a multiple-input single-output (MISO) visible light communication (VLC) system. A proposed LED arrangement model is presented, resulting in improved results as compared to those previously discussed in the literature. In this paper, the impact of the receiver field of view (FOV) angle, the LED transmission angle, and the number of LED arrays used on the transmission are studied at different speeds. The system performance is measured by the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the corresponding bit error rate (BER) at different data rates. The obtained results show that the proposed model is able to improve the illumination uniformity across the room with a higher SNR using the same number of LEDs in the investigated indoor environment. The paper also introduces a pre-equalization circuit in the transmitter end in order to extend the limited bandwidth of the used white LEDs. This bandwidth extension using the proposed circuit results in an increased data rate with the aid of a blue filter. A number of experiments are executed to optimize the key parameters for maximum bandwidth enhancement. The proposed circuit offers 28% bandwidth enhancement over the most recent study in this area while eradicating the BER at 200 Mb/s when compared to un-equalized LED circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boosting is a machine learning approach built upon the idea of producing a highly precise prediction rule by combining many relatively weak and imprecise rules. The Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm was the first practical boosting algorithm. It remains one of the most broadly used and studied, with applications in many fields. In this paper, the AdaBoost algorithm is utilized to improve the bit error rate (BER) of different modulation techniques. By feeding the noisy received signal into the AdaBoost algorithm, it is able to recover the transmitted data from the noisy signal. Consequently, it reconstructs the constellation diagram of the modulation technique. This is done by removing the noise that affects and changes the signal space of the data. As a result, AdaBoost shows an improvement in the BER of coherently detected binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). The AdaBoost is next used to improve the BER of the noncoherent detection of the used modulation techniques. The improvement appears in the form of better results of the noncoherent simulated BER in comparison to that of the theoretical noncoherent BER. Therefore, the AdaBoost algorithm is able to achieve a coherent performance for the noncoherent system. The AdaBoost is simulated for several techniques in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels so, as to verify the improving effect of the AdaBoost algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: In this work, an uncomplicated blind detection method is used for Free-space optical (FSO) communications. This detection method allows an efficient use of the data rate. Moreover, an analytical model of the proposed system is derived that allows a better understanding of the proposed system. Free-space optical (FSO) communication systems have attracted considerable research interest owing to its high transmission rates and its efficient solution for the last mile problem. Atmospheric turbulence degrades the performance of FSO systems. To estimate the received signal, Channel State Information (CSI) or blind detection is used. The blind detection estimates the received signal without the need for pilot signals which reduce the throughput and increase the complexity of the signal. In this paper, we have proposed a relay technique which utilizes the blind detection method for FSO communications. This proposed technique would improve the performance of the FSO system compared to the direct link method. It is observed that the proposed method achieves a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) close to the SNR reported by CSI method maintaining the same average bit error rate, provided that only a small observation window is employed. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulation results are further provided to demonstrate the validity of the derived approximated average bit error rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the performance of a spectral amplitude coding-optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) system is investigated utilizing a single photodiode (SPD) detection technique. The proposed system uses enhanced double weight (EDW) codes as signature codes with three simultaneous users to overcome both phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) and multiple access interference (MAI). In addition, a dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) is used in order to decrease the group velocity dispersion (GVD) caused in the single mode fiber. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is used to overcome the attenuation. The use of both DCF and EDFA leads to an appreciable enhancement in the system performance. The system performance is evaluated through its bit error rate (BER), Q-factor, and received power. A comparison between the EDW codes and modified double weight (MDW) codes on the SAC-OCDMA system is demonstrated. Simulation is carried out through Optisystem ver. 7. The simulation results show that: (a) using an avalanche photodiode (APD) over PIN photodiode allows data transmission over longer distances; (b) the use of DCF improves the system BER;(c) using MDW codes gives better BER than using EDW codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new family of spreading code sequences called hybrid prime code (HPC), to be used as source code for the optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) network for large network capacity. The network capacity directly depends on the number of available code sequences provided and their correlation properties. Therefore, the proposed HPC is designed based on combining two or more different code words belonging to two or more different prime numbers. This increases the number of code sequences generated. The code construction method utilized allows the generation of different code sets, each with different code length and weight, according to the number of prime numbers used. In addition, the incoherent pulse position modulation (PPM) OCDMA system is proposed based on the HPC code. Furthermore, the bit error rate (BER) performance analysis is introduced versus the received optical power and the number of active users. Moreover, the error vector magnitude (EVM) is calculated versus the optical signal-to-noise ratio. This work proves that using two prime numbers simultaneously generates far more codes than using prime numbers separately. It also achieved an OCDMA system capacity higher than the system that uses the optical orthogonal codes (OOCs), modified prime codes (MPCs) families, and two code families with separate simultaneously prime numbers, at a BER below 10−9 which is the optimum level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both light emitting diode (LED) characteristics for illumination and communication simultaneously have made visible light communication-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (VLC-OFDM) a strong competitive to radio frequency (RF). In this juncture, to improve signal to noise ratio (SNR) and coverage contour, the wavelet-OFDM is suggested for indoor VLC systems. In this paper, a wavelet VLC-OFDM is proposed for imaging multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The proposed wavelet-OFDM is exploited for a hybrid space-frequency domain pre-equalization technique instead of the traditional fast Fourier transform (FFT)-OFDM technique. The Meyer filter is selected and employed in the proposed technique. A comparable achievement is elaborated for several numbers of channels to achieve the enhanced performance in terms of bit rate and coverage contour. In addition, a useful comparison is executed between our wavelet VLC-OFDM and the traditional FFT-OFDM for a hybrid space-frequency domain pre-equalization technique. The simulation results emphasize the superiority point of wavelet VLC-OFDM MIMO system by improving the coverage contour by ~20% over the traditional OFDM at a 10−3 bit error rate (BER) target. Hence, the proposed technique can be potentially executed in indoor VLC-MIMO systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO), also known as a very large-scale MIMO, is an emerging technology in wireless communications that increases capacity compared to MIMO systems. The massive MIMO communication technique is currently forming a major part of ongoing research. The main issue for massive MIMO improvements depends on the number of transmitting antennas to increase the data rate and minimize bit error rate (BER). To enhance the data rate and BER, new coding and modulation techniques are required. In this paper, a generalized spatial modulation (GSM) with antenna grouping space time coding technique (STC) is proposed. The proposed GSM-STC technique is based on space time coding of two successive GSM-modulated data symbols on two subgroups of antennas to improve data rate and to minimize BER. Moreover, the proposed GSM-STC system can offer spatial diversity gains and can also increase the reliability of the wireless channel by providing replicas of the received signal. The simulation results show that GSM-STC achieves better performance compared to conventional GSM techniques in terms of data rate and BER, leading to good potential for massive MIMO by using subgroups of antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is widely utilized by businesses, organizations and wireless communication systems. RFID technology is secured using different ways of data encryption, e.g., Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The Substitution Box (S-Box) is the core of AES. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to generate a modified S-Box with new keys, specifically a key and plaintext-dependent S-Box using an improved RC4 encryption algorithm with Logistic Chaotic Maps (LCM). The strength of the proposed S-Box is tested throughout the paper, and compared against the state-of-the-art S-Box implementations, namely, the static S-Box, dynamic S-box, KSA and PRGA S-Box, and RC4 S-Boxes with Henon chaotic maps. The comparison between the state-of-the-art S-Boxes and the proposed S-Box demonstrates that the use of the Logistic Chaotic Map increases the security of the S-Box and makes the differential and linear cryptography more sturdy. In particular, using the strict avalanche test, we demonstrate that the proposed S-Box improves the security by achieving a cipher text bit-flip ratio of 0.4765, which is closer to 0.5 (where half the bits are flipped), while maintaining a minimum elapsed time of 19 milliseconds for encryption and decryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]